SIGMA

AMPLITUDE MODULATION/
DEMODULATION SYSTEM TRAINER
MODEL - COM101
Mfd.by: -

SIGMA TRAINERS
E-103, Jai Ambe Nagar,
Near Udgam School, Thaltej,
AHMEDABAD - 380054.

Phone : +91-79-26852427 /26850829

Fax : +91-79-26840290
Email : [email protected]
: sig [email protected] m
Web : www.sigmatrainers.com

1
 CHAPTERS
1. To study theory of Amplitude modulation & demodulation
2. To study complete circuit of Amplitude modulation & demodulation

EXPERIMENTS
(I) AMPLITUDE MODULATION/DEMODULATION: -
1. To generate AM signal by modulating with Audio signal generator
2. To measure modulation index of A.M. signal
3. To observe the effect of DC signal input on AM output
4. To demodulate AM signal using Diode detector (Envelope detector) and to see the effect of
different RC time constant on demodulated output i.e. Diagonal clipping and negative clipping
5. To generate Voice signal AM modul ation and demodulation using mike
6. To demodulate AM signal by Square Law detection

(II) DSB-SC AMPLITUDE MODULATION/DEMODULATION: -

7. To generate Double side band suppressed carrier (DSB -SC) AM signal
8. To demodulate DSB-SC signal using Product detector.

2
 INTRODUCTION

This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental knowledge of
Amplitude Modulation /Demodulation technique as practically implemented in Analog Communication
systems on a SINGLE P.C.B.

SPECIFICATION

1. Power supply requirement : 230V AC, 50 Hz.

2. Built in IC based power supply.
3. On Board AF Modulating signal generator - Sine wave
Frequency Range : 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz
Amplitude : 0 to 5V-pp
4. On Board RF carrier signal generator.
Frequency Range : 100 KHz to 1 MHz.
Amplitude : 0 to 10V-pp
5. On Board variable DC power supply to see the effect of DC on th e output waveform
: -5 to + 5 VDC
6. On Board Input Audio amplifier with Volume control for modulating external signal from
Mike or Tape recorder.
7. On Board Output Audio amplifier with speaker & Volume Control.
8. On Board Band Pass Filter (452-458 KHz).
9. Modulator Type : Balanced modulator.
10. Demodulator Type : Diode detector.
Product detector
Square Law demodulator
11. Standard Accessories : A Training Manual
Connecting Patch cords

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 CHAPTER-1
THEORY OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DE MODULATION

(A) AMPLITUDE MODULATION: -

A sinusoidal carrier signal is said to be amplitude modulated when its amplitude is varied in
accordance with (i.e. in proportion to) the instantaneous amplitude of the message (i.e. the modulating)
single. If the carrier is described by

VC (t) = A cos Wct

And the modulating signal be X (t), then the amplitude modulated (A.M.) signal S(t) is

S (t) = A [1 + K x (t)] cos Wct ------------------------- (1)

Where K is some constant.

The spectrum of an AM signal consists of the carrier component (frequency Wc) & two
sidebands. The portion of the AM signal spectrum that lies above the frequency Wc (and below + Wc)
is called the upper sideband while that below Wc (and above Wc) is called the lower sideband.

If the modulating signal x (t) is a sinusoidal signal i.e.

X (t) = Em cos Wmt

Then the AM signal S (t) becomes

S (t) = A (1 + K Em cos Wmt) cos Wct
The constant K is chosen such that K. Em does not exceed unity.

The product K Em (usually denoted as m) is called the depth of modulation (or modulation
index). As a result of amplitude modulation to a depth m, the modulated signal amplitude varies
between (1+m) A and (1-m) A. The spectrum of this signal consists of a component at (Wc Wm) with
amplitude mA/2, the carrier component at Wc with amplitude A and another component at (Wc + Wm)
with amplitude mA/2.

A square law modulator makes use of a square - law device, like a transistor amplifier operating
over its nonlinear portion of the characte ristic. The input voltage Vi and output current io may be
related as

io = K Vi + K Vi2

When the input signal Vi is arranged to be the sum of X (t) & Vc (t), the output current consists
of the carrier term at frequency fc (due to the linear term in eq -2) and the sidebands around this
frequency (due to the square term in eq-2.) The amplifier has a load tuned to the carrier frequency for
necessary filtering.

4
(B) AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION: -
The envelope of an amplitude-modulated signal is a replica of th e modulating signal. Hence an
amplitude modulated signal can be demodulated by using a circuit that follows the envelope variations
of the input signal.

Such a circuit is known as an envelope detector.

The envelope detection can be accomplished by a Dio de D, a filtering capacitor C and Resistor
R. The input AM signal carrier frequency (which is usually the intermediate frequency, abbreviated as
IF, in the case of super heterodyne receivers) is usually much higher than the highest frequency in the
modulating signal. On an application of the input signal, the diode D will conduct when the
instantaneous amplitude of the input signal is higher than the instantaneous voltage across the output
resistor-capacitor (R-C) parallel combination. During the period of the diode conduction, the capacitor
C gets charged. The voltage across the capacitor is almost equal to the input signal voltage (except for
a negligible drop across the diode D when conducting). When the instantaneous input signal voltage
decreases, the diode gets reverse biased and, therefore, stops conducting. The capacitor C then
discharges through the resistor R till such time when the diode starts conducting again. This happens
when the instantaneous input signal amplitude exceeds the voltage across t he capacitor C, thus putting
a forward bias on the diode D.
The discharging time constant for the discharge of the capacitor equals the product RC while
the capacitor charging is almost instantaneous (because the forward resistance of the diode is
negligibly small).
The charging and discharging of the capacitor are shown in waveform W4. As is shown in the
figure, the capacitor charges around the peak portion of every carrier cycle acquiring almost the peak
value over every cycle and then discharges during the remaining time interval.
The charging is through the diode and therefore the charging time constant is very small while
the discharging is through the resistor R and the discharging is arranged to be relatively much slower.
The voltage across the capacitor (i.e. the output voltage) is then seen to follow the envelope of the
input AM signal except for the small variations (called the IF ripple) occurring at the carrier frequency
rate.
It is quite obvious that the charging of the capacitor over every c arrier cycle will take place
only if the capacitor, in each cycle, has discharged to a level that is lower than the forth -coming peak
amplitude. In order to ensure this, a condition exists relating the time constant RC, the highest
modulating signal frequency and the maximum depth of modulation.
Let us see what happens when the capacitor voltage does not fall below the forthcoming peak
amplitude. This can happen when the discharge is too slow (i.e. when the discharge time constant RC
is too large) and when the envelope of the modulated signal is falling. In such a situation, the diode
will not conduct even around the peak of the carrier cycle and the detected output voltage will,
therefore, fail to follow the envelope of the input signal during this period. The detected output will
thus only be a distorted version of th e envelope of the input signal. This type of distortion is called
diagonal clipping. For the given time constant RC and the given modulating
signal frequency fm, the maximum permissible depth of modulation mmax that will ensure absence of
diagonal clipping is given by
1
mmax =
1 + Wm2R2C2

5
 The permissible depth of modulation decreases with increasing frequency of the modulating
signal and also increasing value of the time constant. Alternately, the values of fm and RC should
satisfy the following condition.

1-m2
fm<
2pai m RC

1-m2
RC<
m Wm

6
 CHAPTER-2

CIRCIUT DESCRIPTION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

The AM Modulation and Demodulation System consists of following sections.

1. Input Audio Amplifier
2. Modulating Audio Signal Generator
3. RF. Carrier Oscillator
4. Balanced Amplitude Modulator
5. Band Pass Filter section
6. DC voltage Source
7. AM demodulator consisting of: - (A). Diode detector. (B). Product detector
8. Local Oscillator
9. Low pass Filter
10. Output Audio amplifier
11. Power supply.

(1) Input Audio Amplifier section: -

The Input Audio amplifier circuit consists of Pre-amplifier and Output amplifier stage. This
section is used to amplify low level audio signal coming from Mike and give it to A.M. Modulator
section for live A.M. modulation.
The pre-amplifier consists of one transistor BC 548B is connected in C -E configuration. The
input signal from mike is connected to the base of BC548 through coupling capacitor. The amplified
audio signal obtained at the collector of BC548 is given to the output driver amplifier consisting of IC
TBA810 at pin 10 through volume contr ol 10K Preset/ Pot.
The IC TBA810 performs the functions of the audio amplifier, driver and the output stage. The
amplified output signal available at the Pin 16 of this IC is connected to AUDIO terminal via
coupling capacitor.

(2) Modulating Audio Signal Generator section: -

IC 8038 - waveform generator - is used generate sine wave signal. 10K Pot is used to vary its
frequency. The frequency range is 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz. Two 100K presets are adjusted for proper peaks
of sine wave signal. 1K preset i s used to adjust duty cycle. The sine wave output signal available at pin
2 of IC 8038 is given to IC 356 through Amplitude pot for amplification. The amplified sinewave
signal from pin 6 of IC 356 is then available at SINE O/P terminal. 22k Pot is used to vary the
amplitude of Sine wave signal. The output amplitude varies from 0 to 5Vpp.

(3) R.F. Carrier Oscillator section: -

1st BC548 Transistor is used generate RF sine wave signal. 15K Pot is used to vary its
frequency. The frequency range is 100KHz to 1MHz. Then transistors pair BC558/BC548 and
BC558/BC548) are used to amplify this RF oscillation. The amplified RF sine wave signal available at
emitter junction of BC558/BC548 is given to RF O/P terminal through amplitude preset and Pot.
There are two RF O/P signals. One is directly given to RF CARRIER terminal of balanced
modulator section. Second RF signal can be connected at RF I/P of Product detector section.10K Pot
is used to vary the amplitude of Sine wave signal. The output amplitude var y from 0 to 10Vpp.

7
(4) Balanced Modulator section: -
IC 1496 is used as balanced modulator. The modulating audio signal is connected at pin 1
through buffer transistor BC548B. This IC has two inputs as it works as balanced modulator. The
Second input can be connected at pin 4 through buffer transistor BC548B. The RF carrier signal is
connected at pin 8 through coupling capacitor from RF carrier oscillator section. The modulated
outputs are available at pin 12 and 6 of this IC, which are then balanced amp lified by transistor pairs -
BC548B and BC558B. The final balanced modulated output is available at AM MOD O/P
terminal.100K preset is used to balance carrier signal while 1K preset is used to balance input audio
signal. Output 1K preset is used to adjust o utput zero DC level. Output 2K2 preset is used to vary level
of AM modulated signal.
+1V signal is obtained from +15V DC supply by voltage divider consisting of 22K resistor and 4.7 K
preset. This +1 V is given to 2nd input of balanced modulator through +1 V Link for AM modulation
output to insert carrier in AM output.

(5) DC Source -
To see the effect of DC voltages on AM modulated signal -5V to +5V DC voltage is generated.
These voltages are obtained from +15 V and -15 V DC of Power supply by potential divider made of
100K presets & 100K Pot. By varying this Pot -5V to + 5V Dc are available at VARD.C. terminal.

(6) Filter section: -

The filter made here is of Band pass filter having range 455KHz to 458KHz. Crystal 455Khz is
used as Band pass filter. This filter is used to obtain Suppressed Carrier Double Side Band (DSB -SC)
Modulated signal from DSB signal.

(7). AM demodulators: -
(a) Diode detector circuit: -
This circuit consists of Diode OA79, two Capacitors C2 (22nf) and C1 (47nf) and Load resi stor
R. It works as an envelope detector circuit. Resistor R 100K Pot and the capacitor C from a low pass
filter meant to reduce the carrier frequency ripple in the output. The values of R & C are chosen so as
to remove even the modulating signal frequenc y components. The magnitude of this dc voltage should
vary as the carrier amplitude in the input signal and should be independent of the depth of modulation
and the modulating signal frequency. C1, C2 can be selected through switch.

(b). Product detector circuit: -

This section is similar to Balanced Modulator section. The difference is only that input pin 8 is
given RF carrier oscillator signal from RF carrier oscillator and pin 1 is given AM modulated signal
from Balanced Modulator section. The output is product of these two signals which contains basic
audio modulating signal, which can be filtered by low pass filter made of R -C (2K preset and 4n7
capacitor) circuit.

8
(8). Local Oscillator: -
The Local oscillator is required at demodulator side for Product detector because in DSB -SC
signal, carrier is suppressed and hence carrier is required to be reinserted at demodulator side. This
oscillator is made of single transistor & tuned coil based on Hartley oscillator. It generates RF
frequency signal from 400KHz to 500 KHz. The output frequency can be varied by tuning knob of gang
condenser.

(9). Low pass filter: -

This section passes only low frequencies up to 3.4 KHz & reduces all other frequencies. This
filter is required to remove RF carrier signa l components from demodulated signal. This section is
based on IC 741 & R-C circuits

(10) Output Audio Amplifier Section: -

This section is same as input audio amplifier except pre -amplifier section of transistor.

(11) Power supply section: -

The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages.
Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate AM Modulation demodulation system.
+15V,
250mA, - 15V, 250mA, + 5V, 250mA
Three terminal regulators are used for different outp ut voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815
for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V,
These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Bridge rectifiers consisting of D1 -D4
and D5-D8 & two 1000/25 EC and 1000/10 EC. The capacitors at each input & each output ar e for
filtering purpose.

******************

9
 EXPERIMENTS

(I) AMPLITUDE MODULATION/DEMODULATION: -

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
(1a) AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION: -
(Diode Detector)

Modulating Balanced Diode

Audio Signal Modulator Amplitude Detector Detected
Modulated Signal Output
AF

Variable-RC
Audio Time Constant
Signal

RF Carrier
RF

Modulator Demodulator

Note: Keep +1v link connected in Balanced Modulator to insert carrier in output. See connection
diagram CN1

(1b) AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION: -

(Square Law Detector)

Modulating Balanced
Audio Signal Modulator Detected
Output
AF Product
Amplitude Multiplier
Modulated Signal

Audio
Signal
RF Carrier
RF

Modulator Demodulator

Note: Keep +1v link connected in Balanced Modulator to insert carrier in output. See connection
diagram CN4
10
 (II) DSB-SC AMPLITUDE MODULATION/DEMODULATION: -

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DSB-SC AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Modulating Balanced
Audio Signal Modulator (without carrier insertion)
Detected
Output
Product
AF
DSB-SC Amplitude Detector
Modulated Signal

Audio
Signal
RF Carrier
RF

Modulator Demodulator

Note: Remove 1+V Link in Balanced Modulator to supress carrier in output. See connection diagram
CN5.

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 (B) EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:-

Exp-1: To Generate Am Signal By Modulating With Audio Signal Generator: -

1. Connect following links:

a. Link between Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator and MOD I/P terminal of balanced
modulator.
b. +1V Link in balanced modulator

2. Connect CRO channel -1 at Sine O/P terminal (T1).

Connect ground of probe to ground terminal of Audio oscillator.
Adjust amplitude of sine wave t o 1 Vpp and audio frequency to 1 KHz. ___ Waveform (T1)

3. Connect CRO channel -2 at RF O/P terminal (T2) of RF Oscillator.

Connect ground of probe to ground terminal of Local oscillator.
Adjust output frequency of RF oscillator to 455KHz and amp litude to 10 Vpp. _Waveform (T2)

4. Now Connect CRO Channel 2 at AM MOD O/P terminal of balanced modulator.

Trigger CRO by channel-1.
The Amplitude Modulated wave will be observed. ____ Waveform (T3)

Exp-2: To Measure Modulation Index of A.M. Signal: -

5. In the waveform T3 measure B and V amplitudes on CRO. Then calculate modulation Index by
following formula;

B V ma x - V mi n
M= =
V V ma x + V m i n ____ Waveform (T3)

6. Now increase amplitude of modulating signal to +5 V and observe overloading effect

____ Waveform (T3a)

Exp-3: To Demodulate Am Signal Using Diode Detector (Envelope De tector): -

7. Connect the modulated output of balanced modulator to input of Diode detector (Envelope
detector) i.e. link between AM MOD O/P and AM MOD I/P. (See connection diagram CN1)

8. Keep RC TIME switch in Diode detector at C1 i.e. C= 47nf value.

Keep VAR Pot in Diode detector at fully clockwise position)

9. Observe the Demodulator sine wave at DET O/P terminal of Diode Detector. __Waveform (T4)

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10. Vary the input Oscillator Frequency and Amplitude and also vary the RC time constant i n the
Diode Detector by selecting different capacitor C1, C2 by switch and by varying Pot and observe
Diagonal clipping and negative clipping. __Waveform (T4a to T4d)

11. Connect DET O/P of diode detector to the I/P input terminal of output audio ampli fier.
Connect Loudspeaker to LS output RCA socket of Output Audio Amplifier.

12. Here audio tone from LS. Adjust volume control as required.
Change frequency of Audio Oscillator and here different tones.

Exp-4: To Generate Voice Signal Am Modulation And Demodulation Using Mike: -

13. Now Link between SINE O/P and MOD I/P i.e. disconnect modulating sine signal from balanced
modulator.

14. Connect Link between AUDIO terminal of I/P Audio Amplifier and MOD I/P of Balanced
modulator. i.e. connect live audio to modulator section.

15. Connect mike at EP socket of I/A Audio amplifier.

16. Keep mike far away from trainer board. Set volume control of output audio amplifier so that
whistling effect is reduced.

17. Speak to mike and hear recovered audio in LS of output audio amplifier.

18. Vary RF frequency and amplitude and observe various effects on recovered audio signal.

Exp -5: To Observe The Effect Of Dc Signal Input On Am Output: -

19. Now connect variable DC signal at MOD I/P terminal of balanced modulator. I.e. connect link
between VARD.C. and MOD I/P terminals.

20. Vary the DC volts control POT in DC Source section and see its effect on the modulator output.
The Amplitude of the sine wave available at the Balanced Modulator output AM MOD O/P will
vary from 0 to maximum. This can be said to be modulation of the signal with DC Volts.

Exp-6: To Demodulate Am Signal By Square Law Detection: -

21. Connect link between SINE O/P and MOD I/P. Connect +1V link. Connect AM MOD O/P of
balanced modulator at both inputs of Product detector.

22. Set amplitude of Sine signal to 2Vpp and frequency to 1 KHz.

13
23. Observe the demodulated signal at output terminal of product detector i.e. at DEMO O/P
terminal. _______Waveform (T5)

24. Vary the Audio input Oscillator Frequency and Amplitude and see its effect on detected output
signal.

25. Vary R.F. carrier Oscillator Frequency and Amplitude and observe its effect on the AM
modulated signal.

14
Connection Diagram CN1 Amplitude Modulation/Demodualtion

15
Connection Diagram CN2 Voice Signal Modulation /demodulation

16
Connection Diagram CN3 Effect of DC on AM output

17
Connection Diagram CN4 Square Law Demodulation of AM

18
Exp-7: To Generate DSB-SC AM Signal:-

1. Connect following links:

a. Link between Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator and MOD I/P terminal of balanced
modulator.

2. Connect CRO channel -1 at Sine O/P terminal (T1).

Connect ground of probe to ground terminal of Audio oscillator.
Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 1 Vpp and audio frequency to 1 KHz. ___ Waveform (T1a)

3. Connect CRO channel -2 at RF O/P terminal (T2) of RF Oscillator.

Connect ground of probe to ground terminal of Local oscillator
Adjust output frequency of RF os cillator to 455 KHz and amplitude to 10 Vpp. _Waveform (T2)

4. Now Connect CRO Channel 2 at AM MOD O/P terminal of balanced modulator.

Trigger CRO by channel-1.
The DSB-SC Amplitude Modulated wave will be observed. ____ Waveform
(T3b)

5. See the effect on the DSB-SC AM modulated signal by varying the Audio Oscillator Frequency
and Amplitude.

6. Vary R.F. carrier Oscillator Frequency and Amplitude and obse rve its effect on the DSB-SC AM
modulated signal.

Exp-8: To Demodulate DSB-SC Signal Using Product Detector:

7. Now connect following links:

a. Modulated output of balanced modulator to the input of Product detector i.e. Link between AM
MOP O/P terminal of Balanced modulator and AM I/P of product detector.

b. Link between RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator and RF I/P terminal of Product detector.

c. Connect demodulator output signal of product detector to the inp ut terminal of Low pass filter.
i.e. Link between DEMO O/P terminal of product detector and I/P terminal of Low pass filter.

8. Connect CRO Channel 2 at filtered output terminal O/P in Low pass filter section.
Observe the demodulated sine wave signal. _______Waveform (T5b)

9. Vary the Audio input Oscillator Frequency and Amplitude and see its effect on detected output
signal.

10. Vary R.F. carrier Oscillator Frequency and Amplitude and observe its effect on the AM
modulated signal.

19
11. Now disconnect links between RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator and RF I/P terminal of Product
detector and between DEMO O/P terminal of product detector and I/P terminal of Low pass filter.

12. Connect RF O/P of Local Oscillator to RF I/P of product detector.

13. Now observe recovered output at DEMO O/P of product detector. It will not be proper signal and
will contain harmonics. Vary gang condenser sharply to get proper output. It will be difficult to
set. But at one time proper o/p will be available when RF carrier frequency of RF oscillator and
that of Local oscillator arte same in frequency and phase. This explains synchronization of local
oscillator with RF oscillator.

14. Repeat Voice Modulation/Demodulation experiment similar to AM exp. No. 4

Exp-9: To Generate SSB-SC AM Signal:-

1. Connect following links:

a. Link between Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator and MOD I/P terminal of balanced
modulator.
b. Link between RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator and RF I/P terminal of Product detector.

2. Connect CRO channel -1 at Sine O/P terminal (T1).

Connect ground of probe to ground terminal o f Audio oscillator.
Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 1 Vpp and audio frequency to 3 KHz. ___ Waveform (T1c)

3. Connect CRO channel -2 at DEMO O/P terminal product detector.

Connect ground of probe to ground terminal of Local oscillator

4. Adjust RF oscillator amplitude to 10 Vpp and frequency to 455 KHz. ___ Waveform (T2)

5. Connect the output of balanced modulator to the input of Band pass filter. i.e. connect link
between AM MOD O/P terminal of balanced modulator and INPUT terminal of Band Pass filter.

6. The output of this filter is SSB -SC signal as it filters 455 KHz carrier signal. This waveform is
similar to DSB-SC waveform on CRO in TIME DOMAIN but it is different in FREQUENCY
DOMAIN and can be seen only on Spectrum Analyzer. ____ Waveform (T3c)

Exp-10: To Demodulate SSB-SC Signal Using Product Detector: -

7. Connect output of Band pass filter to the input of Product detector. i.e. connect link between
OUTPUT terminal of Band Pass filter and AM I/P terminal of Product detector.

8. Connect demodulator output signal of product detector to the input terminal of Low pass filter.
i.e. Link between DEMD O/P terminal of product detector and I/P terminal of Low pass filter.

20
9. Connect CRO Channel 2 at DEMD O/P output terminal of product detector.
Start varying R.F. carrier frequency from 100 KHz to 460KHz. Carefully observe output on CRO.

10. The proper (maximum peak signal) demodulated sine wave will be available only at two carrier
frequencies.
This due to passing of Upper Side band and Lower side band at two different frequencies of RF
carrier frequencies. ______Waveform (T5c)

11. The theory for step 10 is as under.

(a) When AF frequency is 3 KHZ and RF frequency is 450 KHZ then
Output frequency of Product detect or is
450+3 = 453 KHz - Upper Side Band
450-3 = 447 KHz - Lower Side Band
When these frequencies passes through band pass filter of bandwidth 452 -458 KHZ,
453 KHz - Upper Side Band will pass and 447 KHz - Lower Side Band will not pass.

Hence one peak output will be available at Upper Side band.

(b) When AF frequency is 3 KHZ and RF frequency is 458 KHZ then

Output frequency of Product detector is
458+3 = 461 KHz - Upper Side Band
458-3 = 455 KHz - Lower Side Band
When these frequencies passes through band pass filter of bandwidth 452 -458 KHZ,
461 KHz - Upper Side Band will not pass and 455 KHz - Lower Side Band will pass.

Hence second peak output will be available at Lower Side band.

Thus proper (maximum peak signal) demodu lated sine wave will be available only at two carrier
frequencies and it proves SSB -SC modulation.

21
Connection Diagram CN5 DSB-SC Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation

22
Connection Diagram CN5 SSB-SC Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation

23
 TEST POINT WAVEFORMS

T1. Modulating Sinewave signal: - (at Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator) : 1 KHz, 1Vpp -

+ 0.5V

H = 1 ms
V = 1 VPP
Trig = CRO-1

-0.5V

1ms

T2. R. F. Carrier Signal: - (at RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator) fc = 455 KHz, 10Vpp

+5V

H = 1us
V = 5.0 V
Trig = CRO-1

-5V 2.2us

T3. AM modulated Signal: - ( at AM MOD O/P terminal of Balanced Modulator)

3.8VPP
H = 0.5 ms
+4V V = 2.0 V
Trig = CRO-1
+1.6V

V max= 3.8VPP
-1.6V V min= 0.8VPP

-4V

0.8VPP

24
T4. AM Demodulated signal:- (at DET O/P terminal of Diode Detector): -

+1.25V

H = 1 ms
V = 0.5 VPP
Trig = CRO-2

-1.25V

1ms

T3a. Over modulated AM modulated signal : - (at AM MOD O/P terminal of Balanced Modulator)
fm=1Khz, 5Vpp

H = 0.5 ms
V = 2.0 V
Trig = CRO-2

T4b. Detected O/P with different improper RC time constant in Diode detector(Low value of R): -

T4c. Detected O/P with different improper RC time constant in at Diode detector: -

25
Negative Clipping

26
T5. Square Law Detected Signal (at DEMODULATED O/P Terminal of Product Detector)

+ 1.25V

H = 0.5 ms
V = 1 VPP
Trig = CRO-1

-1.25V

1ms

Conclusion: This completes experiment of Simple Amplitude modulation and Demodulation.

27
 TEST POINT WAVEFORMS DSB-SC (Exp. 7 and 8)

T1a. Modulating Sinewave signal: - (at Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator) fm=1Khz, 1Vpp

+0.5V

H = 1 ms
V = 1 VPP
Trig = CRO-1

-0.5V
1ms

T3b. DSB-SC Modulated signal :- (at AM MOD O/P terminal of Product detector)

1/P +1.0V

H = 1 ms
V = 1.0 VPP
Trig = CRO-2

fc -1.0V

1ms

fc

T5b. Demodulated DSB-SC Signal :- (at O/P terminal of Low pass filter)

+1.25V

H = 1 ms
V = 1.0 VPP
Trig = CRO-2

-1.25V

Conclusion: This completes experiment of DSB -SC Amplitude modulation and demodulation

28
 TEST POINT WAVEFORMS SSB-SC (Exp. 9 and 10)

T1a. Modulating Sinewave signal: - (at Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator) fm=3Khz, 1Vpp

+0.5V

H = 1 ms
V = 1 VPP
Trig = CRO-1

-0.5V
0.33ms

T3c. SSB-SC Modulated signal :- (at AM MOD O/P terminal of Product detector)

+0.5V

H = 1 ms
V = 1 VPP
Trig = CRO-2

-0.50V
0.33ms

Note that DSB-SC and SSB-Sc modulated waveform will look similar on CRO as CRO displays
time domain signals. Only on Spectrum Analyser both waveforms will differ.

T5c. Demodulated SSB-SC Signal: - (at DEMD O/P terminal of Product detector)

+2.0V

H = 1 ms
V = 1 VPP
Trig = CRO-2

-2.0V

Conclusion: This completes experiment of SSB -SC Amplitude modulation and demo dulation.

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