Electromagnetic Fields

Lecture 8: Time-Varying Fields and Maxwells Equations

Dr. Ebtihal H. G. Yousif

Sudan University of Science & Technology

Electronics Engineering

Sem 6, 2017

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Outline

1 Comparing the Electric and Magnetic Fields

Force on a Charged Particle
Potential
Energy
Capacitance and Inductance

2 Time Varying Fields

Faradays Law
Maxwells First Equation
Maxwells Second Equation

3 Maxwells Equations in Point Form

4 Maxwells Equations in Integral Form

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Comparing the Electric and Magnetic Fields
Force on a Charged Particle

The Force on a Charged Particle

Electric Field
F = QE
(8.1)
Magnetic Field
F = Q E
(8.2)
The charge Q, its velocity , and the flux density B. The
direction of the force is perpendicular to both and B
The force on a moving particle arising from combined electric
and magnetic fields is obtained easily by superposition,

F = Q (E + B)
(8.3)
This equation is known as the Lorentz force equation 3 / 13
Comparing the Electric and Magnetic Fields
Potential

Potential
Electric Field
E = V
(8.4)
B
VAB = E d (8.5)
A
V is the electric potential dierence or the electrostatic
potential
Magnetic Field
H = Vm
(8.6)
B
VmAB = H d (8.7)
A
Vm is the magnetomotive force (mmf) measured in
Amperes 4 / 13
Comparing the Electric and Magnetic Fields
Energy

Energy
Electric Field

1
WE = D E dv
2 vol
(8.8)

Magnetic Field

1
WH = B H dv
2 vol
(8.9)

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Comparing the Electric and Magnetic Fields
Capacitance and Inductance

Capacitance. Capacitance was defined as the ratio of the

total charge on either of two equipotential conducting
surfaces to the potential dierence between the surfaces.
Capacitance is a function only of the geometry of the two
conducting surfaces and the permittivity of the dielectric
medium between or surrounding them.
Inductance. Let us consider a toroid of N turns in which a
current I produces a total flux , assume that this flux links
or encircles each of the N turns,
The flux linkage N is the product of N and linking each of
them. We now define inductance (or self-inductance) as the
ratio of the total flux linkages to the current which they link

N
L=
I
(8.10)
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Time Varying Fields
Faradays Law

Faradays goal was to show that a current could be produced

by magnetism.
The first experiment Faraday made involving a changing
magnetic field, and he followed it with a demonstration that
either a moving magnetic field or a moving coil could also
produce a galvanometer deflection.

An electromotive force is a voltage that arises from conductors

moving in a magnetic field or from changing magnetic fields,

In terms of fields, we now say that a time-varying magnetic

field produces an electromotive force (emf)

d
emf = V
dt
(8.11) 7 / 13
Time Varying Fields
Faradays Law

If the closed path is that taken by an N -turn filamentary

conductor,
d
emf = N
dt
(8.12)
In electrostatics, the line integral leads to a potential
dierence; with time-varying fields, the result is an emf or a
voltage.

I
dB
emf = E d = dS
S dt
(8.13)

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Time Varying Fields
Maxwells First Equation

Faradays experimental law has been used to obtain one of

Maxwells equations in dierential form, which shows us that a
time-changing magnetic field produces an electric field.

Applying stokes Theorem to the previous equation we get one

of Maxwells four equations in a time-varying field

dB
E= (8.14)
dt
If B is not a function of time, equations (8.13) and (8.14)
evidently reduce to the electrostatic case equations
I
E d = 0 (electrostatics) (8.15)

E=0 (electrostatics) (8.16)

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Time Varying Fields
Maxwells Second Equation

Amperes circuital law in point form therefore becomes

dD
H=J+ (8.17)
dt

The additional term dD dt has the dimensions of current density,

amperes per square meter. Because it results from a
time-varying electric flux density (or displacement density),
Maxwell termed it a displacement current density,
sometimes denoted Jd

H = J + Jd
(8.18)

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Time Varying Fields
Maxwells Second Equation

Here is a summary of current densities we encountered in this

course
1 Conduction current density

J = E

2 Convection current density

J = v

3 Displacement current density

dD
Jd =
dt

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Maxwells Equations in Point Form

We have already obtained two of Maxwells equations for

time-varying fields. The remaining two equations are unchanged
from their non-time-varying form

B
E= (8.19a)
t
D
H=J+ (8.19b)
t
D = v (8.19c)
B=0 (8.19d)

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Maxwells Equations in Integral Form

I
B
E dL = dS (8.20a)
S t
I
D
H dL = I + dS (8.20b)
I S t

D dS = v dv (8.20c)
IS vol

B dS = 0 (8.20d)
S

Equation (8.20a) Faradays law

Equation (8.20b) Amperes circuital law
Equations (8.20c) and (8.20d) Gausss laws for the electric
and magnetic fields.
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