1

3.2

3.2.1

Current Position regarding the deployment of 2.5G systems in

national cellular networks.
When studying about the history of wireless communication it can be divided into three eras.

1. Pioneer era (Till 1920)

2. Pre cellular era(1920-1979)
3. Cellular era(beyond 1979)

The term mobile communication is came to the discussion and the start of technologies keep
records in the cellular era. Generation vise drastically changes from analog voice communication
to digital data communication can be addressed in this cellular era.

First Generation networks

The first generation networks (known as 1G systems) are based on analog technologies. Highest
deployment of FDMA occurred in this era. Since the communication system was based on
analog technologies it did not robust enough to address interference issues and total
communication system was incompatible each other since they used different technologies in
each of the country.

Second Generation networks

To overcome most of the difficulties faced with analog systems in 1G networks digital evolution
is came out with 2G networks. GSM, Europian standard, addressed many problems related with
compatibility and specially development of digital radio network. Requirement for data use is
emerged in this era and technology is discovered as 2.5G also known as GPRS-General Packet
Radio Service which is upgraded version of 2G with the capability of handling packet based
data. With emerge of this technology people were able to satisfy some of the fundamental data
requirements bundled with mobile applications. Since the demand for data use is getting high it
was required to

There are five mobile operators currently deploying mobile services through their networks in
Srilanka.

1. Srilanka Telecom Mobitel.

National mobile service provider in srilanka.

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The network offers variety of services and currently operates

GSM,GPRS,EDGE,UMTS,HSPA,HSPA+,DC-HSPA+ and FD LTE network
utilizing 2G,2.5G,3.5G and 4G technologies.
In January 2004,the company launched its fully-fledged 2.5G GSM network that
is EDGE/GPRS enabled and designed to operate on dual band.

2. Dialog Axiata PLC.

Largest telecommunication service provider in srilanka.

In March 2000, the company launched its fully-fledged 2.5G GSM network that is
EDGE/GPRS enabled and designed to operate on dual band.
Current network operates on 2.5G,3G,3.5G,4G LTE technology.

3. Hutchison Telecommunications Lanka (pvt) Ltd.

One of the mobile operators under the company Hutchison Whampoa, that offers
a range of GSM and HSPA services throughout Srilanka.
Hutch telecom normally operates on 2.5G GSM network that is EDGE/GPRS
enabled.
In 2012 it launched HSPA services using 2100Mhz.

4. Airtel Lanka (pvt.) Ltd.

Airtel Lanka (pvt.) Ltd is one of the mobile operators that offers range of GSM
and UMTS/HSPA+ services in srilanka.
Highest portion of Island coverage network is based on 2.5G technology.

5. Etisalat Lanka (pvt.) Ltd.

Founded as celltel on 18th june 1989 on a Motorola TACS system,becoming the

first mobile operator in Srilanka and 36th operator in the world.
Highest portion of island coverage network is consist with GSM/EDGE services
based on 2.5G technology.
2G technology is operated on 900Mhz and 1800Mhz frequency band.
 3

3.2.2
Details of existing 2.5G networks and the date rate provisioned.

Network Operator Frequency(Mhz) Service Provided Data Rate(Kbps)

900
907.5-915 GPRS 53.6
Dialog 952.5-960

1800
1717.5-1725 EDGE 236.8
1812.5-1820
900
885-892.5 GPRS 56
Mobitel 930-937.5

1800
1710-1717.5 EDGE 236
1805-1817.5

900
900-907.5 GPRS 53
Etisalat
1800
1725-1735.5 EDGE 232
1827-1833.5

900
880-885 GPRS 115
925-930
Airtel
1800
1725-1747.5 EDGE 384
1835-1847.5
900
GPRS 56
892.5-900
Hutch
1800
EDGE 236
1820-1827.5
 4

3.2.3
Details of the main applications carried. Applications to be
considered include: multimedia messaging, Location services-
commerce and gaming.
Multimedia Messaging
Multimedia messaging service (MMS) is an upgraded version of the SMS (Short Massaging
Service) through which users can send and receive multimedia massages such as texts, pictures,
video clips, audio clips etc. With any compatible cell phone. It is an advanced messaging service
that lets users send multiple media in one single message to one or more recipients.
MMS messages are delivered using a packet routed network. Such as GPRS network. MMS is a
technology that requires 2.5G wireless network, with a minimum bandwidth of 14.4kbps.
In operation, firstly the sending phone initiates data connection that provides TCP/IP post to
MMSC of the MMS message by encoding in the encapsulation format as defined by the open
mobile alliance. The encoded MMS message includes all of the content of the MMS message, as
well as header information, including list of intended recipients for the message. The MMSC
stores the content of the MMS message and submission and validates the message sender. The
MMSC stores the content of the MMS message and makes it available as dynamically generated
URL link.
The MMSC stores and generate MMS notification message, then it initiates a data connection
that provides TCP/IP network connectivity (usually over GPRS).
The recipient phone performs a HTTP get to retrieve the MMS message content URL from the
MMSC.
To help reduce the perceived wait times to download MMS, the MMS centers(MMSC) use a
store-and-automatic-forward mechanism to deliver massages. The MMSC is a similar concept to
the SMSC for SMS messages, here by the MMSC can temporarily store a message for the time
required find the receiving phone. Once the receiving phone has been located, the message is
immediately forwarded to the intended recipient and deleted from the MMSC.MMS message
cannot be sent without going through the MMSC. If the MMS message originates at an
enterprise server rather than another mobile phone, the application developer will be the
responsible for integrating with the MMSC API to send the message. As with SMSCs, each
vendors MMSC will have its own API with which to interface, adding additional complexity.
Unfortunately, unlike SMSCs the provide and SMSCs that provide and SMTP interface, MMSCs
are not expected to deliver this capability.
MMS messages are laid as slide shows. Each slide show will contain at least one slide, divided in
to two sections.one for text and other for multimedia. The slides simply define the layout, while
actual content, such as video, audio, test are separate pieces send along with the slides. These
files are incorporated to the slide show using synchronized multimedia integration Language
(SMIL).SMIL is an XML based language specified by the world wide web consortium (W3C),it
is used to control the presentation of multimedia elements. Within the SMIL specifications a set
 5

of tags that can be used for defining imaged, text areas and layouts. It is very similar to HTML
making it an easy transition for web developers.

MMS features

2-way MMS for interactive multimedia applications.

Binary MMS formats, including jpeg, wave, au, bitmap, tiff, text
Rating and accounting for content service providers.
Photo album/ message store.
Unified mailbox.
Web access.
Multiple phone support.
400k storage per phone.

Location Services
Due to location services, many of apps work or work better.
Maps, navigation search, weather, ride services, photo geo tagging, social media checking, and
son on, However also find location services invasive. Burning up battery life, targeting with local
ads, or letting apps track you when you dont need or want them to.

How Location services works?

Location services enables native apps (like IOS Maps, weather and clock),third party apps (Uber,
Waze, MapMyRun), and system services (Compass Calibration, Location-Based Alerts, Setting
Time Zones) to use local cellular, cell tower location data to tailor what they display by tracking
your whereabouts.

Benefits of location services.

Location services helps companies like apple and google which may in turn help you.They can
learn which apps are most geographically relevant to people in your area and thus give better
recommendations. They can track all the places you have recently visited. For improved
predictive traffic routing and they can provide geographically relevant search results and ads.
Location info is also used to compile a crowd sourced database of cell tower locations ,so it is
possible to find connection more quickly if lose i phone or android phone .
In Facebook location services that used for geo tags posts and photo to create a digital journal of
all the places have been. Location services also enables check-ins ,tips about the place you are
visiting, recommendations for other places to visit, and notifications about which friends are in
your vicinity, Facebook messenger requires your location if you intend to select and share you
whereabouts with friends.

Foursquare used location services for suggests nearby business or products.

 6

Google maps use location service for offer turn-by-turn instruction from your starting point to
your destination. It also informs you about nearby points of interest. Google stores your location
history in your account and now shows it to you as well. TimeLine features in android apps
main menu maps everywhere you have been by time and date.
In twitter location service is used for geotags of photos and tailors trending stories.
Weather channels provide weather conditions in current area by accessing location services.
WhatsApp messenger location service lets to share exact location with friends or suggest a
nearby meeting place.
Whenever the mobile devices are launched a new app that uses location services in IOS, a pop-
up notification tells that the wants to access current location of the device.

Downsides of location service.

Battery draining become faster with location services running in the background.
Its not feel comfortable with certain apps that tracking, storing, or sharing your location
information.
Having monitored the location every time comes with some privacy and security risks.

How to enable or Disable location services in mobile devices?

For iPhone and iPad
Settings Privacy Location services
It is possible to switch location services completely on or off with the desire or can be tweaked
settings for each app,as well as for system services like compass calibration and setting time
zone.

For Android
Settings Location
Can set with the available different choices.

E-commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the
transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet. These business
transactions occur either as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer
or consumer-to-business. The terms e-commerce and e-business are often used interchangeably.
The term e-tail is also sometimes used in reference to transactional processes for online
shopping.
 7

History of E-commerce
The beginnings of e-commerce can be traced to the 1960s, when businesses started
using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to share business documents with other companies. In
1979, the American National Standards Institute developed ASC X12 as a universal standard for
businesses to share documents through electronic networks. After the number of individual users
sharing electronic documents with each other grew in the 1980s, in the 1990s the rise of eBay
and Amazon revolutionized the e-commerce industry. Consumers can now purchase endless
amounts of items online, both from typical brick and mortar stores with e-commerce capabilities
and one another.

E-Commerce applications
E-commerce is conducted using a variety of applications, such as email, online catalogs and
shopping carts, EDI, File Transfer Protocol, and web services. This includes business-to-business
activities and outreach such as using email for unsolicited ads (usually viewed as spam) to
consumers and other business prospects, as well as to send out e-newsletters to subscribers. More
companies now try to entice consumers directly online, using tools such as digital
coupons, social media marketing and targeted advertisements.
The benefits of e-commerce include its around-the-clock availability, the speed of access, the
wide availability of goods and services for the consumer, easy accessibility, and international
reach. Its perceived downsides include sometimes-limited customer service, consumers not
being able to see or touch a product prior to purchase, and the necessitated wait time for product
shipping.

Gaming
Along with the improvement to 2.5G wireless link bandwidth, based on high-rate data stream are
implemented, gaming is one of the most promising services. Mobile games have experienced
nearly 10-year evolution. Mobile phones are small computers, with limited processing power by
desktop standards, but powerful enough to run a small game. Along with the prevalence of
network, including the local network and internet, the whole world has almost been connected.
PC multiplayer online games already start showing the signs of domination. Meanwhile, in the
mobile world, wireless multiplayer games also become on of the main consumer application
using wireless packet data services.

Evolvement of Mobile Games

During the past ten years, mobile games have changed a lot from simple to advance from
homochromatic to 262,144-color, from solo-play to multiplayer. In this section, we will describe
the evolvement of mobile games.

Embedded Games
The first mobile games appeared in late 1990s.This kind of games is pre-installed on the
mobiles chipset. They cant be deleted or updated. The most famous samples are snake on
Nokia phones and Tetris on Ericsson phones.
 8

SMS(Short Message Service) games

SMS games are played by sending a message to a specific number corresponding to the game
providers server. The game server receives the messages, performs certain processing, and
returns a message with the results. SMS is not a good game play environment because it is
dependent on user input and sending messages is expensive.

Web-based Games
The mobiles shipped since 1999 include WAP browser. WAP games are played by visiting a
game providers URL, downloading and viewing one or more pages, submitting that data to the
server and then viewing more pages. WAP offers a friendlier interface that SMS, and is cheaper
for consumers who pay for airtime only, rather than by the message. But it is a static medium.
Little or no processing can be done on the phone itself, and all game play must be over the
network.

Downloadable Games
Different to embedded games, this type of games is independent. Players can download using
faster speed using development to 2.5G these games from providers website and delete them
when they need space to store other games. Nowadays, these games are most developed by java
2 Micro Edition (J2ME) and C++ languages.J2ME is a form of the Java language that is
optimized for mobile devices with constrained memory, processing power and battery life. Now
a big amount of Java enabled mobile phones are already in consumers hands.J2ME vastly
improves the ability of mobile phones to support games. It provides far better control over the
interface than either SMS or WAP .J2ME is an open industry standards and supported by all
main manufactures. So it has a large and promising base. Games written in C++ language have
the same possibilities as games developed in J2ME.However, the C++ language has better
performance in memory use and execution speed since C++ games have been compiled to
machine code before executed. On the other hand,J2ME applications execute in a virtual
machine that creates machine code at run time.

3.2.4
Technical challenges which currently exist in the deployment of
these systems and/or applications.
Technical Challenges

Scarcity of radio resources.

With the explosion in the amount of mobile data traffic, spectrum resources have not kept place.
Mobile broadband operators are thus constrained, necessitating aggressive and efficient
management of limited radio resources.

Radio resources sharing.

 9

As the number of users being served by the same base station fluctuates, the challenge of
providing high-quality service to each of them also grows, requiring providers to make choices
regarding how to manage network resources.

Dynamic Channel Conditions

The allocation of radio resources constantly changes due to changing channel conditions and the
interference environment, as often as every millisecond.

Varying resources consumption

For a given channel condition, different services consume different amounts of resources. Thus,
resource allocations change as users shift among different uses often many times during a
given session.

Integration of devices and the network

Even when two devices experience identical channel conditions and allocation of radio resources
their design characteristics may dictate widely different throughput, further complicating
network management.

Ever-evolving network
Mobile broadband provides constantly manage user mobility across various technology
generations and revisions across the network, offering differing levels of achievable network
performance.

Challenges of network capacity additions

The intricacies of capacity growth (adding spectrum and wireless infrastructure deployment),
along with ever-rising user traffic, make efficient utilization of the existing radio resources
extremely critical to the user experience and network efficiency.

Environmental Challenges
All the telecommunication networks are operating under competitive and rapidly changing
environments, Such as

Different weather conditions

Different weather conditions subjected to reduce the lifetime and create faults on the network
infrastructure devices.

Different geographical conditions

Same setup will not be acceptable for all the locations, with the geographical changes it is
required to provide solutions based on that.
Operators have to facilitate cost effective solutions while maintain the expected quality levels to
compete with competitors.
 10

Safety Challenges
Safety issues in telecommunication industry include the following.

Electrical safety
Electromagnetic fields (occupational)
Optical fiber safety
Elevated and overhead work
Full protection
Confined space entry
Motor vehicle safety
Safety hazards may also arise during the construction which is common to other types of
construction.

Marketing Challenges
Evolutions in the technology are coming day by day. To be competitive at the market it is
required to facilitate the network with latest and high demanded technology. Implementation and
maintenance of upcoming technologies is the main barrier that need to be overcome.

Financial Challenges
The role of financial management in any business is described, with detailed application to the
telecommunications network operators functions. You will gain an understanding of financial
statements and how to read them, as well as the principles of amortization and depreciation,
profit, cash flow, cost of capital, share price dynamics and dividend policy.

3.2.5
How 2.5G data services are being marketed today
Dialog:-
Dialog GPRS has spearheaded the mobile industry in Srilanka propelling it to a level of
technology on par with the developed world. Dialog GPRS is the countrys largest cellular
network providing services to over 3.5Mn customers across all provinces of the island,
accounting for approx. 60% share of the countries mobile sector and 45% of total
telecommunications subscribes. The company has also established itself as the largest Company
on the Colombo stock exchange in terms of market capitalization.

Mobitel:-
Mobitel development plans for north and east were estimated to reach approximately US$100
million over a three-year period. It said they had already been deployed of over 25 base stations
in the northern province in the first half of 2015 the operator planned to deploy a total of over
100 base station in northern and eastern provinces.
 11

Airtel:-
Airtel Lanka provides digital mobile services into Srilanka which includes voice telephone,
voice mail, data services, GSM based services and enterprise solutions. Investing over USD
350million,Airtel Lanka continues to further strengthen its market position by offering products
and services that are innovative, affordable and relevant for customers in Srilanka.

Billing
Another one of the main strategy that is applied for marketing data services is
billing. In other terms, some low cost facilities are provided to the existing users and also
new low cost billing plans are introduced to the users. With this concept, users normally get the
intension that particular network operator will provides us the lowest cost and best service, so we
have to be with that operator. This mind set will makes the people to join with the particular
operator. Some of the examples from srilankan operators about this strategy as follow,

Etisalat
GPRS Mini package 10MB Free Rs.5
Charging as Follows
First 100KB at 0.02per KB and afterwards RS.0.01 per KB.

Mobitel
Monthly rental : Rs.390
Free Voice Bundle : Rs.300 worth of free local calls, SMS and SMS
Free Data Bundle : Rs.90 worth of Data (600MB)*
Rates based on order
GPRS/EDGE/HSPA/ Data Rate per MB : 20 cents
Connection Fee : Rs.100/=
Refundable Deposit : Rs.1500/=

Hutch
Hutch provides cheapest packages between other network providers, there are many packages,
and they are Day/Night packages, Daytime Blast Packages, Ghost Packages and 2.5G packages.
Packages that available with 2.5G slow(100Kbps), seems useless but it is addressing some
segment of customers who are targeting low cost packages even for low data rates.
Since operator is providing options to switch packages in between 2G and 3G customer has the
decision power to make that change according to his requirement.
 12

Multimedia Services

The paradigm of a mobile operator is shifting. Cloud, SDN, and NFV are making it easier for
providers to introduce new services quickly at scale and with compelling economics.
Architectures that simplify, automate, and virtualize can help create and deliver services securely
and efficiently. Also these kind of services will provide the opportunity for operators to keep the
customers interconnected while,

Boosting agility to capture new revenue opportunities

Improving operations and provide a better customer experience

3.2.6
The Current position regarding the deployment of 3G systems
in national cellular networks.
If we come to the 3G services, the current situation of the operators in the country is in a very
high stage. The 3G facility is used in internet access as well as in the video calling. Most people
call each other by looking at their face. This method is called video calling. This king of higher
services is achieved because of the higher data rate of the 3G service.
As everyone knows, 3G systems use higher order modulation and it has a capability
of carrying data in a higher amount. With this ability a high speed internet is available for the
users of Sri Lanka. Also, by using USB dongles, people access internet anywhere and anytime by
just plugging the dongle to their laptops. Also the mobile service providers give many value added services for
the 3G users. These have been made the people easy of doing their daily needs.
Different operators give different value added services. So there is always a competition between every
operator to provide high quality service for the users. This is how the 3G services deployed in the country. These
are some of them, but there is lot of other services given to the users. Those services are given as a kind of
marketing.
Since all the operators in the country are being currently using 3G technologies it is important to
concern about how coverage is available in the country.

3G coverage of Dialog Axiata

 13

3G Coverage of Srilanka Telecom Mobitel

3G Coverage of Hutch Telecom

3G Coverage of Etisalat
 14

3.2.7
How 3G services marketed today
As we mentioned in the earlier topic, giving value added services to the users is a
main marketing strategy of 3G systems. By giving these value added services, the users are
always being with the network operator to obtain those services. If we look at some examples of
those value added services such as, e-channeling, e-banking, online flight booking, and even ordering
foods also given as a value added service to the 3G users. There are many other marketing strategies used to
promote the 3G service in the country. Some groups from the network operators are sent to the villages
and they are instructed to introduce the 3G services to the village people and also the villagers are given free
chances to get mobile phones, dongles and some free data packages by a raffle draw systems. and they are
become as users of the particular network operator.Another idea of promoting the 3G services is,
by selling internet accessible device to the peoplein low cost and also in installment basis.
As a result of this technique,much kind of USB dongles can be bought in many
network operators arcades in low prices and in many installment schemes.Like this
many marketing strategies are used in promoting the 3G services.There is no need
to include all the strategies,

3.2.8
Details of the main 3G applications
Already I have mentioned some of the 3G applications given to the users. But I will include some
of them to the assignment.

One of the other main services is, wireless advertising. By this wireless advertising service, an
user can publish advertisements or classifieds to a newspaper or to a website by
using his mobile phone. Its just a simple method to advertise. Where ever a user stays or
whatever an user does, he doesnt want to worry about publishing an advertisement in the paper
or in the website. He just wants to use his mobile and create the advertisement which
he wants to publish, and just send it through the wireless advertisement service. This facility
became very popular among the people.

Mobile entertainment solutions also provided as a 3G service. By this service, the users are able to access
songs, movies and other entertainment facilities through the mobile device. Because
of the high speed internet facility, even a movie can be buffered and watched in the mobile phone
by the 3G service. So the young generation is very interested in the entertainment solutions given by the network.
 15

GPS facility is also given the mobile users by operators. By this facility, the user can easily
identify a place or a person by just clicking the GPS software. Also live traffic
update also provided as a service, so the user can easily change his travelling his
route to a lesser traffic route and go his journey by just hearing to the daily traffic update. This option reduces
the time wastage in the road. So working crowd liked this 3G service very much and it is very
popular in the country.

3.2.9
Details on the key partners working with the license holders in
order to provision 3G applications
SLT is a member of several associations and members of staff actively participate in their
respective activities. Key memberships are listed below,

International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

Commonwealth Telecommunications Organizations(CTO)
Asia Pacific Tele Community(APT)
Consortium of SEA ME WE for multiple global connectivity projects.
South East Asia and India Ocean Cable Maintenance Agreement(SEAIOCMA)
International Cable Protection Committee(ICPC)
Bharat Lanka submarine cable system
Dhiraagu SLT submarine cable system
Asia Pacific Network Information Centre(APNIC)
Routing Assets Database((RABb)
Amsterdam Internet Exchange(AMS-IX)
Deutscher Commercial Internet Exchange(DEC IX)
National IPv6 Working committee.

With regard to the allocation of spectrum for 2.5G mobile services, Telecommunication
Regulatory Commission of Srilanka (TRCSL) present as the government body.
 16

3.2.10
The technical challenges that are likely to exit in the
deployment of 3G systems.
PDA

A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a handheld PC, is a mobile device that
functions as a personal information manager. PDAs were largely discontinued in the early 2010s
after the widespread adoption of highly capable smartphones, in particular those based
on iOS and Android.
Nearly all PDAs have the ability to connect to the Internet. A PDA has an electronic visual
display, letting it include a web browser. All models also have audio capabilities, allowing usage
as a portable media player, and also enabling most of them to be used as mobile phones. Most
PDAs can access the Internet, intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless Wide Area Networks.
Sometimes, instead of buttons, PDAs will employ touchscreen technology.
Voice Centric

Operators brings more speed more capacity at a lower price enabling them to sell cheap voice
and exiting new mobile (data) services for those who believe in the glass being half empty it is a
new technology pushed by vendors and regulators that they are forced to invest in creating a
return on that investment is their big challenge in the coming years. Now market is still
predominantly a voice centric market.

Smart Phones

A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system. Smartphones are
typically pocket-sized (as opposed to tablets, which are much larger than a pocket), and have the
ability to access the Internet through cellular networks or Wi-Fi. They are able to run a variety
of third-party software components ("apps") from places like the Google Play Store or Apple
App Store, and can receive bug fixes and gain additional functionality through operating system
software updates. Modern smartphones have a touchscreen color display with a graphical user
interface that covers the front surface and enables the user to use a virtual keyboard to type and
press onscreen icons to activate "app" features.

They integrate and now largely fulfill most people's needs for a telephone, digital
camera and video camera, GPS navigation, a media player, clock, news, calculator, web
browsing, handheld video games, flashlight, compass, an address book, a note-taking
application, digital messaging, an event calendar, etc. Typical smartphones will include one or
more of the following sensors: magnetometer, proximity
sensor, barometer, gyroscope or accelerometer. Since the early 2010's, smartphones have
adopted integrated virtual assistants, such as Siri, Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortana, and Bixby.
 17

Most smartphones produced from 2012 onward have high-speed mobile broadband 4G
LTE, motion sensors, and mobile payment features.

There are challenges facing on mobile development.

1. Vendor /Platform Fragmentation

First, theres vendor fragmentation, as covered briefly before, there are two or three main mobile
platforms:iOS(Apple),Android(Google and partners) and Windows phone(Mocrosoft).Not so
long ago Blackberry would have been on top of this list.But in recent times,the company
continues to have a cold of doubt hanging over it.

So, heres the first issue youll face. Lets assume, for the purpose of this thesis, that youre not a
multi-million-dollar company. Most likely, youre a freelancer or small development
environment each platform requires you (or your development team) to build up the skill they
need to be able to develop and deploy for it proficiently.

And each has its own way of doing thing(Android-Java,Windows,.NET,iOS-Objective-C) and its
idiosyncrasies.

On top of that, if you are going to be supporting more than one aspect of the platform (think of
the iPad and iphone for iOS),you need to understand each of those both in capability and design
considerations equally well to properly deploy to them. Multiply that by two or three platforms
and you are being to see that the requirements get petty involved, quite quickly.

Look at it from a different perspective. Say that youre a digital agency or company looking to
either outsources development of an application or to build and internal team to take advantage
of the rampant growth and demand for mobile everything. Where do you go to get professional
developers with the range of skill required to manage an application across multiple platforms
and then keep them up to date as the landscape continually changes. While some companies do it
really well (Ever note and Wanderlust for example),Its definitely a challenge and one not to be
taken lightly.

Leigh Williamson, an IBM distinguished engineer, raises another point you should consider.
While you may believe that a particular platform is the one to focus on, you may not have a
choice. Your customers may be using two or more platforms equally.

If thats the case, you have a rather compelling reason to provide your application across the
device that they prefer, not the ones you do.

So, despite all the positive around the mobile development, you need to know that vendor
fragmentation is not going to make your life easy-not impossible, just not easy.
 18

2. Device Fragmentation

This next challenge is a natural consequence of the one described above. Take a look at the
tables below to get an idea about how section and issue device fragmentation really is.

Apple Phones

Manufacturer Model Screen Size Resolution

Apple iPad 9.7 1024600
Apple iPad 2 9.7 1024768
Apple iPad 3 9.7 1024768
Apple iPhone 3Gs 3.5 480320
Apple i Phone 4S 3.5 960640

Android Phones

Manufacturer Model Screen Size Resolution

Samsung Galaxy S II 4.52 1024600
Samsung Galaxy S III 4.8 1024768
Samsung Galaxy Beam 4 480800(WVGA)
Samsung Galaxy Nexus 4.65 1280720
Samsung Galaxy Note 5.29 8001280
HTC One X 4.7 1280720
HTC One S 4.3 960540
HTC One X+ 4.7 HD 720P
Huawei Ascend G300 4.0 480800
LG C550 Optimus Chat - 320480
LG Optimus 3D P920 4.3 WVGA
Motorola Razor Maxx 4.3 540960 Super AMOLED
Sony Xperia S 4.3 1280720

Windows Phones

Manufacturer Model Screen Size Resolution

Nokia Lumia 920 4.5 1280768
HTC Windows phone 8s 4 WVGA
HTC Windows Phone 8X 4.3 HD 720p
HTC Titan 4.7 480800
Dell Venue Pro 4.1 WVGA AMOLED
Samsung ATIV S 4.8 HD Super AMOLED
Nokia Lumia 610 3.7 800480
Nokia Lumia 900 4.3 800480
LG Optimus 7 E900 3.8 800480
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Above info graphic consist with simpler comparison with basic features. Most of the features
that needs to be consider are not listed here since this is just a basic comparison.

As developer or developing company, how do they profitably develop for a platform with the
diversity of configurations and capabilities the various vendors offer? How do they ensure that
their next world killing app will render as anticipated with such a wide variety of resolutions and
hardware capabilities without sending yourself out of business?

3. Development Approach

If you thought mobile development was interesting enough with the first two challenges, this
third one stirs thing up even further. Today, there are three common ways that developers are
building applications for mobile devices.

Native
HTML5
Hybrid

Depending on where you sit on this one, you likely have strong view one way or another. Some
people, Facebook CEO mark Zukerberg specifically, believe that HTML5 isnt the right way to
go when developing mobile apps. He was recently quoted in the register as saying Facebooks
biggest mistake was betting too much on HTML5 as opposed to native app development
However, others argued that it was not so much as HTML5 issues as an implementation ion their
part.

3.2.11
Details of efforts being made in order to facilitate global
roaming efforts to include:
The other main thing we have to discuss in 3G is, the efforts being made to facilitate global
roaming. Roaming in the sense, it is a facility given to a user to use his same mobile SIM car in
more than one country.He doesnt want to change the SIM card for each country. To facilitate
this option, there are many efforts being made all over the world.

We can say multi-mode/ multi-band terminal options as one effort. By this effort, the terminal
equipment is capable of several bands to be used. The bands are such as HSPA 850, 900, 1900, 2100. By this
option the user can use any band. So whatever the band is used in a country, it doesnt matter, still
the equipment can be used in any country.

We can say the 3GPP, 3GPP2 and OHG projects as another effort taken to facilitate
3Gsystems. If we look at these projects, all these are just focused on making globally
applicable3G mobile phone specifications. The 3GPP stands for 3rd generation partnership
project.
 20

3.2.12
Future enhancements to be made
In Sri Lanka, 3G services are available to the people. In future the advancements of
the services can be introduced. The simple example for the future advancement is that,
already two network operators are demonstrating 4G LTE technology. In near future, 4G services will
be available in Sri Lanka.

Also we can expect some advancements in the future mobile communicatio

n in somecategories. Those categories are, Applications, Data rates, Archi
t e c t u r e a n d S ys t e m advancement. As I have mentioned some categories, higher modulation
schemes can be use and more high speed internet data rates can be achieved in the near future
advancement.

Also many types of applications will be introduced with the 4G technology. Some times, the architecture
of the 4G network will be exactly different from the existing 3Gand 2G networks. We cannot
assume about the architectural advancement to be introduced in the future. Also system advancements
also can be made in the future mobile communication. Unexpected advancements came with the 3Gs
introduction. Likewise, many more advancements can be made in the introduction of 4G LTE
technology. Sometimes there may be another technology can be introduced after the 4G LTE
technology which may change the way we think, and the way we live and even they way we breathe. Hopefully,
well wait for the future technology which is going to change the world, and challenges