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Electrical Science: Lecture-30-32: Concept of Power in AC Circuits

The document discusses concepts of power in AC circuits, including: 1) Instantaneous power is the product of instantaneous voltage and current. Average power absorbed by a resistor is the average of the instantaneous power over a full cycle. 2) Average power absorbed by an inductor and capacitor depends on the phase difference between voltage and current. 3) Maximum power transfer to a load occurs when the load impedance equals the complex conjugate of the source impedance. 4) The root mean square (RMS) value is used to define the effective value of a periodic waveform and allows comparison to DC values.

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Gobind Sehgal
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

Electrical Science: Lecture-30-32: Concept of Power in AC Circuits

The document discusses concepts of power in AC circuits, including: 1) Instantaneous power is the product of instantaneous voltage and current. Average power absorbed by a resistor is the average of the instantaneous power over a full cycle. 2) Average power absorbed by an inductor and capacitor depends on the phase difference between voltage and current. 3) Maximum power transfer to a load occurs when the load impedance equals the complex conjugate of the source impedance. 4) The root mean square (RMS) value is used to define the effective value of a periodic waveform and allows comparison to DC values.

Uploaded by

Gobind Sehgal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Science

Lecture-30-32: Concept of Power in AC circuits

BITS Pilani Dr. Navneet Gupta


Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Pilani Campus
POWER
Instantaneous Power:
The instantaneous power dissipated in a component is a product
of the instantaneous voltage and the instantaneous current.

Average Power:

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Average power

Average Power absorbed by resistor:


In a resistive circuit the voltage and current are in phase

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Average Power absorbed by Inductance and capacitance:

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Relationship between v, i and p in a capacitor

Relationship between v, i and p in an inductor

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Maximum Power Transfer

Z0 Iin

VS ZL

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Maximum Power transfer to the Load

Z0 Iin
Z0 = R0 + jX0 - source impedance

VS ZL ZL = RL + jXL - load impedance

2
1 2 1 1 2 ZL 1
P Vin Re VS Re - power delivered to load
2 ZL 2 Z0 Z L ZL

( substitution of real and imaginary parts


of source and load impedances)
1 RL
P VS2
- power delivered to load as function
R0 RL X 0 X L
2 2
2 of circuit parameters

Dr. Navneet Gupta


1 RL
P VS2

R0 RL X 0 X L
2 2
2
For fixed source impedance Z0, to
maximize output power R02 RL2 X L X 0 2 0

XL XL X0 0 .
P P
0 0
RL X L
R0 RL
P
1
VS2
RL Z L Z 0
2 R0 RL X 0 X L
2 2
XL X0
- impedance conjugate matching
conditions

VS2
P - maximum power
8R0 delivered to load

For the case that ZL is restricted to


be real (resistive),
Dr. Navneet Gupta
Example

The Thvenin equivalent of an ac circuit has

(a) What load impedance ZL absorbs maximum average power, and


what is the value of this power? (b) What load resistance ZL = RL
absorbs maximum average power when ZL is restricted to be a
resistance, and what is the value of this power?

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Lecture - 31
Effective values of a Periodic
Waveform
The effective value of any periodic current is equal to the
value of the direct current which, flowing through an R ohm
resistor, delivers the same average power to the resistor as
does the periodic current.
The average power absorbed by the resistor
in the ac circuit is

while the power absorbed by the resistor in


the dc circuit is

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Effective (RMS) Value of a
Sinusoidal Waveform

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Example

Find the rms value of the sine wave that is shown in Figure

T=1s rms value: 0.707

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Example
Determine the rms value of the current waveform in Figure. If
the current is passed through a 2-ohm resistor, find the
average power absorbed by the resistor.

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Apparent Power and Power Factor

apparent power, (VA)

Lagging PF
0 PF is positive current lags the voltage
0 PF is negative current leads the voltage
Leading PF
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Example: P4.33

The load shown in Figure operates at 60 Hz. (a) What


are the pf and the pf angle of this load? (b) Is the pf
leading or lagging? (c) To what value should the
capacitor be changed to get a unity pf (pf = 1)?

IC

ZC j106

Z 28.624.70 Z R Z L 20 j15.1 25.137.10


C = 63.7 F
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Example: Concept of power factor
correction
A 1000-W electric motor is connected to a 200-V rms ac,
60-Hz source, and the result is a lagging pf of 0.8.

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Lecture - 32

Example

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Complex Power

The magnitude of the complex power is the apparent power


The angle of the complex power is the pf angle
S P jQ
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Complex Power

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Example

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Power Factor Correction
Low P.F. leads to additional expenditure

One way to increase P.F. is to increase P

But real power is costly

Instead S should be decreased without decreasing P &


voltage, only current drawn from the source should be
reduced.
contd
If the load is capacitive
Explanation

Suppose we wish to
increase the lagging PF
to 0.9.

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Second
method

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