Image Category Classification Using Deep Learning

https://www.mathworks.com/help/vision/examples/image-category-classification-using-deep-learning.html

This example also uses:

Parallel Computing Toolbox

Neural Network Toolbox
Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox
Try it in MATLAB
This example shows how to use a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as a feature extractor
for training an image category classifier.

Overview
A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a powerful machine learning technique from the field of deep
learning. CNNs are trained using large collections of diverse images. From these large collections, CNNs
can learn rich feature representations for a wide range of images. These feature representations often
outperform hand-crafted features such as HOG, LBP, or SURF. An easy way to leverage the power of
CNNs, without investing time and effort into training, is to use a pre-trained CNN as a feature extractor.
In this example, images from Caltech 101 are classified into categories using a multiclass linear SVM
trained with CNN features extracted from the images. This approach to image category classification
follows the standard practice of training an off-the-shelf classifier using features extracted from images.
For example, the Image Category Classification Using Bag Of Features example uses SURF features
within a bag of features framework to train a multiclass SVM. The difference here is that instead of using
image features such as HOG or SURF, features are extracted using a CNN. And, as this example will
show, the classifier trained using CNN features provides close to 100% accuracy, which is higher than the
accuracy achieved using bag of features and SURF.
Note: This example requires Neural Network Toolbox, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox, and
Neural Network Toolbox Model for AlexNet Network .
Using a CUDA-capable NVIDIA GPU with compute capability 3.0 or higher is highly recommended for
running this example. Use of a GPU requires the Parallel Computing Toolbox.
function DeepLearningImageClassificationExample

Check System Requirements

A CUDA-capable NVIDIA GPU with compute capability 3.0 or higher is highly recommended to run this
example. Query the GPU device to check if it can run this example:
% Get GPU device information
deviceInfo = gpuDevice;

% Check the GPU compute capability

computeCapability = str2double(deviceInfo.ComputeCapability);
assert(computeCapability >= 3.0, ...
'This example requires a GPU device with compute capability 3.0 or
higher.')

Download Image Data

The category classifier will be trained on images from Caltech 101. Caltech 101 is one of the most widely
cited and used image data sets, collected by Fei-Fei Li, Marco Andreetto, and Marc 'Aurelio Ranzato.
% Download the compressed data set from the following location
url =
'http://www.vision.caltech.edu/Image_Datasets/Caltech101/101_ObjectCategories
.tar.gz';
% Store the output in a temporary folder
outputFolder = fullfile(tempdir, 'caltech102'); % define output folder
% IMP. : tempdir = C:\Users\Mircea\AppData\Local\Temp
% outputFolder = fullfile(tempdir, 'c:\Users\Mircea\Desktop\retina-articol-%
% teza\caltech101\');
Note: Download time of the data depends on your internet connection. The next set of commands use
MATLAB to download the data and will block MATLAB. Alternatively, you can use your web browser to
first download the dataset to your local disk. To use the file you downloaded from the web, change the
'outputFolder' variable above to the location of the downloaded file.
if ~exist(outputFolder, 'dir') % download only once
disp('Downloading 126MB Caltech101 data set...');
untar(url, outputFolder);
end

Load Images
Instead of operating on all of Caltech 101, which is time consuming, use three of the categories:
airplanes, ferry, and laptop. The image category classifier will be trained to distinguish amongst these six
categories.
rootFolder = fullfile(outputFolder, '101_ObjectCategories');
% rootFolder = fullfile(outputFolder, '101_ObjectCategories');
categories = {'diabet', 'normal', 'proliferativdiabet', 'retinitis'};
% categories = {'airplanes');

Create an ImageDatastore to help you manage the data. Because ImageDatastore operates on
image file locations, images are not loaded into memory until read, making it efficient for use with large
image collections.
% imds = imageDatastore(fullfile(rootFolder, categories), 'IncludeSubfolders'
% , 'LabelSource', 'foldernames');
imds = imageDatastore(fullfile(rootFolder, categories), 'LabelSource',
'foldernames');

The imds variable now contains the images and the category labels associated with each image. The
labels are automatically assigned from the folder names of the image files. Use countEachLabel to
summarize the number of images per category.
tbl = countEachLabel(imds)
tbl =

Label Count
__________________ _____

diabet 61
normal 40
proliferativdiabet 21
retinitis 18

Because imds above contains an unequal number of images per category, let's first adjust it, so that the
number of images in the training set is balanced.
minSetCount = min(tbl{:,2}); % determine the smallest amount of images in a
category

% Use splitEachLabel method to trim the set.

imds = splitEachLabel(imds, minSetCount, 'randomize');

% Notice that each set now has exactly the same number of images.
countEachLabel(imds)
ans =

Label Count
__________________ _____

diabet 61
normal 40
proliferativdiabet 21
retinitis 18
Below, you can see example images from three of the categories included in the dataset.
% Find the first instance of an image for each category
diabet = find(imds.Labels == 'diabet', 1);
normal = find(imds.Labels == 'normal', 1);
diabet_proliferativ = find(imds.Labels == 'proliferativdiabet', 1);

figure
subplot(1,3,1);
imshow(readimage(imds,diabet))
title('diabet')
subplot(1,3,2);
imshow(readimage(imds,normal))
title('normal')

subplot(1,3,3);
imshow(readimage(imds, diabet_proliferativ))
title('diabetproliferativ')

Load Pre-trained AlexNet Network

There are several pre-trained networks that have gained popularity. Most of these have been trained on
the ImageNet dataset, which has 1000 object categories and 1.2 million training images[1]. "AlexNet" is
one such model and can be loaded using the alexnet function from Neural Network Toolbox.
Using alexnet requires that you first install Neural Network Toolbox Model for AlexNet Network.
% Load pre-trained AlexNet
net = alexnet()
net =

SeriesNetwork with properties:

Layers: [251 nnet.cnn.layer.Layer]

Other popular networks trained on ImageNet include VGG-16 and VGG-19 [3], which can be loaded
using vgg16 and vgg19 from the Neural Network Toolbox.

net.Layers defines the architecture of the CNN.

% View the CNN architecture
net.Layers
ans =

25x1 Layer array with layers:

1 'data' Image Input 227x227x3 images with

'zerocenter' normalization
2 'conv1' Convolution 96 11x11x3 convolutions
with stride [4 4] and padding [0 0]
3 'relu1' ReLU ReLU
 4 'norm1' Cross Channel Normalization cross channel normalization
with 5 channels per element
5 'pool1' Max Pooling 3x3 max pooling with stride
[2 2] and padding [0 0]
6 'conv2' Convolution 256 5x5x48 convolutions
with stride [1 1] and padding [2 2]
7 'relu2' ReLU ReLU
8 'norm2' Cross Channel Normalization cross channel normalization
with 5 channels per element
9 'pool2' Max Pooling 3x3 max pooling with stride
[2 2] and padding [0 0]
10 'conv3' Convolution 384 3x3x256 convolutions
with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1]
11 'relu3' ReLU ReLU
12 'conv4' Convolution 384 3x3x192 convolutions
with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1]
13 'relu4' ReLU ReLU
14 'conv5' Convolution 256 3x3x192 convolutions
with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1]
15 'relu5' ReLU ReLU
16 'pool5' Max Pooling 3x3 max pooling with stride
[2 2] and padding [0 0]
17 'fc6' Fully Connected 4096 fully connected layer
18 'relu6' ReLU ReLU
19 'drop6' Dropout 50% dropout
20 'fc7' Fully Connected 4096 fully connected layer
21 'relu7' ReLU ReLU
22 'drop7' Dropout 50% dropout
23 'fc8' Fully Connected 1000 fully connected layer
24 'prob' Softmax softmax
25 'output' Classification Output crossentropyex with
'tench', 'goldfish', and 998 other classes
The first layer defines the input dimensions. Each CNN has a different input size requirements. The one
used in this example requires image input that is 227-by-227-by-3.
% Inspect the first layer
net.Layers(1)
ans =

ImageInputLayer with properties:

Name: 'data'
InputSize: [227 227 3]

Hyperparameters
DataAugmentation: 'none'
Normalization: 'zerocenter'

The intermediate layers make up the bulk of the CNN. These are a series of convolutional layers,
interspersed with rectified linear units (ReLU) and max-pooling layers [2]. Following the these layers are 3
fully-connected layers.
The final layer is the classification layer and its properties depend on the classification task. In this
example, the CNN model that was loaded was trained to solve a 1000-way classification problem. Thus
the classification layer has 1000 classes from the ImageNet dataset.
% Inspect the last layer
net.Layers(end)

% Number of class names for ImageNet classification task

numel(net.Layers(end).ClassNames)

ans =

ClassificationOutputLayer with properties:

Name: 'output'
ClassNames: {11000 cell}
OutputSize: 1000

Hyperparameters
LossFunction: 'crossentropyex'

ans =

1000

Note that the CNN model is not going to be used for the original classification task. It is going to be re-
purposed to solve a different classification task on the Caltech 101 dataset.

Pre-process Images For CNN

As mentioned above, net can only process RGB images that are 227-by-227. To avoid re-saving all the
images in Caltech 101 to this format, setup the imds read function, imds.ReadFcn, to pre-process
images on-the-fly. The imds.ReadFcn is called every time an image is read from the ImageDatastore.
% Set the ImageDatastore ReadFcn
imds.ReadFcn = @(filename)readAndPreprocessImage(filename);
Note that other CNN models will have different input size constraints, and may require other pre-
processing steps.
function Iout = readAndPreprocessImage(filename)

I = imread(filename);

% Some images may be grayscale. Replicate the image 3 times to

% create an RGB image.
if ismatrix(I)
I = cat(3,I,I,I);
end

% Resize the image as required for the CNN.

Iout = imresize(I, [227 227]);

% Note that the aspect ratio is not preserved. In Caltech 101, the
% object of interest is centered in the image and occupies a
% majority of the image scene. Therefore, preserving the aspect
% ratio is not critical. However, for other data sets, it may prove
% beneficial to preserve the aspect ratio of the original image
% when resizing.
end
Prepare Training and Test Image Sets
Split the sets into training and validation data. Pick 30% of images from each set for the training data and
the remainder, 70%, for the validation data. Randomize the split to avoid biasing the results. The training
and test sets will be processed by the CNN model.
[trainingSet, testSet] = splitEachLabel(imds, 0.3, 'randomize');

Extract Training Features Using CNN

Each layer of a CNN produces a response, or activation, to an input image. However, there are only a few
layers within a CNN that are suitable for image feature extraction. The layers at the beginning of the
network capture basic image features, such as edges and blobs. To see this, visualize the network filter
weights from the first convolutional layer. This can help build up an intuition as to why the features
extracted from CNNs work so well for image recognition tasks. Note that visualizing features from deeper
layer weights can be done using deepDreamImage from Neural Network Toolbox.
% Get the network weights for the second convolutional layer
w1 = net.Layers(2).Weights;

% Scale and resize the weights for visualization

w1 = mat2gray(w1);
w1 = imresize(w1,5);

% Display a montage of network weights. There are 96 individual sets of

% weights in the first layer.
figure
montage(w1)
title('First convolutional layer weights')

Notice how the first layer of the network has learned filters for capturing blob and edge features. These
"primitive" features are then processed by deeper network layers, which combine the early features to
form higher level image features. These higher level features are better suited for recognition tasks
because they combine all the primitive features into a richer image representation [4].
You can easily extract features from one of the deeper layers using the activations method. Selecting
which of the deep layers to choose is a design choice, but typically starting with the layer right before the
classification layer is a good place to start. In net, this layer is named 'fc7'. Let's extract training features
using that layer.
featureLayer = 'fc7';
trainingFeatures = activations(net, trainingSet, featureLayer, ...
'MiniBatchSize', 32, 'OutputAs', 'columns');
Note that the activations function automatically uses a GPU for processing if one is available, otherwise, a
CPU is used. Because of the number of layers in AlexNet, using a GPU is highly recommended. Using a
the CPU to run the network will greatly increase the time it takes to extract features.
In the code above, the 'MiniBatchSize' is set 32 to ensure that the CNN and image data fit into GPU
memory. You may need to lower the 'MiniBatchSize' if your GPU runs out of memory. Also, the
activations output is arranged as columns. This helps speed-up the multiclass linear SVM training that
follows.

Train A Multiclass SVM Classifier Using CNN Features

Next, use the CNN image features to train a multiclass SVM classifier. A fast Stochastic Gradient Descent
solver is used for training by setting the fitcecoc function's 'Learners' parameter to 'Linear'. This helps
speed-up the training when working with high-dimensional CNN feature vectors, which each have a
length of 4096.
% Get training labels from the trainingSet
trainingLabels = trainingSet.Labels;

% Train multiclass SVM classifier using a fast linear solver, and set
% 'ObservationsIn' to 'columns' to match the arrangement used for training
% features.
classifier = fitcecoc(trainingFeatures, trainingLabels, ...
'Learners', 'Linear', 'Coding', 'onevsall', 'ObservationsIn', 'columns');

Evaluate Classifier
Repeat the procedure used earlier to extract image features from testSet. The test features can then be
passed to the classifier to measure the accuracy of the trained classifier.
% Extract test features using the CNN
testFeatures = activations(net, testSet, featureLayer, 'MiniBatchSize',32);

% Pass CNN image features to trained classifier

predictedLabels = predict(classifier, testFeatures);

% Get the known labels

testLabels = testSet.Labels;

% Tabulate the results using a confusion matrix.

confMat = confusionmat(testLabels, predictedLabels);

% Convert confusion matrix into percentage form

confMat = bsxfun(@rdivide,confMat,sum(confMat,2))
confMat =

1 0 0
 0 1 0
0 0 1

% Display the mean accuracy

mean(diag(confMat))
ans =

Try the Newly Trained Classifier on Test Images

You can now apply the newly trained classifier to categorize new images.
% newImage = fullfile(rootFolder, 'airplanes', 'image_0690.jpg');

newImage = fullfile(rootFolder, 'ant', 'im0001.tif');

% Pre-process the images as required for the CNN

img = readAndPreprocessImage(newImage);

% Extract image features using the CNN

imageFeatures = activations(net, img, featureLayer);
% Make a prediction using the classifier
label = predict(classifier, imageFeatures)
label =

categorical

airplanes

References
[1] Deng, Jia, et al. "Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database." Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition, 2009. CVPR 2009. IEEE Conference on. IEEE, 2009.
[2] Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. "Imagenet classification with deep
convolutional neural networks." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2012.
[3] Simonyan, Karen, and Andrew Zisserman. "Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image
recognition." arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556 (2014).
[4] Donahue, Jeff, et al. "Decaf: A deep convolutional activation feature for generic visual recognition."
arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.1531 (2013).
end