Chapter 8 Questions and Problems 329

PS-5 8 The production of maleic anhydride by the air oxidation of benzene was
recently studied using a vanadium pentoxide catalyst [Chem. Eng. Sci ., 43 ,
I 051 (1988)] . The reactions that occur are:

Reaction I:

Reaction 2:

Reaction 3:

Because these reactions were carried out in excess air, volume change with
reaction can be neglected, and the reactions can be written symbolically as a
pseudo-first-order reaction sequence

where A = benzene, B = maleic anhydride, C = products (H 2 0 , C0 2 ),

D = products (C0 2, H20). The corresponding pseudo specific reaction rates,
k; are (in m3/kg catls):

k 1 = 4280exp[-12, 660/T(K)] k2 = 70, IOOexp(-15, 000/T(K)]

k3 = 26exp[-10, 800/T(K)]
At 848 K, k 1 = 1.4 x IQ- 3 , k2 = 1.46 x J03 , k3 = 7.65 x I0- 5 . These reactions
are carried out isothermally in both a CSTR and a PBR. Benzene enters the
reactor at a concentration of 0.01 mol/dm 3 . The total volumetric flow rate is
0.0025 m3/s.
(a) Which reactions will dominate at low temperatures and which will dom-
inate at high temperatures? For the sake of comparison, assume that 848 K
is a moderate temperature.
(b) For a catalytic weight of 50 kg, determine the exit concentration from a
"fluidized" CSTR at 848 K. [Ans: C8 =0.3 moUdm 3]
(c) What is the selectivity of B to C and of B to Din the CSTR?
(d) Plot the concentrations of all species as a function of PBR catalyst
weight (up to I 0 kg) assuming isothermal operation at 848 K.
(e) What feed conditions and reactor or combinations of reactor shown in
Figure 8-2 would you use to maximize the production of maleic anhydride?
(0 How would your results in part (d) change if pressure drop were taken
into account with a= 0.099 (kg car- 1) in the PBR? Make a plot similar to
that in part (d) and describe any differences.
P8-6a 8 The reaction

is carried out in a batch reactor in which there is pure A initially.

330 Multiple Reactions Chapter 8

(a) Derive an equation for the concentration of A as a function of time. If

k 1= 0.00 l s- 1, what is the ratio CA/CAo after 1.5 min?
(b) Derive an equation that gives the concentration of 8 as a function of
time. If k2 = 0.003 s- 1, k3 = 0.002 s- 1, and CAo = 0.2 g mol!dm3, what is
the concentration of 8 after 2 mill?
(c) What is the concentration of C after I min? 2 min?
{d) Sketch the concentrations and as functions of time. At what time is the
concentration of 8 at a maximum?
(e) If the series reaction is carried out in a CSTR, determine the reactor vol-
ume that will maximize the production of 8 for a volumetric flow rate of
20 dm 3/min.
P8-6bA Consider the following system of gas-phase reactions:

rx =k, C~ k, = 0.004(mol/dm3)
12 112
A----7 X . min - I
A ----7 B r 8 =k 2 C A k 2 = 0.3 min- 1
2
A----7 y ry=k3 CA k 3 =0.25 dm 3/molmin

B is the desired product, and X and Y are foul pollutants that are expensive to
get rid of. The specific reaction rates are at 27C. The reaction system is to be
operated at 27C and 4 atm. Pure A enters the system at a volumetric flow rate
of I 0 dm 3/min.
(a) Sketch the instantaneous selectivities (S8 1X> SBIY and S 8 rxv=ref(rx+ry))
as a function of the concentration of CA.
(b) Consider a series of reactors. What should be the volume of the first reactor?
(c) What are the effluent concentrations of A, B, X, andY from the first reactor?
(d) What is the conversion of A in the first reactor?
(e) If 99% conversion of A is desired, what reaction scheme and reactor
sizes should you use to maximize S8 rxv?
(0 Suppose that 1 = 20,000 cal/mol, 2 = 10,000 cal/mol, and 3 = 30,000
cal/mol. What temperature would you recommend for a single CSTR with
a space time of 10 min and an entering concentration of A of 0.1 mol/dm 3?
(g) If you cou ld vary the pressure between l and I 00 atm, what pressure
would you choose?
PS-7 8 Pharmacokinetics concerns the ingestion, distribution, reaction, and elimina-
tion reaction of drugs in the body. Consider the application of pharmacokinet-
ics to one of the major problems we have in the United States, drinking and
driving. Here we shall model bow long one must wait to drive after having a
tall martini. In most states, the legal intoxication limit is 0.8 g of ethanol per
liter of body fluid. (In Sweden it is 0.5 g/L, and in Eastern Europe and Russia
it is any value above 0.0 g/L.)
1-lall of Fame The ingestion of ethanol into the bloodstream and subsequent elimination
can be modeled as a series reaction. The rate of absorption from the gas-
trointestinal tract into the bloodstream and body is a first-order reaction with
a specific reaction rate constant of I 0 h- 1 The rate at which ethanol is broken
down in the bioodstream is limited by regeneration of a coenzyme. Conse-
quently, the process may be modeled as a zero-order reaction with a specific
reaction rate of 0.192 g/h L of body fluid.
How long would a person have to wait (a) in the United States; (b) in Sweden;
and (c) in Russia if they drank two tall martinis immediately after arriving at a
party? How would your answer change if (d) the drinks were taken Y2 hour
apart; (e) the two drinks were consumed at a uniform rate during the first hour?
Chapter 8 Questions and Problems 331

(f) Suppose that one went to a party, had one and a half tall martinis right
away, and then received a phone call saying an emergency had come up and
the person needed to drive home immediately. How many minutes would the
individual have to reach home before he/she became legally intoxicated,
assuming that the person had nothing further to drink? (g) How would your
answers be different for a thin person? A heavy person ? [Hint: Base all ethanol
concentrations on the volume of body fluid. Plot the concentration of ethanol
in the blood as a function of time.] What generalizations can you make? What
is the major unspoken point of this problem?

Additional information:
Ethanol in a tall martini: 40 g
Volume of body fluid : 40 L (SADD-MADD problem)
[See Chapter 9 PRS R9-7 for a more in-depth look at alcohol metabolism .]
PS-8 8 (Pharmacokinetics) Tarzlon i a liquid antibiotic that is taken orally to treat
infections of the spleen. It is effective only if it can maintain a concentration
in the bloodstream (based on volume of body fluid) above 0.4 mg per dm 3 of
body fluid. Ideally, a concentration of l.O mg/dm 3 in the blood should be
f-lail of Fame realized. However, if the concentration in the blood exceeds 1.5 mg/dm 3,
harmful side effects can occur. Once the Tarzlon reaches the stomach, it can
proceed in two pathways, both of which are first order: (I) It can be absorbed
into the bloodstream through the stomach walls; (2) it can pass out through
the gastrointe tina] tract and not be absorbed into the blood. Both these pro-
cesses are first order in Tarzlon concentration in the stomach. Once in the
bloodstream, Tarzlon attacks bacterial cells and is subsequently degraded by a
zero-order process. Tarzlon can also be removed from the blood and excreted
in urine through a first-order process within the kidneys. In the stomach:
Absorption into blood k 1 = 0.15 h- 1
Elimination through gastrointestine k2 = 0.6 h- 1
In the bloodstream:
Degradation of Tarzlon
Elimination through urine k4 = 0.2 h- 1
One dose of Tarzlon is 250 mg in liquid form: Volume of body fluid = 40 dm 3 .
(a) Plot and analyze the concentration of Tarzlon in the blood as a function
of time when 1 dose (i.e., one liquid capsule) of Tarzlon is taken.
(b) How should the Tarzlon be administered (dosage and frequency) over a
48-h period to be most effective?
(c) Comment on the dose concentrations and potential hazards .
(d) How would your answers change if the drug were taken on a full or
empty stomach?
P8-9c (Reactor selection and operating conditions) For each of the following sets
of reactions, describe your reactor system and conditions to maximize the
selectivity to D. Make sketches where necessary to support your choices. The
rates are in (moUdm 3s), and concentrations are in (moUdm 3).
(a) (1) A+ B ~ D -riA= I exp(-8,000 KJncAcB

1/2 3/2
(2) A+B~U -r2A = 10 exp(-1,000 KJncA C8
(b) (l) A+B ~D -riA= 10 exp(-1,000 KJnCACB

(2)
332 Multiple Reactions Chapter 8

(c) (I) A+B-tD -r 1A = 10 exp(-1,000 K/T)CACB

(2) B+D-tU -r26 = 109 exp(-10,000 K/T)C 6 C0
(d) (I) A -------7 D -r 1A = 5000 exp(-12,000 KJT)CA
(2) o -------7 U 1 -r20 = 10,100 exp(-15,000 K/T)C 0
(3) A -------7 u 2 -r3A = 26 exp(-18,800 K/T)CA
9
(e) (l) A+B-tD -r 1A = 10 exp(-10,000 K/T)CACB
(2) D-tA+B -r20 = 20 exp(-2,000 K/T)C 0
3
(3) A+ B-tU -r3A = 10 exp(-3,000 K/T)CACB
(t) Consider the following parallel reactions5
(I) A+B-tD -r 1A = 10 exp(-8,000 K/T)CACB
(2) -r2 A = 25 exp(-10,800 KJT)CA
(3) -r3u = 10,000 exp(- 15,000 KJT)Cu
(g) For the following reactions (molldm 3/min)

(I) A+ B -t D -'iA = 800exp( -8,000K)

T
0.5
CA C6

-300K)
(2) '2s = lOexp( --T- CA Cs

r30 = 10 exp (-8,000K)

6
(3) T C0 C6
PS-10 8 The elementary liquid-phase-series reaction

is carried out in a 600-dm 3 batch reactor. The initial concentration of A is 2.0

mol/dm 3 . The desired product is B, and separation of the undesired product C
is very difficult and costly. Because the reaction is carried out at a relatively
high temperature, the reaction is easily quenched.
(a) Plot and analyze the concentrations of A, B, and C as a function of time.
Assume that each reaction i irreversible, with k 1 = 0.4 h- 1 and k2 = 0.0 I h- 1
(b) Plot and analyze the concentrations of A, B, and C as a function of time
when the fir t reaction is reversible with k_1 = 0.25 h- 1
(c) Plot and analyze the concentrations of A, B, and C as a function of time
for the case where both reactions are reversible with k_2 = 0.006 h- 1
(d) Compare (a), (b), and (c) and describe what you find.
(e) Vary k 1 , k2 , L 1, and k_ 2 Explain the consequence of k 1 > 100 and
k2 < 0.1 with L 1 = L 2 = 0 and with L 2 = I, L 1 = 0, and L 2 = 0.25.
(t) Apply one or more of the six ideas in Table P-3, page xviii to this problem.
PS-11 8 Solar energy capture has great potential to help meet the world ' growi ng
energy demand, which is 12 terawatts in 20 I 0 and is expected to rise to 36
terawatts in 2050 (cf. P3-15 8 ). Professor AI Weiner and his students at the
University of Colorado are engaged in developing methods of utilizing solar-
thermal energy. In solar-thermal reactors, mirrors are used to focu s and con-

5 Assume the reversible reactions are very fast. Techniques for minimizing the waste U
are discussed in Green Engineering by D. Allen and D. Shonard (Upper Saddle River,
Green Engineering N.J. : Prentice Hall , 2000).
Chapter 8 Questions and Problems 333

centrate the sun's energy on a flow-type cavity reactor where temperatures as

high as 1200C can be realized, as shown below.

' /

Figure PS-11.1 Solar field design. Five 265 m tall towers with three heliostat fields/tower,
275 acres of land in Daggett, CA. Net concentration 3,868 suns and 295 MW delivered to
each solar reactor. (Melinda M. Channel, Jonathan Scheffe, Allan Lewandowski, and Alan W.
Weimer, November II , 2009). Also see (Chemical Engineering, 116, p. 18, March 2009).

The switch grass is fed to the 1200C solar thermal reactor. At these temper-
atures, biomass can be converted to CO and H 2, i.e., syn gas, which then can
be used for liquid fuels. Switch grass, which is approximately 7) cellulose
(C 6 H 100 5) and }5 lignin (C 10H 120 3 ) will be fed with steam to produce CO,
H 2 , and a small amount of ash, which we will neglect. In order to simplify
this process into a tractable home problem, we assume the switch grass is vol-
atilized immediately upon entering the plug-flow reactor and that the reactions
and postulated rate laws are

(2) Lignin:

[A!ChE J. 55, p. 286 (2009)]. Also see Science p. 326, 1472 (2009).
The rate laws and constants are hypothesized to be

P, I atm
Total gas concentration in the feed and reactor with CTo = R~o = (0.0 82 )(l 473 )
0.00828 mol/dm 3 with the entering molar flow rates of cellulose, lignin and
water are Fco = 0.00411 molls and FLO = 0.0185 molls, Fwo = 0.02 molls,
respectively.
(a) Plot and analyze the molar flow rates as a function of PFR volume up to
V = 0.417 dm3.
(b) Plot and analyze Yc. Yw, YL and Sco;H2 down the reactor.
(c) Repeat (a) for different molar flow rates of water.
334 Multiple Reactions Chapter 8

PS-12 8 The solar-thermal biochar gasification has also been studied at the Univer-
sity of Colorado (See PS-17 8 ). Chemical Engineering and Processing: Pro-
cess Intensification 48, p. 1279 (2009) and A!ChE 1. 55 p.286 (2009). While
this process follows a shrinking core model (see DVD Chapter II), for the
purposes of this example, we will use the following sequence.

(I) Lignin: C 10 H 120 3 (L) + 3H 20(W) ~ 3H 2 + 3CO +Char (e.g. , cresol)

(2) Char: Char( Ch) + 4H 2 0 ~ I OH 2 + 7CO

The rate laws at 1200C are hypothesized to be

-r2ch = ~chCchC~ with ~ch = 1, 000( ~:: Jf

The entering molar flow rates are FLO= 0.0123 molls, Fwo = 0.111 molls, the
total entering concentration is CTo = 0.2 molldm 3, and the reactor volume is
0.417 dm 3
(a) Plot and analyze Fch FL, Fw, Fc0 , and FH down the length of a plug
2
flow reactor.
(b) Repeat (a) for the concentrations Cc, Cch etc.
(c) Plot and analyze the selectivity Sco/H 2 and yields Yw and YL down the
PFR.
(d) At what point is the char molar flow rate a maximum? How does it
change with changing feed conditions, such as the ratio of CFwof FLO) ,
CTO etc?
PS-13 8 Terephthalic acid (TPA) finds extensive use in the manufacture of synthetic
fibers (e.g., Dacron) and as an intermediate for polyester films (e.g., Mylar).
The formation of potassium terephthalate from potassium benzoate was stud-
ied using a tubular reactor [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26, 1691 ( 1987)].
It was found that the intermediates (primarily K-phthalates) formed from
the dissociation of K-benzoate over a CdCI 2 catalyst reacted with K-tereph-
thalate in an autocatalytic reaction step

Series

k
R+S~2S Autocatalytic

where A = K-benzoate, R = lumped intermediates (K-phthalate , K-isophthalates,

and K-benzenecarboxylates), and S = K-terephthalate. Pure A is charged to
the reactor at a pressure of 110 kPa. The specific reaction rates at 4toc are
k 1 = 0.95 x IQ- 3 s- 1 with E 1 = 42.6 kcallmol , k2 = 1.25 x I0- 3 s- 1 with
E2 = 48.6 kcallmol , k3 = I. 7 x I o-3 dm 3/mol s with E3 = 32 kcallmol.
(a) Plot and analyze the concentrations of A, R, and S as a function of time
in a batch reactor at 41 oc , noting when the maximum in R occurs.
(b) Repeat (a) for temperatures of 43oc and 39oc .
(c) What would be the exit concentrations from a CSTR operated at 41oc
and a space time of 1200 s?
Chapter 8 Questions and Problems 335

P8-14A The following liquid-phase reactions were carried out in a CSTR at 325 K.

3A~B+C k 1A = 6.0 min-I S

dm6
2C+A~3D k2D = 4.0 - - - -
mof2min

dm3
4D+3C~3E k3E = 5.0 .
mol mtn

Sketch the trends or The concentrations measured inside the reactor were CA = 0.10, C 8 = 0.93,
results you expect Cc = 0.51, and C 0 = 0.049 all in moUdrn 3.
before working out (a) What are r 1A, r 2A, and r3 A? (r 1A = -0.7 moUdm 3 min)
the details of the (b) What are r 18 , r 28 , and r 38 ?
problem.
(c) What are r 1c, r 2c, and r3c? Cr 1c = 0.23 moUdm 3 min)
(d) What are r 10 , r 20 , and r 30 ?
(e) What are r 1E, r 2 E, and r 3E?
(0 What are the net rates of formation of A, B, C, D, and E?
(g) The entering volumetric flow rate is 100 dm3/min and the entering concentra-
tion of A is 3M. What is the CSTR reactor volume? (Ans.: 400 dm 3.)
(h) What are the exit molar flow rates from 400 drn3 CSTRs?
(i) PFR. Now assume the reactions take place in the gas phase. Use the pre-
ceding data to plot the molar flow rate's selectivity andy as a function of
PFR volume up to 400 dm 3. The pressure drop parameter is 0.001 dm-3,
the total concentratjon enteri!)g the reactor is 0.2 moUdm 3, and v0 = 100
drn 3/min. What are SolE and SC/D ?
G) Membrane Reactor. Repeat (i) when species C diffuses out of a mem-
brane reactor and the transport coefficient, kc, is 10 min- 1 Compare your
results with part (i).
PS-15 8 In this problem, the complex reactions described below will first be carried
out in the liquid phase (Parts (a) through (d)) and then in the gas phase. (Parts
(e) through (g)). One need not solve the liquid phase to solve the gas phase
problems.
The following reactions are carried out isothermally.

2
A+2B~C+D rlD=klDCACB
2D+3A~C+E r2E=k2ECACD
2
B+2C~D+E r3E = k3ECsCc

Additional information:

kiD = 0.3 drn 6/moJ2 min 10 dm 3fmin

k2E = 0.2 dm 3/mol min 1.5 moUdm 3

k3E = 6.0 dm 6/moJ2 min C80 = 2.0 moUdm 3

(a) Consider the reactions to be liquid phase and plot the species concentra-
tions and the conversion of A as a function of the distance (i.e., volume)
down a 50-drn 3 PFR. Note any maxima.
(b) Consider the reactions to be liquid phase and determine the effluent concen-
trations and conversion from a 50-dm3 CSTR.
336 Multiple Reactions Chapter 8

(c) Plot and analyze the species concentrations and the conversion of A as
a function of time when the reaction is carried out in a semibatch reac-
tor initially containing 40 dm 3 of liquid. Consider two case : ( I ) A is
fed to 8 , and (2) 8 is fed to A. What differences do you observe for
these two cases?
(d) Vary the ratio of 8 to A ( I < 0 8 < I 0) in the feed to the PFR and describe
what you find. What generalizations can you make from this problem?
(e) Rework (a) for the case when the reaction is a gas-phase reaction . We
will keep the constants the same so you won't have to make too many
changes in your Polymath program, but we will make v0 = I 00 dm 3/min,
CTo = 0.4 molldm 3, V = 500 dm 3, and an equal molar feed of A and B.
Plot the molar flow rates and SCJD and SFJF down a PFR.
(f) Repeat (e) when D diffuses out through the sides of a membrane reactor
where the mass transfer coefficient, kc 0 , can be varied between 0.1 min- 1
and I 0 min- 1 What trends do you find ?
(g) Repeat (e) when 8 is fed through the sides of a membrane reactor.
PS-16 8 The complex reactions involved in the oxidation of formaldehyde to formic
acid over a Vanadium titanium oxide catalyst [Ind. Eng. Clzem. Res. 28, p. 387
(1989)] are shown below. Each reaction follows an elementary rate law.

HCH0+_!_0 2 ~HCOOH~CO+ H2 0
2
2HCHO~ HCOOCH 3
HCOOCH 3 ~CH 3 0H + HCOOH
Let A = HCHO, 8 = 0 2 , C = HCOOH, D = HCOOCH 3 , E = CO, W = H20 ,
and G = CH 30H .
The entering flow rates are FAo = 10 molls and F 80 = 5 molls and
v 0 = 100 dm 3/s. At a total entering concentration CTo = 0.147 mol/dm 3. The
suggested reactor volume is 1,000 dm 3 .

Additional information:
At 300 K

kl = 0.014( ~:: rf. ~

2

= 0.007 ~:~s
dm 3
k3 = 0.014/s. k4 = 0.45--
mol s
- - - -
(a) Plot and analyze Yc , SAlE , Sc,o, So a and the molar flow rates along the
length of the reactor. Note any maximums and the volume at which they
occur.
(b) Plot and analyze the overall HCOOH yield and overall selectivity of
HCOH to CO, of HCOOCH 3 to CH 30H, and of HCOOH to HCOOCH 3
as a function of the 0 0 . Suggest some conditions to best produce formic
acid. Write a paragrap~ describing what you find.
(c) Compare your plot in part (a) with a similar plot when pressure drop is
taken into account with a = 0.002 dm - 3 .
(d) Suppose that 1 = 10,000 cal/mol, 2 = 30,000 cal/mol , 3 = 20,000
cal/mol , and 4 = 10,000 cal/mol , what temperature would you recom-
mend for a IOOO-dm 3 PFR?
Chapter 8 Questions and Problems 337

P8-17c The ethylene epoxydation is to be carried out using a cesium-doped silver cat-
alyst in a packed bed reactor.

Along with the desired reaction, the complete combustion of ethylene also occurs
3
k2EpEpg
(2) C 2 H 4 +30 2 ~2C0 2 +2H 2 0 -r 2E = ,
(I +K2EP E)"
[M . Al-Juaied, D. Lafarga, and A. Varma, Chem. Eng. Sci. 56, 395 (200 I)] .
It is proposed to replace the conventional PBR with a membrane reactor in
order to improve the selectivity. As a rule of thumb, a 1% increase in the
selectivity to ethylene oxide translates to an increase in profit of about $2 mil-
lion/yr. The feed consists of 12% (mole) oxygen, 6% ethylene, and the
remainder nitrogen at a temperature of 250"C and a pressure of 2 atm. The total
molar flow rate is 0.0093 moUs to a reactor containing 2 kg of catalyst.
Additional information:

mol
k 1E=0.15 at523K with 1 =60.7kJ/ mol
kg s atm u 8

k2 E= 0.0888 mol at 523 K with 2 = 73 .2 kJ/mol

1.3
k gs atm
-1 -1
K 1E = 6.50 atm ,K2 E = 4.33 atm
(a) What conversion and selectivity, S, are expected in a conventional PBR?
(b) What would be the conversion and electivity if the total molar flow rate
were divided and the 12% oxygen stream (no ethylene) were uniformly
fed through the sides of the membrane reactor, and 6% ethylene (no oxy-
gen) were fed at the entrance?
(c) Repeat (b) for a case when ethylene is fed uniformly through the sides
and oxygen is fed at the entrance. Compare with parts (a} and (b) .
PS-18 8 The gas-phase reactions take place isothermally in a membrane reactor
packed with catalyst. Pure A enters the reactor at 24.6 atm and 500 K and a
flow rate of A of I 0 moUmin

A B+C

A~D

2C+D~2E

Only species B diffuses out of the reactor through the membrane.

Additional Information:
Overall mass transfer coefficient kc = 1.0 dm3 I kg cat min
k 1c= 2 dm 3 I kg cat min
K 1c = 0.2 mol I dm 3
k20 = 0.4 dm 3 I kg cat min
k3E = 5.0 dm 3 I moF kg cat min
Wr = 100 kg
a= 0.008 kg- 1
338 Multiple Reactions Chapter 8

(a) Plot and analyze the concentrations down the length of the reactor.
(b) Explain why your curves look the way they do.
(c) Describe the major differences you observe when C diffuses out instead
of B, with the same mass transfer coefficient.
(d) Vary some of the parameters (e.g., k 8 , k 1c, K 1c) and write a paragraph
describing what you find.
P8-19A Go to Professor Herz's Reactor Lab on the DVD-ROM or on the Web at
www.SimzLab.com.
(a) Load Division 5, Lab 2 of the Reactor Lab from the DVD-ROM for the
selective oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide. Click the [i] info but-
ton to get information about the system. Perform experiments and
develop rate equations for the reactions. Write a technical memo that
reports your results and includes plots and statistical measurements of
how well your kinetic model fits experimental data.
(b) Load Divi sion 5, Labs 3 and 4 of the Reactor Lab for batch reactors in
which parallel and series reactions, respectively, can be carried out.
Investigate how dilution with solvent affects the selectivity for different
reaction orders, and write a memo describing your findings .

PS-20 8 What five things are wrong with this solution?

The van de Vusse reactions

take place in the gas phase and all follow elementary rate laws. Pure A enters
a 100 dm 3 PFR at a volumetric flow rate of 10 dm3/min at a concentration of
3 mollm 3 .
k 1 = 0.05 min
k3 = 0.015 (dm 3/mol)/min
Kc = 0.5 drn 3/mol
Plot CA, C 8 , Cc, and C 0 as a function of V.

Solution
Taking A as the basis of calculation for both reactions

A~D/2

A B+C
The equations for the Polymath solutions are shown below.

Calculoted values of DE Yllrlllb&es

Van.ble Initial velue Mlnlrn.l value Mui!Mlvolue Final value
1Ca 3. 0.45-41998 4.381897 0.45-41998
2Cb 0 0 2.809564 1.340173
3Cc 0 0 2.809564 1.340173
4Cd 0 0 3.885973 3.885973
sv 0 0 100. 100.

Differential equations
1 d(Cc)/d(V) = .OS*(Ca-cb*Cc/2)
2 d(Cb)/d(V) = O.OS*(Ca.Cb*Cc/2)
3 d(Ca)/d(V) = O.OS*(Ca-cb*Cc/2) -.OlS*Ca
4 d(Cd)/d(V) = O.OlS*Ca
Chapter 8 Supplementary Reading 339

l ) Line_ reads ________ , should read _ _ _ _ _ __

2) Line _ reads , should read _ _ _ _ __
3) Line _ reads , should read _ _ _ _ _ __
etc.

Additional Homework Problems

A number of homework problems that can be used for exams or supplementary

problems or examples are found on the DVD-ROM and on the CRE Web site,
http://www.engin.umich.edu/-cre.

New Problems on the Web

CDP8-New From time to time new problems relating Chapter 8 material to every-
day interests or emerging technologies will be placed on the Web.
Solutions to these problems can be obtained by e-mailing the author.
Also, one can go to the Web site, www.rowan.edu/greenengineering,
and work the home problem on green engineering specific to this
chapter.
Green Engineering

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

I. Selectivity, reactor chemes, and staging for multiple reactions, together with eval-
uation of the corresponding design equations, are presented in
BURGESS, THORNTON W., The Adventures of Chatterer the Red Squirrel, New
York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1915.
BuTT, JOHN B, Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design, Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1999.
DENBIGH , K. G., and J. C. R. TURNER, Chemical Reactor Theory, 2nd ed. Cam-
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2. Many analytical solutions for parallel , series, and combination reactions are pre-
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WALAS, S. M., Chemical Reaction Engineering Handbook of Solved Problems.
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