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CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literatures and studies to provide the

researchers with insight that could contribute to the development of the study and

its totality.

Related Literature

In every barangay no matter what the size or population is, there is always

a portion of the community that needs assistance. The members of the

community have been able to give their all-out assistance and support in

implementing sports programs and making them more active and participative in

the community.

The Sangguniang Kabataan as an organization plays a big role in the

implementation of the sports program in the community. The aim of this program

enables the youth to develop their personal characteristics. The development of

their own personal characteristics was influenced positively by the program that

is being implemented which serves as a way in teaching them valuable lessons.

Persons who spend more time in sports activities have greater benefits

than persons who participate at lower levels or not at all. A youngster plays

sports to get a better performance through practicing it regularly. As he continues

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practicing he will get better and better. Through that routine, it will help him enjoy

the game more and gain self- confidence, too. The clearest measure of its

strength is the fact that most of his performances during the games do not let him

to feel nervous. Gaining self- confidence is one of the most important aspects of

sports because when he makes progress, he starts to feel comfortable and better

about himself in all aspects of life. As mentioned in BBC Sport Health and

Fitness, when you have enough confidence in yourself to know that if things do

go wrong, you can put them right, you can talk it that bit further. Courtney Correll,

M.A., when I play, its like Im in my own world. I dont think about my problems or

anything, Im just so focused in the game, practice scrimmages, etc. According to

Machenzie, being involved with the success can also significantly bolster

confidence especially if you believe that the performer you are involved with (e.g.

a team-mate) closely matches your own abilities.

In addition, sports can place a high demand on young people's time and it

requires discipline. As what Villanueva K. says that there are no guarantees.

What's important is the discipline they will get from the sport because it teaches

you a lot of lesson, how to work as a team, and that's how it is in life in general.

My mentor MVP told me that a sport is a reflection of life. It has all the

characteristics of what we deal with in life. Developing self- discipline is very

important in every individual who participates in different sports activities. It is

because when one gains this characteristic he can easily learn the rules imposed
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by the coach and put those rules into practice until it becomes a habit. One can

learn how to follow and apply the rules and learn how to play within the rules

whether he is inside or outside the court. Furthermore, through playing one can

learn how to fulfil his responsibilities and teaches sportsmanship and controls

emotions that can lead to a great decision- making ability.

Further, decision- making plays a big role in the development of the

characteristic of the youth as decision- making ability becomes more developed

and well-shaped. The most successful way of improving it whether in

competitions or not would be to apply more competitive situations in which a

player would be able to recall on previous experience to apply successful

decisions to a new setting. The span of time the respondents have through

training and competition enables them to be a better decision maker.

Bo Hanson, a four-time Olympian, Coaching Consultant and Director of

Athlete Assessments, mentioned that excellent decision-makers, instead of

letting things naturally happen, take control. Obviously, the key in developing any

critical skill like decision making is to practice. Excellent decision making is the

result of years of practicing in the training environment. The training environment

should actually encourage athletes to weigh their options, make decisions and

make mistakes, he added. Further, he mentioned that an athlete needs to learn

and practice making the right decision on their own. If a coach provides training

environment where athletes can learn to make their decisions, and not rely solely
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on their coach, they will much better be prepared come competition time.

Therefore, not only increasing the level of consistently successful decisions being

made during competitions, but also decreasing the risk of losing attention during

competition and the self- efficacy that turn again positively affects the

performance of decision- making procedures. Continues involvement and

exposure in sports hone their discipline in the most effective way. It is essential to

coach with discipline.

Discipline lays the foundation for the rate of development a team

experiences, as well as the pride both coach and athletes feel for their team.

Most importantly, coaches who use discipline deliberately and effectively have

the opportunity to positively influence athletes behaviour in all other areas of

their lives. Commenting further, The Borneo Post said through involvement in

sports students would develop good discipline which would help them stay away

from social problems like drug taking, illegal racing and loitering which are

common among todays youngsters.

To continue, John Woodwen (UCLA Coach) said that, in sports, the

discipline to do the right thing in the right way every day builds the habits that

athletes need to win on the practice field so that they will be automatically

available in the game.

As mentioned in The Runners World Big Book of Marathon and Half-

Marathon Training, as you run more.youll develop better running economy, so

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you can sustain the same pace with less energy. This simply means that an

athlete is able to use less energy during the competition. Through this he or she

has a reserved energy to go on during the competition. Courney Carroll, M.A.

sports psychology, mentioned that being able to channel energy into playing

sports can help a child to cope with obstacles. Burtin, D., Raedeke, T. (January

17, 2008) author of Sports Psychology for Coaches, added that players became

aware of their ideal energy zone and are able to get into that zone and stay

there.

They continue that sports helps athletes remain true to their values while

handling the hundreds of choices they must make. Each time they are confronted

with a difficult choice their deciding philosophy makes their decisions quicker and

easier because their decisions are consistent with their principles. Thus, an

athlete can make systematic decisions based on facts and sound reasoning

more than knee-jerk reactions. It will be ready when they need it ready to help

them make split-second decisions that they can live with and feel good about it

later.

Hence, the respondents testify that it teaches sportsmanship and how to

control emotions as the least effective means of developing their discipline. In

contrast, some of the athletes tend to be aggressive also because of their

opponents attitude and behaviour during the play. However, Cathi Cohen, LCSW

acclaimed that a child is learning new skills, making friends, and developing
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resiliency while playing. You can help him develop good sportsmanship by

remembering that playing games is all about having fun.

Being surrounded by a supportive group of people with similar goals, as in

playing a sport, can alleviate the negative effects. Moreover, through sport,

youths learn sportsmanship and other life skills. Their regular interactions during

trainings and competitions enable them to treat one another as their real brother

or sister. Beauchamp, Maclachlan and Lothian argue that maintaining positive

patterns of communication enhances cohesion in sports team and enables

players to adapt and connect with other team members.

However, instances arise in which they cant easily accept what their team

mates or coaches were commenting on them. Time still comes that athletes feel

that they are out of the group because their cultural and behavioral differences

are obviously observed. Hence, according to Livestrong articles, sports program

fosters a sense of belongingness. Sports participation is one way that children

define their sense of identity. They gain confidence in themselves and as well on

their involvement within a group.

On the other hand, the players may take on with more energy and

determination during the game. As mentioned in The Runners World Big Book

of Marathon and Half-Marathon Training, as you run more.youll develop better

running economy, so you can sustain the same pace with less energy. This

simply means that an athlete is able to use less energy during the competition.
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Through this he or she has a reserved energy to go on during the competition. In

addition, Courney Carroll, M.A. Sports Psychology mentioned that being able to

channel energy into playing sports can help your child cope with obstacles.

Sports helps athletes remain true to their values while handling the hundreds of

choices they must make as athletes. Each time they are confronted with a

difficult choice their deciding philosophy makes their decisions quicker and easier

because their decisions are consistent with their principles. An athlete can make

systematic decisions that are based on facts and sound reasoning than knee-jerk

reactions. It will be ready when they need it ready to help them make split-

second decisions that they can live with and feel good about it later, they

acclaimed.

In fact, a young person becomes more active and can get the overall

excellent physical condition. As mentioned in Livestrong article, youngster who

participates in sports may continue to stay active as they get older.

Athletes develop relationships with their teammates. For, sports are a

primary and, fortunately sometimes the sole, the way of socializing with others.

On the other hand, Jordan D. Metzl and Carol Shookgoff acclaimed that girls

tend to define themselves through desires and play defense. They learn that you

dont have to like someone in order to work together toward a common goal.

They also discovered that one can work for people he doesn't respect and still be

productive, improve ones skills, and have fun. To continue, Jason Sandler says
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that he strength of the team is each individual member... the strength of each

member is the team! It is important to work together to achieve a common goal of

winning the match. He continued that, when a team is united in their pursuit of a

common goal or ambition they have good task cohesion. Thus, you can't be on a

winning team unless that group of athletes has learned how to get along and play

together.

On the other perspective, the respondents perceived as the least was that

they become dependable as a teammate and rely to them (team mates). In team

sports, the players need to depend on each other, Jason Sandler. You have to

surrender your need for individual glory for the good of the team. You have to get

into we, not me. The Power of Teamwork (July, 1999), acclaimed that when you

support your teammates are direct and honest with them, readily accept your role

on the team even if it means that you don't get as much playing time as someone

else, then you're making a significant contribution to a winning effort.

In addition, interpersonal development occurs as children are forced to

interact with others, particularly through team sports such as football or

volleyball. Sports also allow children the opportunity to develop their leadership

skills through peers. At times companionship help ease the pains of loneliness

and isolation. The feeling of being belong and the feeling of - we feeling in a

group is being observed. Jeremy S. Perey supported that instead of indulging in

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meaningless activities, they invest their energies in a more productive way:

playing hoops.

Therefore, as mentioned by Daniel F. Perkins, Associate Professor of

Family and Youth said that for youth, participating in sports may develop self-

confidence, self-disciplinealso teach youth about sportsmanlike behaviors.

Therefore, as Burtin, D., Raedeke, T. (January 2008) author of Sports

Psychology for Coaches mentioned, the value that an athletes place on

competitive success makes a sport a domain for teaching integrity and character

development which can have long-lasting effects on personal growth. And sports

can be fun and engaging way for youth to learn some important lessons about

life. Thus, Zarrett, Peltz, Fay, Li, Lernu, Lerner said that youth benefit from their

sports participation depending on what types of activities they participate.

Related Studies

Youth sports can have positive effects in the lives of the participants.

Children reap many benefits from playing sports, including self-discipline, a

healthier body, and stronger relationships with peers and adults.

With this, Mendoza (2000) mentioned in his study that many erroneously

believe that physical education simply deals with physical activities and nothing

more. It must be understood that this subject serves as a medium for mans total
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education of his physical, mental, emotional and social development through the

use of experiences and centered in movement.

In relation, most of the parents keep on stopping their progenies specially

their son from joining in this kind of activity. Without them knowing, this can be a

springboard in order to hone their childs relationship with others and most

especially the character.

As mentioned, SK sports program can develop not only the intrapersonal

of a player but also, their interpersonal. As cited in Lievstrong Article, youth have

greater opportunities to interact with teammates, learning to cope with

interpersonal challenges of working with other. Also, with the sports program

youth are able to be more sociable. Further, extraverts have more friends and

spend more time in social situations than introverts. Another, players who

occupied more central positions, and thus performed more dependent and

coordinative tasks that necessitated interaction with others are more likely to

develop essential leadership skills. While a task orientated or person orientated

leaders are also different and

gain respect in different ways. Task orientated

leaders are those who have good activity related skills/knowledge.

They are those who can lead the team due to `their understanding of

the task and they lead because of this knowledge or experience.

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On the other perspective, a research team found out that, apart from

physical health benefits, sports for development interventions primarily focused

on participation were unlikely to produce long-term benefits. The character

development of those youth who participates in the sports program may vary.

There were instances that their developments were caused by their coaches. As

reported by some youth, more life skill and character development takes place

when the coaches place greater emphasis on creating caring climates. Another,

it was important to focus on players self-improvement more so than winning. It is

not that important that your team always win in the game, rather, the character

development in an athlete is more important.

Lastly, Evans & Roberts, (1987); James,(1995); Manjone, (1998); Elley &

Kirk, (2002); Wright & Cote, (2003) says that youth are the ones who always

have the courage to join in this kind of program because they are fearless. Thus,

research also indicates that sport experiences foster social success, positive

peer relationships, and leadership skills.

To conclude, Daniel F. Perkins, Associate Professor of Family and Youth,

suggest that participation in sports can be very beneficial fostering responsible

social behaviors and an application of personal health and fitness. Participating

on a team also can give children or youth an important sense of belonging.

Sports are opportunities for children and youth to learn; they provide young a
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practice field for life. Learning to work as a team teaches young children social

skills that will help them in their growth as people.

Synthesis

The foregoing literatures and studies were related to the focus on the

presented study. All of the authors, both local and foreign, forwarded their claim

about the Implication of the SK sports development program towards character

development of the youth (intrapersonal characteristics and interpersonal

characteristics).

As mentioned in BBC Sport Health and Fitness, when you have enough

confidence in yourself to know that if things do go wrong, you can put them right,

you can talk it that bit further.

BrianMAC Sports Coach mention that the success can also significantly

bolster confidence especially if you believe that the performer you are involved

with (e.g. a team-mate) closely matches your own abilities,

John Woodwen (UCLA Coach) said that, in sports, the discipline to do the

right thing in the right way every day builds the habits that we need to win on the

practice field so that theyll be available to us automatically in the game.

Courney Carroll, M.A. sports psychology mentioned that being able to

channel energy into playing sports can help your child cope with obstacles.

Burtin, D., Raedeke, T. (January 17, 2008), Sports Psychology for Coaches
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added that they were aware of their ideal energy zone and are able to get into

that zone and stay there.

According to the official website of the Olympic Movement, being

surrounded by a supportive group of people with similar goals, as in playing a

sport, can alleviate the negative effects. Moreover, through sport, youths learn

sportsmanship and other life skills. Their regular interactions during trainings and

competitions enable them to treat one another as their real brother or sister.

Beauchamp, Maclachlan and Lothian argue that maintaining positive

patterns of communication enhances cohesion in sports team enables players to

adapt and connect with other team members.

According to Livestrong articles, sports program fosters a sense of

belongingness. Sports participation is one way that children define their sense of

identity. They gain confidence in themselves and as well on their involvement

within a group.

Sports are a primary and, fortunately sometimes the sole, the way of

socializing with others. On the other hand, for girls they tend to define

themselves through desires and play defense. They learn that you dont have to

like someone in order to work together toward a common goal. They also

discover that you can work for people you don't respect and still be productive,

improve your skills, and have fun.

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In team sports, the players need to depend on each other, Jason Sandler.

You have to surrender your need for individual glory for the good of the team.

You have to get into we, not me.

The Power of Teamwork (July, 1999), mentioned that when you support

your teammates you may be direct and honest with them, readily accept your

role on the team even if it means that you don't get as much playing time as

someone else, then you're making a significant contribution to a winning effort.

According to Daniel F. Perkins, Associate Professor of Family and Youth

said that for youth, participating in sports may develop self-confidence, self-

disciplinealso teach youth about sportsmanlike behaviors.

And according to , Burtin, D., Raedeke, T. (January 17, 2008), Sports

Psychology for Coaches, the value that an athletes place on competitive

success makes a sport a domain for teaching integrity and character

development which can have long-lasting effects on personal growth.

Lastly, Evans & Roberts, 1987; James,1995; Manjone, 1998; Elley & Kirk,

(2002); Wright & Cote, ( 2003) research indicates that sport experiences foster

social success, positive peer relationships, and leadership skills.

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