GREEK CIVILIZATION THE GLORY OF ATHENS

GENERAL ASPECTS ABOUT THE GREEK MYTHS AND LEGENDS OF THE GODS,
CIVILIZATION AND GREAT CHARACTERS TITANS, ZEUS, OLYMPIANS AND MORE

history
TEST E.B.
QUARTELY
contents
03 Greek civilization: 06 Archaic Period: 10 Classical Greece:
Introduction and general Historiography The Persian War
aspects

04 Greek civilization: 07 Archaic Period: 11 Classical Greece:

General Aspects Resume The Peloponesian War

05 Archaic Period: 09 Classical Greece: 12 Hellenistic Greece:

General Aspects General Aspects General Aspects

2 HISTORY /QUARTERLY TEST ENMANUEL BENAVIDES

Greek
Civilization
Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Due to the
period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia,
the 12th-9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia
600 AD). Immediately following this period was the to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. The
beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Hellenistic period came to an end with the
Byzantine era.Roughly three centuries after the conquests and annexations of the eastern
Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece, Mediterranean world by the Roman Republic, which
Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century established the Roman province of Macedonia in
BC, ushering in the period of Archaic Greece and Roman Greece, and later the province of Achaea
colonization of the Mediterranean Basin.This was during the Roman Empire.
followed by the period of Classical Greece, an era
that began with the Greco-Persian Wars,

HISTORY / QUARTERLY TEST ENMANUEL BENAVIDES 3

Classical Antiquity in the Mediterranean region is The period is characterized by a style which was
commonly considered to have begun in the 8th considered by later observers to be exemplary, i.e.,
century BC (around the time of the earliest recorded "classical", as shown in the Parthenon, for instance.
poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD. Politically, the Classical Period was dominated by
Athens and the Delian League during the 5th
Classical Antiquity in Greece was preceded by the century, but displaced by Spartan hegemony during
Greek Dark Ages (c. 1200 c. 800 BC), the early 4th century BC, before power shifted to
archaeologically characterised by the Thebes and the Boeotian League and finally to the
protogeometric and geometric styles of designs on League of Corinth led by Macedon. This period saw
pottery. Following the Dark Ages was the Archaic the Greco-Persian Wars and the Rise of Macedon.
Period, beginning around the 8th century BC. The
Archaic Period saw early developments in Greek Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic
culture and society which formed the basis for the period (323146 BC), during which Greek culture
Classical Period. After the Archaic Period, the and power expanded into the Near and Middle East.
Classical Period in Greece is conventionally This period begins with the death of Alexander and
considered to have lasted from the Persian invasion ends with the Roman conquest.
of Greece in 480 until the death of Alexander the
Great in 323.

4 HISTORY / QUARTERLY TEST ENMANUEL BENAVIDES

 Archaic period
1.GENERAL ASPECTS
Archaic Greece was the period in Greek history
lasting from the eighth century BC to the second
Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, following the
Greek Dark Ages and succeeded by the Classical
period. The period began with a massive increase in
the Greek population and a series of significant
changes which rendered the Greek world at the end
of the eighth century as entirely unrecognisable as
compared to its beginning.[3] According to Anthony
Snodgrass, the Archaic period in ancient Greece
was bounded by two revolutions in the Greek world.
It began with a "structural revolution" which "drew
the political map of the Greek world" and
established the poleis, the distinctively Greek city-
states, and ended with the intellectual revolution of
the Classical period.

The Archaic period saw developments in Greek

politics, economics, international relations, warfare,
and culture. It laid the groundwork for the Classical
period, both politically and culturally. It was in the
Archaic period that the Greek alphabet developed,
that the earliest surviving Greek literature was
composed, that monumental sculpture and red-
figure pottery began in Greece, and that the hoplite
became the core of Greek armies. In Athens, the
earliest institutions of the democracy were
implemented under Solon, and the reforms of
Cleisthenes at the end of the Archaic period brought
in Athenian democracy as it was during the
Classical period. In Sparta, many of the institutions
credited to the reforms of Lycurgus were introduced
during the period, the region of Messenia was
brought under Spartan control, helotage was
introduced, and the Peloponnesian League was
founded, making Sparta the dominant power in the
region.

HISTORY / QUARTERLY TEST ENMANUEL BENAVIDES 5

2.HISTORIOGRAPHY

The word "archaic" derives from the Greek word

archaios, which means "old". It refers to the period
in ancient Greek history before the Classical. The
period is generally considered to have lasted from
the beginning of the eighth century BC until the
beginning of the fifth century BC, with the
foundation of the Olympic Games in 776 BC and the
Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC
forming notional start and end dates. The Archaic
period was long considered to have been less
important and historically interesting than the
Classical period, and was primarily studied as a
precursor to it. More recently, however, Archaic
Greece has come to be studied for its own
achievements. With this reassessment of the
significance of the Archaic period, some scholars
have objected to the term "archaic", due to its
connotations in English of being primitive and
outdated. No term which has been suggested to
replace it has gained widespread currency,
however, and the term is still in use. Much of our
evidence about the Classical period of ancient
Greece comes from written histories, such as
Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War.
By contrast, we have no such evidence from the Archaic period. We have written accounts of life in
the period in the form of poetry, and epigraphical evidence, including parts of law codes,
inscriptions on votive offerings, and epigrams inscribed on tombs. However, none of this evidence
is in the quantity for which we have it in the Classical period. What is lacking in written evidence,
however, is made up for in the rich archaeological evidence from the Archaic Greek world. Indeed,
where much of our knowledge of Classical Greek art comes from later Roman copies, all of the
surviving Archaic Greek art is original.

Other sources for the period are the traditions recorded by later Greek writers such as
Herodotus.However, these traditions are not part of any form of history as we would recognise it
today; those transmitted by Herodotus he recorded whether or not he believed them to be accurate.
Indeed, Herodotus does not even record any dates before 480 BC.

6 HISTORY / QUARTERLY TEST ENMANUEL BENAVIDES

 POLITICAL
Politically, the Archaic
period saw the
development of the
polis (or city-state) as
the predominant unit
of political
organisation.

POLIS
The Archaic period
saw significant
urbanisation, and the
development of the
concept of the polis as
it was used in Classical
Greece.

ATHENS
Though in the early
part of the Classical
period the city of
Athens was both
culturally and
politically dominant,

SPARTA
Sparta's constitution
took on the form it

ic
would have in the

a
Classical period during

ch
the eighth century BC.

r
The First Messenian

A
War,

iod
per HISTORY / QUARTERLY TEST ENMANUEL BENAVIDES 7
 "GOOD PEOPLE
DO NOT NEED
LAWS TO TELL
THEM TO ACT
RESPONSIBLY,
WHILE BAD
PEOPLE WILL
FIND A WAY
AROUND THE
LAWS."
PLATO

According to Wikipedia, Quote is the repetition of

someone else's statement or thoughts. Quotation
marks are punctuation marks used in text to indicate
a quotation. Both of these words are sometimes
abbreviated as "quote(s)"

8 HISTORY / QUARTERLY TEST ENMANUEL BENAVIDES

 Classical
Greece: G.
Aspects
was a period of around 200 years (5th and 4th
centuries BC) in Greek culture.

Classical Greece was a period of around 200

years (5th and 4th centuries BC) in Greek culture.
This Classical period saw the annexation of much
of modern-day Greece by the Persian Empire and
its subsequent independence. Classical Greece
had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire
and on the foundations of western civilization.
Much of modern Western politics, artistic
thought (architecture, sculpture), scientific
thought, theatre, literature, and philosophy
derives from this period of Greek history. In the
context of the art, architecture, and culture of
Ancient Greece, the Classical period, sometimes
called the Hellenic period, corresponds to most of
the 5th and 4th centuries BC (the most common
dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in
510 BC and the death of Alexander the Great in
323 BC). The Classical period in this sense
follows the Archaic period and is in turn
succeeded by the Hellenistic period.
5th Century BC
This century is essentially studied from the
Athenian outlook because Athens has left us
more narratives, plays, and other written works
than the other ancient Greek states. From the
perspective of Athenian culture in Classical
Greece, the period generally referred to as the
5th century BC extends slightly into the 4th
century BC. In this context, one might consider
that the first significant event of this century
occurs in 508 BC, with the fall of the last
Athenian tyrant and Cleisthenes' reforms.

9 HISTORY / QUARTERLY TEST ENMANUEL BENAVIDES

 CLASSICAL GREECE

THE PERSIAN WARS

THE GREEK CITIES, WERE

UNABLE TO MAINTAIN THEIR
INDEPENDENCE AND CAME
UNDER THE RULE OF THE
PERSIAN EMPIRE.
In 492 BC, the Persian general Mardonius
led a campaign through Thrace and
Macedonia. He was victorious and again
subjugated the former and conquered
the latter, but he was wounded and
forced to retreat back into Asia Minor. In
addition, a fleet of around 1,200 ships
that accompanied Mardonius on the
expedition was wrecked by a storm off
the coast of Mount Athos. Later, the
generals Artaphernes and Datis led a
successful naval expedition against the
Aegean islands.

In 490 BC, Darius the Great, having

suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a
Persian fleet to punish the Greeks.
(Historians are uncertain about their
number of men; accounts vary from
18,000 to 100,000.) They landed in Attica
intending to take Athens, but were
defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a
Greek army of 9,000 Athenian hoplites
and 1,000 Plataeans led by the Athenian
general Miltiades. The Persian fleet
continued to Athens but, seeing it
garrisoned, decided not to attempt an
assault.

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11 HISTORY / QUARTERLY TEST
ENMANUEL BENAVIDES

CLASSICAL GREECE:
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
ORIGINS OF THE DELIAN LEAGUE AND THE PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE

In 431 BC war broke out between Athens and Sparta. The war was a struggle not merely
between two city-states but rather between two coalitions, or leagues of city-states: the
Delian League, led by Athens, and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta.

The Peloponnesian War (431404 BC) was failed disastrously, with the destruction of
an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian the entire force, in 413 BC. This ushered in
League led by Athens against the the final phase of the war, generally
Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. referred to either as the Decelean War, or
Historians have traditionally divided the the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now
war into three phases. In the first phase, receiving support from Persia, supported
the Archidamian War, Sparta launched rebellions in Athens' subject states in the
repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens'
took advantage of its naval supremacy to empire, and, eventually, depriving the city
raid the coast of the Peloponnese and of naval supremacy. The destruction of
attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its Athens' fleet at Aegospotami effectively
empire. This period of the war was ended the war, and Athens surrendered in
concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the following year. Corinth and Thebes
the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, however, demanded that Athens should be
was soon undermined by renewed fighting destroyed and all its citizens should be
in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens enslaved, but Sparta refused.
dispatched a massive expeditionary force
to attack Syracuse in Sicily;the attack
 HELLENISTIC PERIOD

The Hellenistic period lasted from 323 BC,

which marked the end of the wars of
Alexander the Great, to the annexation of
Greece by the Roman Republic in 146 BC.
Although the establishment of Roman rule
did not break the continuity of Hellenistic
society and culture, which remained
essentially unchanged until the advent of
Christianity, it did mark the end of Greek
political independence.

During the Hellenistic period, the

importance of "Greece proper" (that is,
the territory of modern Greece) within
the Greek-speaking world declined
sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic
culture were Alexandria and Antioch,
capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid
Syria respectively.

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HELLENIC
PERIOD
BACKGROUND

Ancient Greece had traditionally

been a fractious collection of
fiercely independent city-states.
After the Peloponnesian War
(431404 BC), Greece had fallen
under a Spartan hegemony, in
which Sparta was pre-eminent
but not all-powerful. Spartan
hegemony was succeeded by a
Theban one after the Battle of
Leuctra (371 BC), but after the
Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all
of Greece was so weakened that
no one state could claim pre-
eminence. It was against this
backdrop that the ascendancy of
Macedon began, under king
Philip II. Macedon was located at
the periphery of the Greek world,
and although its royal family
claimed Greek descent, the
Macedonians themselves were
looked down upon as semi-
barbaric by the rest of the
Greeks. However, Macedon had a
relatively strong and centralised
government, and compared to
most Greek states, directly
controlled a large area.

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