11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary 11: Multirate Systems
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 1 / 14

 Multirate Systems

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate systems include more than one sample rate
Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

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 Multirate Systems

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate systems include more than one sample rate
Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Why bother?:
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof May need to change the sample rate
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform e.g. Audio sample rates include 32, 44.1, 48, 96 kHz
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

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 Multirate Systems

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate systems include more than one sample rate
Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Why bother?:
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof May need to change the sample rate
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform e.g. Audio sample rates include 32, 44.1, 48, 96 kHz
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Can relax analog or digital filter requirements
Commutators e.g. Audio DAC increases sample rate so that the reconstruction filter
Summary
MATLAB routines
can have a more gradual cutoff

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 Multirate Systems

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate systems include more than one sample rate
Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Why bother?:
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof May need to change the sample rate
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform e.g. Audio sample rates include 32, 44.1, 48, 96 kHz
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Can relax analog or digital filter requirements
Commutators e.g. Audio DAC increases sample rate so that the reconstruction filter
Summary
MATLAB routines
can have a more gradual cutoff

Reduce computational complexity

fs
FIR filter length f where f is width of transition band
Lower fs shorter filter + fewer samples computation fs2

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 Building blocks

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Downsample y[m] = x[Km]
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

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 Building blocks

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Downsample y[m] = x[Km]
Resampling Cascades (  
n
Noble Identities
u K K|n
Noble Identities Proof Upsample v[n] =
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
0 else
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

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 Building blocks

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Downsample y[m] = x[Km]
Resampling Cascades (  
n
Noble Identities
u K K|n
Noble Identities Proof Upsample v[n] =
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
0 else
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Example:
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Downsample by 3 then upsample by 4
Summary w[n]
MATLAB routines

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 Building blocks

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Downsample y[m] = x[Km]
Resampling Cascades (  
n
Noble Identities
u K K|n
Noble Identities Proof Upsample v[n] =
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
0 else
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Example:
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Downsample by 3 then upsample by 4
Summary w[n] x[m]
MATLAB routines

0 0

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 Building blocks

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Downsample y[m] = x[Km]
Resampling Cascades (  
n
Noble Identities
u K K|n
Noble Identities Proof Upsample v[n] =
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
0 else
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Example:
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Downsample by 3 then upsample by 4
Summary w[n] x[m] y[r]
MATLAB routines

0 0 0

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 3 / 14

 Building blocks

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Downsample y[m] = x[Km]
Resampling Cascades (  
n
Noble Identities
u K K|n
Noble Identities Proof Upsample v[n] =
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
0 else
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Example:
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Downsample by 3 then upsample by 4
Summary w[n] x[m] y[r]
MATLAB routines

0 0 0

We use different index variables (n, m, r ) for different sample rates

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 3 / 14

 Building blocks

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Downsample y[m] = x[Km]
Resampling Cascades (  
n
Noble Identities
u K K|n
Noble Identities Proof Upsample v[n] =
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
0 else
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Example:
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Downsample by 3 then upsample by 4
Summary w[n] x[m] y[r]
MATLAB routines

0 0 0

We use different index variables (n, m, r ) for different sample rates

Use different colours for signals at different rates (sometimes)

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 Building blocks

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Downsample y[m] = x[Km]
Resampling Cascades (  
n
Noble Identities
u K K|n
Noble Identities Proof Upsample v[n] =
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
0 else
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Example:
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Downsample by 3 then upsample by 4
Summary w[n] x[m] y[r]
MATLAB routines

0 0 0

We use different index variables (n, m, r ) for different sample rates

Use different colours for signals at different rates (sometimes)
Synchronization: all signals have a sample at n = 0.

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 Resampling Cascades

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks Successive downsamplers or upsamplers
Resampling Cascades
can be combined
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

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 Resampling Cascades

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks Successive downsamplers or upsamplers
Resampling Cascades
can be combined
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Upsampling can be exactly inverted
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 4 / 14

 Resampling Cascades

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks Successive downsamplers or upsamplers
Resampling Cascades
can be combined
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Upsampling can be exactly inverted
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators Downsampling destroys information
Summary
MATLAB routines permanently uninvertible

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 4 / 14

 Resampling Cascades

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks Successive downsamplers or upsamplers
Resampling Cascades
can be combined
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Upsampling can be exactly inverted
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators Downsampling destroys information
Summary
MATLAB routines permanently uninvertible

Resampling can be interchanged

iff P and Q are coprime (surprising!)

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 4 / 14

 Resampling Cascades

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks Successive downsamplers or upsamplers
Resampling Cascades
can be combined
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Upsampling can be exactly inverted
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators Downsampling destroys information
Summary
MATLAB routines permanently uninvertible

Resampling can be interchanged

iff P and Q are coprime (surprising!)
h i h i
1 P
Proof: Left side: y[n] = w Qn =x Qn if Q | n else y[n] = 0.

[Note: a | b means a divides into b exactly]

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 4 / 14
 Resampling Cascades

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks Successive downsamplers or upsamplers
Resampling Cascades
can be combined
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Upsampling can be exactly inverted
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators Downsampling destroys information
Summary
MATLAB routines permanently uninvertible

Resampling can be interchanged

iff P and Q are coprime (surprising!)
h i h i
1 P
Proof: Left side: y[n] = w Qn =x Qn if Q | n else y[n] = 0.
h i
P
Right side: v[n] = u [P n] = x Q n if Q | P n.

[Note: a | b means a divides into b exactly]

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 4 / 14
 Resampling Cascades

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks Successive downsamplers or upsamplers
Resampling Cascades
can be combined
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Upsampling can be exactly inverted
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators Downsampling destroys information
Summary
MATLAB routines permanently uninvertible

Resampling can be interchanged

iff P and Q are coprime (surprising!)
h i h i
1 P
Proof: Left side: y[n] = w Qn =x Qn if Q | n else y[n] = 0.
h i
P
Right side: v[n] = u [P n] = x Q n if Q | P n.
But {Q | P n Q | n} iff P and Q are coprime.

[Note: a | b means a divides into b exactly]

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 4 / 14
 Noble Identities

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Resamplers commute with addition
Noble Identities and multiplication
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 5 / 14

 Noble Identities

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Resamplers commute with addition
Noble Identities and multiplication
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Delays must be multiplied by the
Perfect Reconstruction resampling ratio
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 5 / 14

 Noble Identities

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Resamplers commute with addition
Noble Identities and multiplication
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Delays must be multiplied by the
Perfect Reconstruction resampling ratio
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines
Noble identities:
Exchange resamplers and filters

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 5 / 14

 Noble Identities

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Resamplers commute with addition
Noble Identities and multiplication
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Delays must be multiplied by the
Perfect Reconstruction resampling ratio
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines
Noble identities:
Exchange resamplers and filters

Example: H(z) = h[0] + h[1]z 1 + h[2]z 2 +

H(z 3 ) = h[0] + h[1]z 3 + h[2]z 6 +

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 5 / 14

 Noble Identities

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Resamplers commute with addition
Noble Identities and multiplication
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + Delays must be multiplied by the
Perfect Reconstruction resampling ratio
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines
Noble identities:
Exchange resamplers and filters

Corrollary

Example: H(z) = h[0] + h[1]z 1 + h[2]z 2 +

H(z 3 ) = h[0] + h[1]z 3 + h[2]z 6 +

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 5 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

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 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm]
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m]
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

We know that v[n] = 0 except when Q | n and that v[Qr] = x[r].

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 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

We know that v[n] = 0 except when Q | n and that v[Qr] = x[r].

PQM
w[n] = s=0 hQ [s]v[n s]

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 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

We know that v[n] = 0 except when Q | n and that v[Qr] = x[r].

PQM PM
w[n] = s=0 hQ [s]v[n s] = m=0 hQ [Qm]v[n Qm]

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 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

We know that v[n] = 0 except when Q | n and that v[Qr] = x[r].

PQM PM
w[n] = s=0 hQ [s]v[n s] = m=0 hQ [Qm]v[n Qm]
PM
= m=0 h[m]v[n Qm]

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 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

We know that v[n] = 0 except when Q | n and that v[Qr] = x[r].

PQM PM
w[n] = s=0 hQ [s]v[n s] = m=0 hQ [Qm]v[n Qm]
PM
= m=0 h[m]v[n Qm]
If Q n, then v[n Qm] = 0 m so w[n] = 0 = y[n]

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

We know that v[n] = 0 except when Q | n and that v[Qr] = x[r].

PQM PM
w[n] = s=0 hQ [s]v[n s] = m=0 hQ [Qm]v[n Qm]
PM
= m=0 h[m]v[n Qm]
If Q n, then v[n Qm] = 0 m so w[n] = 0 = y[n]
PM
If Q | n = Qr , then w[Qr] = m=0 h[m]v[Qr Qm]

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

We know that v[n] = 0 except when Q | n and that v[Qr] = x[r].

PQM PM
w[n] = s=0 hQ [s]v[n s] = m=0 hQ [Qm]v[n Qm]
PM
= m=0 h[m]v[n Qm]
If Q n, then v[n Qm] = 0 m so w[n] = 0 = y[n]
PM
If Q | n = Qr , then w[Qr] = m=0 h[m]v[Qr Qm]
PM
= m=0 h[m]x[r m] = u[r]

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14

 Noble Identities Proof

Define hQ [n] to be the

11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems
Building blocks impulse response of H(z Q ).
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities Assume that h[r] is of length M + 1 so that hQ [n] is of length QM + 1.
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform We know that hQ [n] = 0 except when Q | n and that h[r] = hQ [Qr].
Downsampled z-transform
PQM
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
w[r] = v[Qr] = s=0 hQ [s]x[Qr s]
PM PM
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= m=0 hQ [Qm]x[Qr Qm] = m=0 h[m]x[Q(r m)]
PM
Summary = m=0 h[m]u[r m] = y[r] ,
MATLAB routines

Upsampled Noble Identity:

We know that v[n] = 0 except when Q | n and that v[Qr] = x[r].

PQM PM
w[n] = s=0 hQ [s]v[n s] = m=0 hQ [Qm]v[n Qm]
PM
= m=0 h[m]v[n Qm]
If Q n, then v[n Qm] = 0 m so w[n] = 0 = y[n]
PM
If Q | n = Qr , then w[Qr] = m=0 h[m]v[Qr Qm]
PM
= m=0 h[m]x[r m] = u[r] = y[Qr] ,
DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 6 / 14
 Upsampled z-transform

n
11: Multirate Systems
P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km = U (z K )
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km = U (z K )
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum Spectrum: V (ej ) = U (ejK )
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km = U (z K )
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum Spectrum: V (ej ) = U (ejK )
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Spectrum is horizontally shrunk and replicated K times.
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km = U (z K )
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum Spectrum: V (ej ) = U (ejK )
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Spectrum is horizontally shrunk and replicated K times.
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

Example:

0.5

0
-2 0 2

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km = U (z K )
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum Spectrum: V (ej ) = U (ejK )
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Spectrum is horizontally shrunk and replicated K times.
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

Example:
K = 3: three images of the original spectrum in all.

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-2 0 2 -2 0 2

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km = U (z K )
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum Spectrum: V (ej ) = U (ejK )
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Spectrum is horizontally shrunk and replicated K times.
1
Commutators Total energy unchanged; power (= energy/sample) multiplied by K
Summary
MATLAB routines

Example:
K = 3: three images of the original spectrum in all.

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-2 0 2 -2 0 2

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km = U (z K )
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum Spectrum: V (ej ) = U (ejK )
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Spectrum is horizontally shrunk and replicated K times.
1
Commutators Total energy unchanged; power (= energy/sample) multiplied by K
Summary
MATLAB routines

Example:
K = 3: three images of the original spectrum in all.
1 j 2 1 j 2
R   R 
Energy unchanged: 2 U (e ) d = 2 V (e ) d


1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-2 0 2 -2 0 2

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Upsampled z-transform

n n n
11: Multirate Systems
P P
Multirate Systems
V (z) = n v[n]z = n s.t. K|n u[ K ]z
Building blocks

= m u[m]z Km = U (z K )
Resampling Cascades
P
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum Spectrum: V (ej ) = U (ejK )
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Spectrum is horizontally shrunk and replicated K times.
1
Commutators Total energy unchanged; power (= energy/sample) multiplied by K
Summary
MATLAB routines Upsampling normally followed by a LP filter to remove images.

Example:
K = 3: three images of the original spectrum in all.
1 j 2 1 j 2
R   R 
Energy unchanged: 2 U (e ) d = 2 V (e ) d


1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
-2 0 2 -2 0 2

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 7 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] =
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
xK [n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum XK (z) = n
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
P K1 P
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
=K k=0 n x[n] e
K z
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
PK1 P 1
PK1 j2k
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= K k=0 n x[n] e
K z = K k=0 X(e K z)
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
PK1 P 1
PK1 j2k
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= K k=0 n x[n] e
K z = K k=0 X(e K z)
Summary
MATLAB routines
From previous slide:

XK (z) = Y (z K )

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
PK1 P 1
PK1 j2k
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= K k=0 n x[n] e
K z = K k=0 X(e K z)
Summary
MATLAB routines
From previous slide:

XK (z) = Y (z K )
1
Y (z) = XK (z K )

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
PK1 P 1
PK1 j2k
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= K k=0 n x[n] e
K z = K k=0 X(e K z)
Summary
MATLAB routines
From previous slide:

XK (z) = Y (z K )
1 1
PK1 j2k 1
Y (z) = XK (z K ) = K k=0 X(e K zK)

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
PK1 P 1
PK1 j2k
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= K k=0 n x[n] e
K z = K k=0 X(e K z)
Summary
MATLAB routines
From previous slide:

XK (z) = Y (z K )
1 1
PK1 j2k 1
Y (z) = XK (z K ) = K k=0 X(e K zK)
Frequency Spectrum:
PK1 j(2k)
1
Y (ej ) = K k=0 X(e K )

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
PK1 P 1
PK1 j2k
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= K k=0 n x[n] e
K z = K k=0 X(e K z)
Summary
MATLAB routines
From previous slide:

XK (z) = Y (z K )
1 1
PK1 j2k 1
Y (z) = XK (z K ) = K k=0 X(e K zK)
Frequency Spectrum:
PK1 j(2k)
1
Y (ej ) = K  k=0jX(e K ) 
j 2 j 4
1
= K X(e K ) + X(e K K ) + X(e K K ) +

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
PK1 P 1
PK1 j2k
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= K k=0 n x[n] e
K z = K k=0 X(e K z)
Summary
MATLAB routines
From previous slide:

XK (z) = Y (z K )
1 1
PK1 j2k 1
Y (z) = XK (z K ) = K k=0 X(e K zK)
Frequency Spectrum:
PK1 j(2k)
1
Y (ej ) =  k=0j
K X(e K ) 
j 2 j 4
1
= KX(e K ) + X(e K K ) + X(e K K ) +
Average of K aliased versions, each expanded in by a factor of K .

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled z-transform

11: Multirate Systems

1
PK1 j2kn
Multirate Systems Define cK [n] = K|n [n] = K k=0 e
K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
(
Noble Identities x[n] K | n
Noble Identities Proof Now define xK [n] = = cK [n]x[n]
Upsampled z-transform 0 Kn
Downsampled z-transform
1
P PK1 j2kn
n
XK (z) = n xK [n]z = K n k=0 e K x[n]z n
P
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +  j2k n
1
PK1 P 1
PK1 j2k
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
= K k=0 n x[n] e
K z = K k=0 X(e K z)
Summary
MATLAB routines
From previous slide:

XK (z) = Y (z K )
1 1
PK1 j2k 1
Y (z) = XK (z K ) = K k=0 X(e K zK)
Frequency Spectrum:
PK1 j(2k)
1
Y (ej ) =  k=0j
K X(e K ) 
j 2 j 4
1
= KX(e K ) + X(e K K ) + X(e K K ) +
Average of K aliased versions, each expanded in by a factor of K .
Downsampling is normally preceded by a LP filter to prevent aliasing.

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 8 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof Example 1:
Upsampled z-transform 1

Downsampled z-transform K=3

Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Not quite limited to K 0.5

Perfect Reconstruction 0
-2 0 2
Commutators

Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof Example 1:
Upsampled z-transform 1 1

Downsampled z-transform K=3

Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Not quite limited to K 0.5 0.5

Perfect Reconstruction Shaded region shows aliasing 0

-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2
Commutators

Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof Example 1:
Upsampled z-transform 1 1

Downsampled z-transform K=3

Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Not quite limited to K 0.5 0.5

Perfect Reconstruction Shaded region shows aliasing 0

-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2
Commutators

1 Y (ej )2 d 1 1 X(ej )2 d
Summary
R  R 
MATLAB routines Energy decreases: 2 K 2

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof Example 1:
Upsampled z-transform 1 1

Downsampled z-transform K=3

Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Not quite limited to K 0.5 0.5

Perfect Reconstruction Shaded region shows aliasing 0

-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2
Commutators

1 Y (ej )2 d 1 1 X(ej )2 d
Summary
R  R 
MATLAB routines Energy decreases: 2 K 2

Example 2:
1

K=3

Energy all in K || < 2 K 0.5

0
-2 0 2

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof Example 1:
Upsampled z-transform 1 1

Downsampled z-transform K=3

Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Not quite limited to K 0.5 0.5

Perfect Reconstruction Shaded region shows aliasing 0

-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2
Commutators

1 Y (ej )2 d 1 1 X(ej )2 d
Summary
R  R 
MATLAB routines Energy decreases: 2 K 2

Example 2:
1 1

K=3

Energy all in K || < 2 K 0.5 0.5

No aliasing: , 0
-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof Example 1:
Upsampled z-transform 1 1

Downsampled z-transform K=3

Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Not quite limited to K 0.5 0.5

Perfect Reconstruction Shaded region shows aliasing 0

-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2
Commutators

1 Y (ej )2 d 1 1 X(ej )2 d
Summary
R  R 
MATLAB routines Energy decreases: 2 K 2

Example 2:
1 1

K=3

Energy all in K || < 2 K 0.5 0.5

No aliasing: , 0
-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2

No aliasing: If all energy is in r K || < (r + 1) K for some integer r

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof Example 1:
Upsampled z-transform 1 1

Downsampled z-transform K=3

Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Not quite limited to K 0.5 0.5

Perfect Reconstruction Shaded region shows aliasing 0

-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2
Commutators

1 Y (ej )2 d 1 1 X(ej )2 d
Summary
R  R 
MATLAB routines Energy decreases: 2 K 2

Example 2:
1 1

K=3

Energy all in K || < 2 K 0.5 0.5

No aliasing: , 0
-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2

No aliasing: If all energy is in r K || < (r + 1) K for some integer r

Normal case (r = 0): If all energy in 0 || K

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14

 Downsampled Spectrum

11: Multirate Systems PK1 j(2k)

j 1
Multirate Systems Y (e ) = K k=0 X(e K )
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof Example 1:
Upsampled z-transform 1 1

Downsampled z-transform K=3

Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Not quite limited to K 0.5 0.5

Perfect Reconstruction Shaded region shows aliasing 0

-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2
Commutators

1 Y (ej )2 d 1 1 X(ej )2 d
Summary
R  R 
MATLAB routines Energy decreases: 2 K 2

Example 2:
1 1

K=3

Energy all in K || < 2 K 0.5 0.5

No aliasing: , 0
-2 0 2
0
-2 0 2

No aliasing: If all energy is in r K || < (r + 1) K for some integer r

Normal case (r = 0): If all energy in 0 || K
1 1
Downsampling: Total energy multiplied by K (= K if no aliasing)
Average power unchanged (= energy/sample)
DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 9 / 14
 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform 0.5

Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp)
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Power = Energy/sample = Average PSD original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform 0.5

Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp)
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Power = Energy/sample = Average PSD original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities R
1
Noble Identities Proof = 2
PSD()d 0.5
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp)
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Power = Energy/sample = Average PSD original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities R
1
Noble Identities Proof = 2
PSD()d = 0.6 0.5
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp)
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Power = Energy/sample = Average PSD original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities R
1
Noble Identities Proof = 2
PSD()d = 0.6 0.5
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Component powers:
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + Signal = 0.3, Tone = 0.2, Noise = 0.1 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Frequency (rad/samp)
2 3

Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Power = Energy/sample = Average PSD original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities R
1
Noble Identities Proof = 2
PSD()d = 0.6 0.5
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Component powers:
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + Signal = 0.3, Tone = 0.2, Noise = 0.1 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Frequency (rad/samp)
2 3

Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary Upsampling:
MATLAB routines upsample 2

PSD , = 0.13 + 0.18 = 0.3

Same energy
0.4
per second
0.2
Power is K
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp)

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Power = Energy/sample = Average PSD original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities R
1
Noble Identities Proof = 2
PSD()d = 0.6 0.5
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Component powers:
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + Signal = 0.3, Tone = 0.2, Noise = 0.1 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Frequency (rad/samp)
2 3

Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary Upsampling:
MATLAB routines upsample 2 upsample 3

PSD , = 0.056 + 0.14 = 0.2

PSD , = 0.13 + 0.18 = 0.3
Same energy 0.3
0.4
per second 0.2
0.2
Power is K 0.1

0 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp) Frequency (rad/samp)

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Power = Energy/sample = Average PSD original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities R
1
Noble Identities Proof = 2
PSD()d = 0.6 0.5
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Component powers:
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + Signal = 0.3, Tone = 0.2, Noise = 0.1 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Frequency (rad/samp)
2 3

Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary Upsampling:
MATLAB routines upsample 2 upsample 3

PSD , = 0.056 + 0.14 = 0.2

PSD , = 0.13 + 0.18 = 0.3
Same energy 0.3
0.4
per second 0.2
0.2
Power is K 0.1

0 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp) Frequency (rad/samp)

Downsampling:
downsample 2
PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

Average power 0.6

is unchanged. 0.4

0.2

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp)

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Power Spectral Density +

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Example: Signal in 0.4 + Tone @ = 0.1 + White noise
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades Power = Energy/sample = Average PSD original rate

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

1
Noble Identities R
1
Noble Identities Proof = 2
PSD()d = 0.6 0.5
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform Component powers:
Downsampled Spectrum 0
Power Spectral Density + Signal = 0.3, Tone = 0.2, Noise = 0.1 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Frequency (rad/samp)
2 3

Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary Upsampling:
MATLAB routines upsample 2 upsample 3

PSD , = 0.056 + 0.14 = 0.2

PSD , = 0.13 + 0.18 = 0.3
Same energy 0.3
0.4
per second 0.2
0.2
Power is K 0.1

0 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Frequency (rad/samp) Frequency (rad/samp)

Downsampling:
downsample 2 downsample 3

PSD , = 0.49 + 0.11 = 0.6

PSD , = 0.5 + 0.1 = 0.6

Average power 0.6 0.6

is unchanged. 0.4 0.4

aliasing in 0.2 0.2

0 0
the 3 case. -3 -2 -1 0 1
Frequency (rad/samp)
2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Frequency (rad/samp)
2 3

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 10 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities p[n] - --f--i--l
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities p[n] - --f--i--l
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
v[m] b e h k
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities p[n] - --f--i--l
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
v[m] b e h k
Downsampled z-transform q[n] -b -ef-hi-kl
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities p[n] - --f--i--l
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
v[m] b e h k
Downsampled z-transform q[n] -b -ef-hi-kl
a d g j
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + w[m]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities p[n] - --f--i--l
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
v[m] b e h k
Downsampled z-transform q[n] -b -ef-hi-kl
a d g j
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + w[m]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities p[n] - --f--i--l
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
v[m] b e h k
Downsampled z-transform q[n] -b -ef-hi-kl
a d g j
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + w[m]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines

Input sequence x[n] is split into three streams at 13 the sample rate:

u[m] = x[3m], v[m] = x[3m 1], w[m] = x[3m 2]

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities p[n] - --f--i--l
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
v[m] b e h k
Downsampled z-transform q[n] -b -ef-hi-kl
a d g j
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + w[m]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines

Input sequence x[n] is split into three streams at 13 the sample rate:

u[m] = x[3m], v[m] = x[3m 1], w[m] = x[3m 2]

Following upsampling, the streams are aligned by the delays and then
added to give:

y[n] = x[n 2]

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Perfect Reconstruction

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities p[n] - --f--i--l
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
v[m] b e h k
Downsampled z-transform q[n] -b -ef-hi-kl
a d g j
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + w[m]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines

Input sequence x[n] is split into three streams at 13 the sample rate:

u[m] = x[3m], v[m] = x[3m 1], w[m] = x[3m 2]

Following upsampling, the streams are aligned by the delays and then
added to give:

y[n] = x[n 2]
Perfect Reconstruction: output is a delayed scaled replica of the input

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 11 / 14

 Commutators

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities v[m] b e h k
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
w[m] a d g j
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 12 / 14

 Commutators

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities v[m] b e h k
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
w[m] a d g j
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines
The combination of delays and downsamplers can be regarded as a
commutator that distributes values in sequence to u, w and v .

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 12 / 14

 Commutators

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities v[m] b e h k
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
w[m] a d g j
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines
The combination of delays and downsamplers can be regarded as a
commutator that distributes values in sequence to u, w and v .
1 2
Fractional delays, z 3 and z 3 are needed to synchronize the streams.

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 12 / 14

 Commutators

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities v[m] b e h k
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
w[m] a d g j
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines
The combination of delays and downsamplers can be regarded as a
commutator that distributes values in sequence to u, w and v .
1 2
Fractional delays, z 3 and z 3 are needed to synchronize the streams.
The output commutator takes values from the streams in sequence.

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 12 / 14

 Commutators

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities v[m] b e h k
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
w[m] a d g j
Downsampled z-transform v[m + 13 ] e h k l
d g j m
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + w[m + 23 ]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines
The combination of delays and downsamplers can be regarded as a
commutator that distributes values in sequence to u, w and v .
1 2
Fractional delays, z 3 and z 3 are needed to synchronize the streams.
The output commutator takes values from the streams in sequence.
For clarity, we omit the fractional delays and regard each terminal, , as
holding its value until needed.

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 12 / 14

 Commutators

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities v[m] b e h k
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
w[m] a d g j
Downsampled z-transform v[m + 13 ] e h k l
d g j m
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + w[m + 23 ]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines
The combination of delays and downsamplers can be regarded as a
commutator that distributes values in sequence to u, w and v .
1 2
Fractional delays, z 3 and z 3 are needed to synchronize the streams.
The output commutator takes values from the streams in sequence.
For clarity, we omit the fractional delays and regard each terminal, , as
holding its value until needed. Initial commutator position has zero delay.

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 12 / 14

 Commutators

defghijklmn
11: Multirate Systems
Multirate Systems x[n]
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
u[m] f i l
Noble Identities v[m] b e h k
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
w[m] a d g j
Downsampled z-transform v[m + 13 ] e h k l
d g j m
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + w[m + 23 ]
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
y[n] ab defghijkl
Summary
MATLAB routines
The combination of delays and downsamplers can be regarded as a
commutator that distributes values in sequence to u, w and v .
1 2
Fractional delays, z 3 and z 3 are needed to synchronize the streams.
The output commutator takes values from the streams in sequence.
For clarity, we omit the fractional delays and regard each terminal, , as
holding its value until needed. Initial commutator position has zero delay.

The commutator direction is against the direction of the z 1 delays.

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 12 / 14
 Summary

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Multirate Building Blocks
1:K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Upsample: X(z) X(z K )
Noble Identities Invertible, Inserts K 1 zeros between samples
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Shrinks and replicates spectrum
Downsampled z-transform Follow by LP filter to remove images
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 13 / 14

 Summary

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Multirate Building Blocks
1:K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Upsample: X(z) X(z K )
Noble Identities Invertible, Inserts K 1 zeros between samples
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Shrinks and replicates spectrum
Downsampled z-transform Follow by LP filter to remove images
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + K:1 1 PK1 j2k 1
Perfect Reconstruction Downsample: X(z) K k=0 X(e Kz ) K

Destroys information and energy, keeps every K th sample

Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines Expands and aliasses the spectrum
Spectrum is the average of K aliased expanded versions
Precede by LP filter to prevent aliases

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 13 / 14

 Summary

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Multirate Building Blocks
1:K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Upsample: X(z) X(z K )
Noble Identities Invertible, Inserts K 1 zeros between samples
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Shrinks and replicates spectrum
Downsampled z-transform Follow by LP filter to remove images
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + K:1 1 PK1 j2k 1
Perfect Reconstruction Downsample: X(z) K k=0 X(e Kz ) K

Destroys information and energy, keeps every K th sample

Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines Expands and aliasses the spectrum
Spectrum is the average of K aliased expanded versions
Precede by LP filter to prevent aliases

Equivalences
Noble Identities: H(z) H(z K )
Interchange P : 1 and 1 : Q iff P and Q coprime

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 13 / 14

 Summary

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Multirate Building Blocks
1:K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Upsample: X(z) X(z K )
Noble Identities Invertible, Inserts K 1 zeros between samples
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Shrinks and replicates spectrum
Downsampled z-transform Follow by LP filter to remove images
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + K:1 1 PK1 j2k 1
Perfect Reconstruction Downsample: X(z) K k=0 X(e Kz ) K

Destroys information and energy, keeps every K th sample

Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines Expands and aliasses the spectrum
Spectrum is the average of K aliased expanded versions
Precede by LP filter to prevent aliases

Equivalences
Noble Identities: H(z) H(z K )
Interchange P : 1 and 1 : Q iff P and Q coprime
Commutators
Combine delays and down/up sampling

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 13 / 14

 Summary

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems
Multirate Building Blocks
1:K
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Upsample: X(z) X(z K )
Noble Identities Invertible, Inserts K 1 zeros between samples
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Shrinks and replicates spectrum
Downsampled z-transform Follow by LP filter to remove images
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density + K:1 1 PK1 j2k 1
Perfect Reconstruction Downsample: X(z) K k=0 X(e Kz ) K

Destroys information and energy, keeps every K th sample

Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines Expands and aliasses the spectrum
Spectrum is the average of K aliased expanded versions
Precede by LP filter to prevent aliases

Equivalences
Noble Identities: H(z) H(z K )
Interchange P : 1 and 1 : Q iff P and Q coprime
Commutators
Combine delays and down/up sampling
For further details see Mitra: 13.

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 13 / 14

 MATLAB routines

11: Multirate Systems

Multirate Systems resample change sampling rate
Building blocks
Resampling Cascades
Noble Identities
Noble Identities Proof
Upsampled z-transform
Downsampled z-transform
Downsampled Spectrum
Power Spectral Density +
Perfect Reconstruction
Commutators
Summary
MATLAB routines

DSP and Digital Filters (2017-9045) Multirate: 11 14 / 14