The Comparative Study on Analysis Results of Multi-Storeyed Commercial Building

(G+12) by STAAD.Pro and ETABS

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An RCC framed structure is basically an assembly of slabs, beams, columns and foundation
inter -connected to each other as a unit. The load transfer, in such a structure takes place
from the slabs to the beams, from the beams to the columns and then to the lower
columns and finally to the foundation which in turn transfers it to the soil. The floor
area of a R.C.C framed structure building is 10 to 12 percent more than that of a load
bearing walled building. Monolithic construction is possible with R.C.C framed
structures and they can resist vibrations, earthquakes and shocks more effectively than
load bearing walled buildings. Speed of construction for RCC framed structures is more
rapid.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile
strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher
tensile strength and ductility. The reinforcement is usually embedded passively in the
concrete before the concrete sets. The reinforcement needs to have the following
properties at least for the strong and durable construction:

High relative strength

High toleration of tensile strain

Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factor.

Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to changing

temperatures.

1.1 OBJECTIVE

1. To check the behavior of multi-story building on software (STAAD.Pro. & ETABS).

2. To compare the results and behavior of structures on both the software.

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1.2 GENERAL

Exact0seismic0analysis of the0structure is0highly0complex and to tackle this complexity,

number of0researches has been done with an0aim to counter the0complex dynamic0effect
of0seismic0induced forces in0structures. This0re-examination and continuous effort
has0resulted in several0revisions of0Indian Standard: 1893 (1962, 1966, 1970, 1975, 1984
and 2002) code of practice on Criteria for earthquake resistant0design of0structuresby
the0Bureau0of0Indian Standards (BIS),0New Delhi. Many of the0analysis0techniques are
being used in0design and incorporated in codes of0practices of many0countries. However,
since in the0present study our main focus is on the IS a0codal provision, the0method
of0analysis0described in IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 are0presented in this0chapter.

1.3 SEISMIC0DESIGN0PHILOSOPHY:

The0design0philosophy0adopted in the0seismic0code is to ensure that structures0possess

at0least a0minimum strength to

(i) Resist0minor0earthquakes0which may0occur0frequently0without0damage.

(ii)Resist0moderate0earthquake0without0significant0structural0damageand0minor0non-
structural0damage.

(iii) Resist0major0earthquake0without0collapse.

Design0Basis Earthquake (DBE) is defined as the0maximum0earthquake that reasonably can

be0expected to0experience at the0site once during0lifetime of the structure. The0earthquake
corresponding to the0ultimate0safety0requirements is often called
as0maximum0considered0earthquake (MCE). Generally,DBE is half of 0MCE.

1.4 DESIGN0LATERAL0FORCE:

The procedure recommended for the determination of lateral force in IS: 1893-2002(Part 1)
performing are based on the approximation that effects of yielding can be accounted for by
linear analysis of the building using design spectrum. This analysis is carried out by either
equivalent lateral force procedure or dynamic analysis procedure given in the clause 7.8 of
IS: 1893-2002 (Part 1). The main difference between the two procedures lies in the
magnitude and distribution of lateral forces over the height of the building. In the dynamic
analysis procedure, the lateral forces are based on properties of the natural vibration modes of

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The Comparative Study on Analysis Results of Multi-Storeyed Commercial Building
(G+12) by STAAD.Pro and ETABS

the building which are determined by distribution of mass and stiffness over the height. In the
equivalent lateral force procedure the magnitude of forces is based on an estimation of the
fundamental period and on the distribution of forces as given by a simple empirical formula
that is appropriate only for regular buildings. The following sections will discuss in detail the
above mentioned procedures of seismic analysis.

1.5 EQUIVALENT0LATERAL FORCE0METHOD

The total design lateral force or design base shear along any principal direction isgiven in
terms of design horizontal seismic coefficient and seismic weight of the structure. Design
horizontal seismic coefficient depends on the zone factor of the site, importance of the
structure, response reduction factor of the lateral load resisting elements and the fundamental
period of the structure. The procedure generally used for the equivalent static analysis is
explained below:

(i) Determination of fundamental natural period (Ta)of the buildings

Ta =0.075h0.75Moment resisting RC frame building without brick infill wall

Ta =0.085h0.75Moment resisting steel frame building without brick infill walls

Where,

h -is the height of building in m

d - is the base of building at plinth level in m, along the considered direction of

lateral force.

(ii) Determination of base shear (VB) of the building

VB =AhW

Where,Ah=

Is the design horizontal seismic coefficient, which depends on the seismiczone factor (Z),
importance factor (I), response reduction factor (R) and the average response acceleration
coefficients (Sa/g). Sa/g in turn depends on the nature of foundation soil (rock, medium or
soft soil sites), natural period and the damping of the structure.

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The Comparative Study on Analysis Results of Multi-Storeyed Commercial Building
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(iii) Distribution of design base shear

The design base shear VB thus obtained shall be distributed along the height of the

building as per the following expression:

Qi=VB*

Where, Qi is the design lateral force, Wi is the seismic weight, hi is the height of the 1thfloor
measured from base and n is the number of stories in the building.

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The Comparative Study on Analysis Results of Multi-Storeyed Commercial Building
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1.6 RESPONSE0SPECTRUM0METHOD:

The response spectrum technique is really a simplified special case of modal analysis. The
modes of vibration are determined in period and shape in the usual way and the maximum
response magnitudes corresponding to each mode are found by reference to a response
spectrum. The response spectrum method has the great virtues of speed and cheapness. There
are two major disadvantages of using this approach. First, the method produces a large
amount of output information that can require an enormous amount of computational effort to
conduct all possible design checks as a function of time. Second, the analysis must be
repeated for several different earthquake motions in order to assure that all the significant
modes are excited, since a response spectrum for one earthquake, in a specified direction, is
not a smooth function.

According to the code, dynamic analysis may be performed using either response spectrum
method or the time history method. In either method, the design base shear (VB) is compared

with a base shear VBcalculated using the fundamental period Ta. It suggests that when V B is
less than VB, all the response quantities (for example member forces, displacements, Storey
force, Storey shears and base reactions) must be suitably scaled by multiplying with VB/VB.

As per IS: 1893-2002 (PART 1) provisions, dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the
design seismic force, and its distribution to different levels along the height of the building
and to the various lateral load resisting elements, for the following buildings:

(a) Regular buildings: Those greater than 40 m in height in Zones IV and V, and those greater
than 90 m in height in Zones II and III.

(b) Irregular buildings: All framed buildings higher than 12m in Zones IV and V, and those
greater than 40m in height in Zones II and III.

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The Comparative Study on Analysis Results of Multi-Storeyed Commercial Building
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1.7 LOADINGS:

This stage involves determination of various types that are acting on the structures. The
values of types of loads are taken from the relevant IS-codes.

TYPES OF LOADS:

Various types of loads on a structure and requiring consideration in design are

1.7.1 DEAD LOAD:

This is the permanent of stationary load like self-weight of structural elements. This includes
a)self-weight b)weight of finished c)weights of partitions walls etc..,

1.7.2 LIVE LOAD: (AS PER IS-875-Part-2)

These are non-permanent or moving loads. This type of load includes the following.

Imposed loads (fixed) weight of fixed beams in auditoriums. Fixed machinery, partition
walls. These loads though, fixed in positions cannot relied up on to act permanently through-
out the life of the structure.

Imposed loads (not fixed) these loads can change either in magnitude or position very often
such as traffic loads weight of furniture etc..,

LOADING STANDARDS:

The loads that are consider in the design are based on IS-875-1964

DEAD LOADS:

R.C.C 25Kn/m3

P.C.C 24Kn/m3

Brick masonry 22Kn/m3

Floor finishes 0.7Kn/m3

LIVE LOADS:

On floors 4Kn/m2

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On roofs 2 Kn/m2

1.7.3 IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation:

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern
EQX according to IS1893 2002, as calculated by ETABS.

Direction and Eccentricity

Direction = Multiple

Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms

Structural Period

Period Calculation Method = Program Calculated

Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2]

Response Reduction Factor, R [IS Table 7]
Importance Factor, I [IS Table 6]
Site Type [IS Table 1] = II

Seismic Response

Spectral Acceleration Coefficient,

Sa /g [IS 6.4.5]

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Seismic Coefficient, Ah [IS 6.4.2]

Calculated Base Shear

Direction Period Used W Vb

(sec) (kN) (kN)
X 1.336 40337.8923 410.7474
X + Ecc. Y 1.336 40337.8923 410.7474
X - Ecc. Y 1.336 40337.8923 410.7474
Applied Story Forces

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Story

Elevat X-Dir Y-Dir

ion
m kN kN
12F 45.5 75.304 0
11F 42 74.4648 0
10F 38.5 62.5711 0
9F 35 51.7117 0
8F 31.5 41.8865 0
7F 28 33.0955 0
6F 24.5 25.3387 0
5F 21 18.6162 0
4F 17.5 12.9279 0
3F 14 8.1104 0
2F 10.5 4.4701 0
1F 7 1.9867 0
GF 3.5 0.2637 0
Base 0 0 0

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The Comparative Study on Analysis Results of Multi-Storeyed Commercial Building
(G+12) by STAAD.Pro and ETABS

IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern
EQY according to IS1893 2002, as calculated by ETABS.

Direction and Eccentricity

Direction = Multiple

Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms

Structural Period

Period Calculation Method = Program Calculated

Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2]

Response Reduction Factor, R [IS Table 7]
Importance Factor, I [IS Table 6]
Site Type [IS Table 1] = II

Seismic Response

Spectral Acceleration Coefficient,

Sa /g [IS 6.4.5]

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Seismic Coefficient, Ah [IS 6.4.2]

Calculated Base Shear

Direction Period Used W Vb

(sec) (kN) (kN)
Y 1.415 40337.8923 387.7401
Y + Ecc. X 1.415 40337.8923 387.7401
Y - Ecc. X 1.415 40337.8923 387.7401

Applied Story Forces

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The Comparative Study on Analysis Results of Multi-Storeyed Commercial Building
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Story

Elevati X-Dir Y-Dir

on
m kN kN
12F 45.5 0 71.086
11F 42 0 70.2938
10F 38.5 0 59.0663
9F 35 0 48.8151
8F 31.5 0 39.5403
7F 28 0 31.2417
6F 24.5 0 23.9194
5F 21 0 17.5735
4F 17.5 0 12.2038
3F 14 0 7.6561
2F 10.5 0 4.2197
1F 7 0 1.8754
GF 3.5 0 0.2489
Base 0 0 0

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