Scribd
Upload
346 views

AED Basic Maths

This document defines key mathematical concepts including equations, variables, fractions, proportionality, indices, logarithms, graphs, and units. Equations are mathematical statements of equality between elements, and variables represent unknown values. Fractions and proportionality follow specific rules. Indices describe exponents and roots. Logarithms relate a number to the power it is raised to. Graphs plot values on Cartesian planes using labeled axes. Standard and derived units are provided for measurements like distance, time, mass, and more.

Uploaded by

drrmos
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
346 views

AED Basic Maths

This document defines key mathematical concepts including equations, variables, fractions, proportionality, indices, logarithms, graphs, and units. Equations are mathematical statements of equality between elements, and variables represent unknown values. Fractions and proportionality follow specific rules. Indices describe exponents and roots. Logarithms relate a number to the power it is raised to. Graphs plot values on Cartesian planes using labeled axes. Standard and derived units are provided for measurements like distance, time, mass, and more.

Uploaded by

drrmos
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

CL AED

Basic Mathematics

Definitions / Rules

Equations: Equations are mathematical ‘sentences’ stating the equality between two
separate elements.

• “If an action is applied to one side of an equation it must be reflected (repeated)


on the opposite side (because if the sides started out equal they must remain
equal)”.

• When trying to simplify an equation, start with the smallest/innermost bracket and
work outwards.

Variables: Used in equations to represent an unknown value.

1 Addition, Subtraction, Division and Multiplication in Equations

a+b=c -> a+b-b=c-b -> a=c-b

ab = c -> ab/b = c/b -> a = c/b

2 Fractions

Fraction notation

__X__ (numerator over denominator) = X /Y


Y

So _A B = AB /C
C

Fraction Rules
X/1 = X X/0 = Error 0/X = 0

The value of a fraction will remain the same if both the numerator and the denominator
are divided or multiplied by the same value:

1 = 1x2 = 2 = _8_ = 4
2 2x2 4 16 8

Also, it is important to remember:

a/b = a/b x d/c or ad / bc


c/d

Page 1
CL AED

3 Proportionality

a = _b_ then b is said to be directly proportional to “a”


c and c is said to be inversely proportional to “a”

4 Indices

ax (a is the base and x is the index)


a4 = a xa x a x a (also represented as a^4)

Indices Laws:
• xa x xb = x(a+b) e.g. 26 x 22 = 28
• xa ÷ xb = x(a-b) e.g. 26 ÷ 22 = 24
• (xa)b = x(axb) e.g. (26)2 = 212
• x0 = 1 (for any base value)
• x -a = 1 / xa e.g. 2-4 = 1 / 24

Reciprocals (the “inverse” of a number)


The reciprocal of “a” 1/a
The reciprocal of 2 is 1/2 = 0.5
Negative exponents imply an inversion e.g a-1 = 1/a and a-2 = 1 / a2

• xa/b implies a is the root and b is the power e.g. 21/2 = √2

Roots
If a2 = b (or a^2 = b) then √b = a

Note:
Mathematical equations should be solved in the following order:
• Brackets
• Other (e.g. indices)
• Multiplication / Division
• Addition / Subtraction

5 Standard Form
Numbers expressed in standard form display one digit to the left of the decimal point and
are multiplied to 10 to the power of another number e.g. 3 x 1018.

For a x 10y, we refer to a as the mantissa and 10y as the exponent.

6 Logarithms

Logarithms allow us to establish what power or exponent must a given number be raised
to in order to produce a desirable result e.g. log28 means log of 8 on the base 2 i.e. what
number must 2 be raised to the power of to produce the result 8 (answer = 3).

Page 2
CL AED

The base number of a log can vary. In our studies we will always use logs on the base 10.
Logs on base 10 generally do not display the base e.g. log 100 = log of 100 on the base
10.

Logarithms allow us to describe a very large range of numbers with a smaller range of
values.

y = log x (a very large range of x values is covered by a very small range of y values)

Log rules:

if log b = a then b = 10^a log ab = b log a

e.g. 100 = 102 log100 = 2

log _a_ = loga - logb log ab = log a + log b


b

7 Graphs

Graphs are usually plotted on Cartesian planes. The Cartesian plane utilizes two axis
displaying related values. When drawing graphs always state the values/units of the axis.

8 Units

Standard

distance metre m
volume litre l
distance foot ft
time second s
temperature degrees centigrade ˚C
mass gram gm

Page 3
CL AED

Other units

logarithmic ratio bel B


charge coulomb C
force dyne dyn
force newton N
electrical energy electron volt eV
capacitance farad F
flux density gauss G
flux density tesla T
inductance henry H
frequency hertz Hz
energy/work joule J
magnetic flux maxwell Mx
magnetic flux weber Wb
mag. field strength oersted Oe
pressure pascal Pa
pressure bar b
potential difference volt V
resistance/impedance ohm Ω
current strength ampere A
power watt W
computer memory bits/Bytes bits = b / Bytes = B
loudness phon/sone

Derivative units

These are created when standard units are combined in equations.

e.g. velocity/speed “metres per second” m/s or m.s-1


“kilometers per hour” km/h or km.h-1

Some derivative units have been designated as new units:


Power “joules per second” watt
Frequency “cycles per second” hertz

Multiples and Divisions of standard units:

Greek terms are used to describe the magnitude/size of a unit:

tera- T x 1012
giga- G x 109
mega- M x 106
kilo- k x 103
milli- m x 10-3
micro- µ x 10-6
nano- n x 10-9
pico- p x 10-12

Page 4
CL AED

Imperial units:

1 foot = 12 inches
1’ = 12”
1 inch = 2.54 cm 1cm = 0.3937 inches
1 foot = .305 m 1m = 39.37 inches
1 mile = 1.609 km 1km = 0.622 miles
1 pound (lb) = 0.452 kg

Page 5

You might also like