Semester 1 2017/2018

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Structural Analysis
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Lecture : Pn Zalipah Jamellodin
Slide preparation : Dr. Zainorizuan Bin Mohd Jaini
Department of Structures and Material Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
07-456 4291 / [email protected]
 Introduction
The primary purpose of structural analysis is to establish the
distribution of internal forces and moments over the whole
part of a structure and to identify the critical design conditions
at all sections.
The type of analysis should appropriate to the problem being
considered.
The following approach can be used: linear elastic analysis,
linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution, and
plastic analysis.
Linear elastic analysis can be carried out by assuming that
the cross section is uncracked (i.e. concrete section
properties), involves linear stress-strain relationships and
mean value of elastic modulus.
Plastic analysis is desired in the design consideration,
however, this approach requires advanced solutions.
Introduction

Distribution of
actions on slab

Action on slab
and wall transfer
to beam

Axial load on
column

Distribute to
foundation
 Structural Layout
Before any analysis and design can be conducted, structural
layout (key-plan) must be produced.
Structural layout planning is always started from the lowest
floor. Step to produce structural layout:
Study and understand the architectural drawings (floor
plans, elevations, cross sections, isometric view, specific
details and so on).
Identify location and orientation of columns.
Identify location and position of beams.
Sketch the structural plans.
For a simple layout, structural layout can be sketched on the
architectural drawing by using colour pencil.
For a complex layout, structural layout can be sketched on the
butter paper by tracing from the architectural drawing.
 Structural Layout
Location, orientation and dimension of columns:
Some are stated in the architectural drawings.
At the corner and intersection.
The distance between column and column is not too far
and too close. Typically about 3m to 6m.
Flush with brickwall

Location, position and dimension of beams

Location of brickwall, to brace the columns, to flush and
brace the brickwall, to form spanning slab.
Dimension of beam is governed by thickness of brickwall,
types of building, type of floor (ground or upper floor, upper
floor with or without ceiling, head room), span and
architectural drawing.
Architectural plan
Structural Layout
Engineering Layout
Structural Layout
 Analysis of Actions
Actions that applied on a beam may consist of beams self-
weight, permanent and variable actions from slabs, actions
from secondary beams and other structural or non-structural
members supported by the beam.
The distribution of slab actions on beams depends on the slab
dimension, supporting system and boundary condition.
It is important to determine the type of slab using following
criteria:
Ly
2 One-way slab
Lx

Ly
2 Two-way slab
Lx
 Analysis of Actions
Type of actions that must be considered:

Slab Permanent action: (i) Selfweight of slab,

(ii) Finishes and services, and (iii) Ceiling
Variable action (depend on function of floor)
Beam Permanent action: (i) Distribution from slab,
(ii) Selfweight of beam, and (iii) Brickwall
Variable action from slab
Column Permanent action: (i) Distribution from beam,
and (ii) selfweight of column
Variable action from beam
Foundation Permanent action: (i) Distribution from
columns, and (ii) selfweight of footing
Variable action from column
 Analysis of Actions
One-way spanning slab that supported by beams:

lx w = 0.5.n.lx kN/m
A B
ly

Beam AC and BD
ly
w = 0 kN/m

lx

C D Beam AB and CD
 Analysis of Actions
Two-way slab panel freely supported along four edge:

nlx
2

lx w 3 l x kN / m
6 l
y
A B

ly
Beam AC and BD
ly
nlx
w kN / m
3

lx
C D
Beam AB and CD
How about if lx = ly?
 Analysis of Actions
There are alternatives methods which consider various
support conditions and slab continuity. The methods are
(i). Slab shear coefficient from Table 3.15 BS 8110, (ii). Yield
line analysis and (iii). Table 63 Reinforced Concrete
Designers Handbook by Reynold.

This table only can be used for two-way slabs.

The type of spanning slab (from 9 cases) must be identified first.
 Analysis of Actions
Two-way spanning slab:

w = vx.n.lx kN/m
A B

ly

Beam AC
ly
w = vy.n.lx kN/m

lx

C lx D Beam CD
 Analysis of Actions
9 cases of
two-way
restrained
slab
 Analysis of Actions

Case 1
Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case 8

Case 9
 Example 2.1
Determine the characteristic permanent and variable action
on beam B/1-3.Given the following data: Unit weight of
concrete = 25kN/m3; Finishes, ceiling and services =
2.0kN/m2; Variable action (all slabs) = 3.0kN/m2.

Action on slab:
Selfweight = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
Finishes, ceiling and services = 2.0 kN/m2
Chac. Permanent action, Gk = 5.75 kN/m2
Chac. Variable action, Qk = 3.0 kN/m2

Distribution of actions
FS1 : ly/lx = 7.5 / 2.5 = 3 > 2.0, One-way slab
FS2 : ly/lx = 4.0 / 3.0 = 1.33 < 2.0, Two-way slab
FS3 : ly/lx = 4.5 / 4.0 = 1.13 < 2.0, Two-way slab
 Example 2.1

1 2 3
3000 4500

A
200 x 500

200 x 500
200 x 500

2500
FS1 (150 thk.)

200 x 500 200 x 500

B

200 x 500
200 x 500

4000
FS2 (150 thk.) FS3 (150 thk.)

200 x 500 200 x 500

C
All unit in mm
 Example 2.1

1 2 3
3000 4500

A
w1 = 0.5.n.lx

2500
B

4000
w2 = vy.n.lx
w3 = vx.n.lx

C
All unit in mm
 Example 2.1
Action from slab:
w1 Gk = 0.5 x 5.75 x 2.5 = 7.19 kN/m
w1 Qk = 0.5 x 3.00 x 2.5 = 3.75 kN/m

From Table 3.15: BS 8110: Part 1: 1997

w2 Gk = 0.4 x 5.75 x 3.0 = 6.90 kN/m

w2 Qk = 0.4 x 3.00 x 3.0 = 3.60 kN/m

w3 Gk = 0.44 x 5.75 x 4.0 = 10.12 kN/m

w3 Qk = 0.44 x 3.00 x 4.0 = 5.28 kN/m
 Example 2.1
Actions on beam:
Beam selfweight = 0.20x(0.50.15)x25 = 1.75 kN/m
Span 1-2
Permanent action,Gk = 7.19+6.90+1.75 = 15.84 kN/m
Variable action, Qk = 3.75+3.60 = 7.35 kN/m
Span 2-3
Permanent action, Gk = 7.19+10.12+1.75 = 19.06 kN/m
Variable action, Qk = 3.75+5.28 = 9.03 kN/m

Gk = 19.06 kN/m
Gk = 15.84 kN/m Qk = 9.03 kN/m
Qk = 7.35 kN/m

3000 4500
 Combination of Action
Combination of action is specifically used for the definition of
the magnitude of actions to be used when a limit state is
under the influence of different actions.
For continuous beam, Load cases is concerned with the
arrangement of the variable actions to give the most
unfavourable conditions or most critical responses.
If there is only one variable actions (e.g. imposed load) in a
combination, the magnitude of the actions can be obtained by
multiplying with the appropriate factors.
If there is more than one variable actions in combination, it is
necessary to identify the leading action(Qk,1) and other
accompanying actions (Qk,i). The accompanying actions is
always taken as the combination value.
 Combination of Action
In considering the combinations of actions, the relevant cases
shall be considered to enable the critical design conditions to
be established at all sections, within the structure or part of
the structure considered.
For simply supported beam, the analysis for bending and
shear force can be carried out using statically determinate
approach. For the ultimate limit state we need only consider
the maximum load of 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk on the span.
For continuous beam, the following simplified load
arrangements (based on National Annex) are recommended:

Load set 1: Alternate or adjacent spans loaded

Load set 2: All or alternate spans loaded
 Combination of Action
Load set 1: Alternate or adjacent spans loaded
(Section 5.1.3 : MS EN 1992-1-1)
Alternate span carrying the design permanent and variable
load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), other spans carrying only the
design permanent loads (1.35Gk)
Any two adjacent spans carrying the design permanent
and variable loads (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), all other spans
carrying only the design permanent load (1.35Gk)
Load set 2: All or alternate spans loaded
(UK National Annex)
All span carrying the design permanent and variable loads
(1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk)
Alternate span carrying the design permanent and variable
load (1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk), other spans carrying only the
design permanent loads (1.35Gk)
 Combination of Action
Load set 1: Alternate spans loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

Maximum action = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Minimum action = 1.35Gk
 Combination of Action
Load set 1: Adjacent Span Loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk 1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk 1.35Gk
 Combination of Action
Load set 2: All span loaded
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Load set 2: Alternate span loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk 1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk 1.35Gk
 Moment and Shear Force
The shear force and bending moment diagrams can be drawn
for each of the load cases required in the patterns of loading.
A composite diagram comprising a profile indicating the
maximum values including all possible load cases can be
drawn; this is known as an envelope.
Three analysis methods may be used in order to obtain shear
force and bending moment for design purposes. There are;
Elastic analysis using moment distribution method
(Modified Stiffness Method)
Simplified method using shear and moment coefficient
from Table 3.6: BS 8110: Part 1.
Using commercial analysis software such as Staad.Pro,
Esteem, Ansys, Lusas, etc.
 Moment and Shear Force
Envelope moment and shear force:

Load Case 1 Load Case 2

SFD SFD

BMD BMD
 Moment and Shear Force
Envelope moment and shear force:

Load Case 3
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM ENVELOPE

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM ENVELOPE

SFD

BMD
 Moment Distribution Method
Moment distribution method is only involving distribution
moments to joint repetitively.
The accuracy of moment distribution method is dependent to
the number repeat which does and usually more than 5 repeat
real enough. Right value will be acquired when no more
moments that need distributed.
In general the value is dependent to several factor as :
Fixed end moment - the moment at the fixed joints of a
loaded member.
Carry over factor - the carry-over factor to a fixed end is
always 0.5, otherwise it is zero.
Member stiffness factor (distribution factor) need to be
determined based on moment of inertia and stiffness.
 Simplified Method
The analysis using Moment Distribution Method is time
consuming.
Therefore, as a simplification, Cl.3.4.3 BS 8110 (Table 3.5)
can be used. This simplified method enables a conservative
estimation of shear force and bending moment for continuous
beam.
However, there are conditions which must be satisfied:
The beams should be approximately equal span.
Variation in span length should not exceed 15% of the
longest span.
The characteristic variable action, Qk may not exceed the
characteristic permanent action, Gk.
Load should be substantially uniformly distributed over
three or more spans.
 Simplified Method
The

(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

End Span Interior Span

Bending -0.11FL -0.08FL -0.08FL
Moments

0.09FL 0.07FL
0.45F 0.55F
Shearing
Forces

0.55F
0.60F
 Example 2.2
By using simplified method, analyze the beam as shown
below.

All unit in m and kN/m

F = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
F = 1.35(18.31) + 1.5(6.00) = 33.72 kN/m x 8 m = 269.75 kN
 Example 2.2
Shear force and bending moment diagrams

0.45F =121.39 kN 0.55F =148.36 kN 0.55F =148.36 kN 0.60F =161.85 kN

0.60F =161.85 kN 0.55F =148.36 kN 0.55F =148.36 kN 0.45F =121.39 kN

0.11FL =237.38 kNm 0.08FL =172.64kNm 0.11FL =237.38 kNm

0.09FL =194.22 kNm 0.07FL =151.06 kNm 0.07FL =151.06 kNm 0.09FL =194.22 kNm
 Moment Redistribution
Plastic behavior of RC at the ULS affects the distribution of
moment in structure.
To allow for this, the moment derived from an elastic analysis
may be redistributed based on the assumption that plastic
hinges have formed at the sections with the largest moment.
From design point of view, some of elastic moment at support
can be reduced, but this will increasing others to maintain the
static equilibrium of the structure.
The purpose or moment redistribution is to reduced the
bending moment at congested zone especially at beam-
column connection of continuous beam support.
Therefore, the amount of reinforcement at congested zone
also can be reduced then it will result the design and detailing
process become much easier.
 Moment Redistribution
Cl.5.5 permit the moment redistribution with the following
requirement:
The resulting distribution remains in equilibrium with the
load
The continuous beam are predominantly subject to flexural
The ratio of adjacent span should be in the range of 0.5 to
2.0
There are other restrictions on the amount of moment
redistribution in order to ensure ductility of the beam such as
grade of reinforcing steel and area of tensile reinforcement
and hence the depth of neutral axis.
Class A reinforcement; redistribution should 20%
Class B and C reinforcement; redistribution should 30%
 Example 2.3
For the moments obtained from Moment Distribution Method,
redistribute 20% of moment at supports.
 Example 2.3
Redistribute the moment at support
Original moment at support B & D = 231.21 kNm
Reduced moment (20%) = 0.8x231.21 = 184.97 kNm

Original moment at support C = 154.14 kNm

Reduced moment (20%) = 0.8x154.14 = 123.31 kNm

Recalculate the shear force using equilibrium principles.

 Example 2.3
Span A - B
184.97 kNm
MB = 0 33.72 kN/m
VA(8) 33.72(8)2/2 + 184.97 = 0
VA = 894.07 / 8 = 111.76 kN
8m
Fy = 0
111.76 + VB1 33.72(8) = 0 VA VB1
VB1 = 158.0 kN

Span B - C
184.97 kNm 123.21 kNm
MC = 0
33.72 kN/m
VB2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 + 123.21 - 184.97 = 0
VB2 = 1140.8 / 8 = 142.60 kN
8m
Fy = 0
142.60 + VC1 33.72(8) = 0 VB2 VC1
VC1 = 127.16 kN
 Example 2.3
Span C - D 33.72 kN/m
MD = 0
VC2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 - 123.21 +184.97 = 0
8m
VC2 = 1017.28 / 8 = 127.16 kN
VC2 VD1
Fy = 0
127.16 + VD1 33.72(8) = 0
VD1 = 142.60 kN

Span D - E 184.97 kNm

33.72 kN/m
ME = 0
VD2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 - 184.97 = 0
VD2 = 1264.01 / 8 = 158.0 kN 8m

VD2 VE