SUBSTATION EARTHING DESIGN

Input data :-

1 Conductor material = Steel, 1020 18 Length of one earth mat cond

2 System Voltage = 132 kV 19 Width of one earth mat condu

3 Fault Current, If = 31.5 kA 20 Additional length of conduct

4 Fault Duration, tc = 1 sec 21 Grid conductor combined leng

5 Max. Allowable Temperature, Tm = 1510 0

C 22 Total no. of ground rods (Unt
SA
6 Ambient Temperature, Ta = 50 0
C Transformers (Body earthing)
Towers with peak
7 Reference temp for material constant,Tr = 20 0
C Switchyard corners
Additional ground rods
8 Thermal Co-eff.of resistivity at reference Total no of rods
Temperature, ar = 0.0016 23 length of each rod in m Lr
Total ground rod length, LR
9 Resistivity of Ground Conductor at ref.
Temperature, rr = 15.9 mW/cm3 24 Effective length of buried con
LT = LR + Lc
10 Thermal Capacity Factor, TCAP = 3.28 J/cm3/oC 25 Soil Resistivityconsidered for

11 K0 = (1/ar) -Tr = 605 26 Surface Resistivity, rs

12 Length of Earth grid = 100 metre 27 Spacing for Earthing Mat ,D

13 Width of Earth grid = 50 metre 28 Corrective weighting factor, K

14 Area of Earth grid, A = 5000 sq.metre 29 Reference Depth of grid, h0

15 Depth of burial w.r.t. ground level, h = 1 metre 29 Thickness of Concrete , hs

16 Calculate w.r.t to person weight(50/70) = 50 Kg 30 Fault Current division factor (

17 No. of conductors parallel to length side( nl = 25 31 No. of conductors parallel to w

Output:
Conductor size, A = 231 SQMM Effective Buried Length for m

By considering 30% allowance = 300 SQMM Effective Buried Length for st

A = 300 SQMM
Grid Resistance
Ground Potential Rise(GPR) = 4058.90 Volts

Tolerable Tolerable
Touch Voltage Etouch = 735 Volts Step Voltage Estep

Attainable Attainable
Touch Voltage Etouch = 701.21 Volts Step Voltage Estep

As per the above Design the System is SAFE

e earth mat conductor Lx = 100 metre

earth mat conductor Ly = 50 metre

ngth of conductor considered 12 metre

or combined length, Lc = 3162 metre

round rods (Untreated)

0
(Body earthing) 1
1
1
ound rods 1
4
h rod in m Lr = 3 meter
rod length, LR = 12 metre

gth of buried conductor = 3174 metre

tyconsidered for design, r = 49.12 W-meter

tivity, rs = 3000 W-meter

arthing Mat ,D = 4 meter

eighting factor, Kii = 1

pth of grid, h0 = 1 meter

Concrete , hs = 0.15 meter

division factor (Sf) = 0.5

ctors parallel to width side ( ns) = 13

ied Length for mesh voltage, LM = 3181 Meter

ied Length for step voltage, LS = 2382 Meter

= 0.26 Ohms
 = 2447 Volts

= 379.06 Volts

AFE
Conductor Size :-

As per Eq.37 of IEEE Std 80-2000, conductor size is given by

tc ar rr x 104
TCAP
A = If Ko + Tm
ln 1 +
Ko + Ta

2.2) Calculation of Tolerable Etouch & Estep Voltage :

a) Tolerable Etouch :
From IEEE Std 80-2000
For 50 Tolerable Etouch50= [(1000 + 1.5CS rS) 0.116/ tS ] ( From eq.32of IEEE Std 80-2000 )
For 70 Tolerable Etouch70= [(1000 + 1.5CS rS) 0.157/ tS ]
Where,
Cs = Reduction factor for derating the nominal value of surface layer
resistivity.

Cs = 1 - 0.09 [(1-r/rs)/(2hs + 0.09)] ( From eq.27 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

Cs = 0.7730
tS = Duration of shock current in seconds = 0.5
( from clause 16.2.2 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )
Substituting the above values,
Tolerable Etouch50 = 734.70 Volts
Tolerable Etouch70 = 994.38 Volts

b) Tolerable Estep (from eq.29 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

For 50 Tolerable Estep50 = [(1000 + 6CS rS) 0.116/ tS ]

For 70 Tolerable Estep70 = [(1000 + 6CS rS) 0.157/ tS ]

Substituting the values,

 Tolerable Estep50 = 2446.65 Volts
Tolerable Estep70 = 3311.42 Volts

2.3) Calculation of Grid Resistance, Rg :

As per IEEE Std 80-2000,

R1 R2 - R m 2
The total system resistance, Rg =
R1 + R2 - 2Rm
Where,
R1 = Ground resistance of grid conductors in
R2 = Ground resistance of of all ground rods in
Rm = Mutual ground resistance between the group of grid conductors, R1 and
group of ground rods, R2 in

Ground resistance of the grid, R1

2 Lc k1 Lc
R1 = ln + - k2 From IEEE Std 80-2000
Lc a' A
a = 0.0195
Where,
r = Soil Resistivity in -m 49.12 ohm-m
Lc = Total length of all connected grid conductors in m 3162 m
a'
= a.2h for conductors buried at depth h in m 0.1977 m
2a = Diameter of conductor in m 0.0195 m
A = Area covered by conductors in m2 5000 m2
k1 = Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 1.03
k1= -0.05*(Lx/Ly) + 1.13
k2 = Coefficient from fig 25(b) of IEEE Std 80-2000 4.30
k2= -0.05*(Lx/Ly) + 4.40
Coefficient K1 and k2 of schwarz's fromula IEEE Std 80-2000 )
R1 = 0.2578

Ground resistance of the rod bed, R2

From eq.55 of IEEE Std 80-2000
 r 4 LR 2 k1 . Lr
R2 = ln -1 + ( nR - 1 ) 2
2p nRLR b A

Where,
Lr = length of each rod in m 3 m
2b = diameter of rod in m 0.020 m
nR = number of rods placed in area A 4
LR = Total length of ground rods 12
k1 = Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 1.03
R2 = 1.236

Mutual ground resistance between the grid and the rod bed, Rm
From eq.56 of IEEE Std 80-2000

r 2 Lc k1 Lc
Rm = ln + - k2 + 1
p Lc Lr A

Rm = 0.2493
Subtituting the above values,
Rg = 0.2577

2.4) Calculation of Maximum Ground Potential Rise :

Max. Ground potential above remote earth, GPR = IG x RG Volts
Where,
IG = grid current = If x S f

IG = 15.75 KA
Substituting the values,

Ground Potential Rise, GPR = 4058.90 Volts

Since, GPR > Estep50 (as per Figure 33 of IEEE Std 80-2000),calculate Attainable Emesh and Attainable
Estep voltages

2.5) Calculation of Attainable Emesh Voltage :

From Eq.80 of IEEE Std 80-2000, for Grid rods in the periphery,
 Emesh = [ r Km Ki IG / LM ]

Lr
LM = Lc + 1.55+1.22 Lr From eq.91 of IEEE Std 80-2000
L2x + L2y
Where,
Lr = Length of each ground rod = 3 m
Lx = Maximum length of grid conductor in x-direction 100 m
Ly = Maximum length of grid conductor in y-direction 50 m

IG = grid current = 15.75

Ki = corrective Factor, = 3.86
p1

LR = Total length of ground rods = 12 m

Subtituting the above values,

LM = 3180.99 m

As per Eq.81 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Mesh Voltage,

1 D2 (D + 2h)2 h Kii 8
Km = ln + - + ln
2p 16hd 8Dd 4d Kh p(2n-1)

Equ. Diameter of Earth conductor, d = 0.0172 metre

K h = 1 + h / h0 ( From eq.83 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

Kh = 1.41

No. of Parallel Paths, n = na nb nc nd (From eq.84 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

Where, From eq.85 to 88 of IEEE Std 80-2000 Lp

na = (2 Lc)/Lp nb =
 4 A
0.7 A
Lx Ly Lx Ly Dm
nc = nd I
A L2x + L2y

Where,
Lp = Peripheral length of the grid = 300 m
Dm = Maximum distance between any two points
on the grid = 111.8 m
Substituting the above values,

na = 21.08 nb = 1.030

nc = 1 nd = 1.00

n = 21.71 = 22 Rounded of to nearest digit

As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000,

The corrective Factor, Ki = 0.644 + ( 0.148 x n )From eq.89of IEEE Std 80-2000

= 3.86
Substituting the values,
Km = 0.7475

AttainableEmesh Voltage = 701.21 Volts

2.6) Calculation of Attainable Estep voltage :

From Eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

Attainable Estep = [ r Ks Ki IG / LS ] From eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000

As per Eq.94 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Step Voltage,

1 1 1 1
Ks = + + (1 - 0.5n-2) From eq.94of IEEE Std 80-2000
P 2h D+h D

No. of Parallel paths, n = 22

n = 22
As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000,
 The corrective Factor, Ki = 0.644 + ( 0.148 x n )
Ki = 3.86

Ks = 0.3025

As per Eq.93 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

Ls = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 LR From eq.93of IEEE Std 80-2000

Lc = Total length of all connected grid conductors in m
LR = Total length of ground rods

Ls = 2381.7 m

Substituting the values,

Attainable Estep = 379.06 Volts

SAFE SAFE
NOT SAFE
ainable
Std 80-2000

Std 80-2000