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Unit 2 Chapter 5 Answers

This document provides examples and solutions for calculating integrals using reduction formulae. Several common integrals are derived step-by-step, including integrals of polynomials, trigonometric functions, and rational functions. Reduction formulae allow integrals to be solved recursively in terms of previously derived integrals.

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1K views

Unit 2 Chapter 5 Answers

This document provides examples and solutions for calculating integrals using reduction formulae. Several common integrals are derived step-by-step, including integrals of polynomials, trigonometric functions, and rational functions. Reduction formulae allow integrals to be solved recursively in terms of previously derived integrals.

Uploaded by

Bexxysass
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Page 1 of 10

Chapter 5 Reduction Formulae


Exercise 5A
1 I n = x n e 2 x dxx
n dv
=u x= , e2 x
dx
du n 1 1 2x
= nx = ,v e
dx 2
1 n 2x 1
=In x e nx n 1e 2 x dx
2 2
1 n 2x 1
=In x e n x n 1e 2 x dx
2 2
1 n 2x n
= In x e In 1, n 1
2 2
2 I n = x sin x dx
n

n dv
=u x= , sin x
dx
du
= nx n 1 , v = cos x
dx
In = x n cos x + n x n 1cos x dx
Integrating by parts again
n 1 dv
=u x= , cos x
dx
du
= (n 1) x n 2 , v =
sin x
dx
x cos= x dx x n 1 sin x (n 1) x n 2 sin x dx
n 1

Combining the terms


x n cos x + n x n 1 sin x (n 1) x n 2 sin x dx
In =

In =
x cos x + nx
n n 1
sin x n ( n 1) x n2
sin x dx
x n cos x + nx n 1 sin x n ( n 1) I n 2 , n 2
In =
2
3 =
In 0
(4 x) n dx
dv
u=
(4 x) n , =
1
dx
du
n (4 x) n 1 , v =
= x
dx
2
I n = x (4 x) n + n x (4 x) n 1 dx
2

0 0

x
2 (2)n n
2
I n =+ (4 x )n dx
0 x 4

x x + 4 4 (4 x 4) 4
Now = = = 1
4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x
So
2 4
I n = 2 (2) n n 1 (4 x) dx
n
0
4 x

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 2 of 10

2 2
In =2n + 1 n (4 x) n dn + 4n (4 x) n 1 dx
0 0
In = 2n + 1 - n In + 4n In1 .
(n + 1)In = 2n + 1 + 4n In1
In (1 4n) = 2n + 1 + 4n In1
2n + 1 4n
In = + In 1, n 1
n +1 n +1
I n = x ne 2 x dx
1
4
0

n dv
=u x=, e2 x
dx
du n 1 1 2x
= nx = ,v e
dx 2
1
1 1 1
=I n x n e 2 x n x n 1e 2 x dx
2 0 2 0
1 2 1
In = e n In 1, n 1
2 2
/ 4
5 In = cos n x dx
0
/ 4
In = cos x cos n 1 x dx
0

n 1 dv
= =
u cos x, cos x
dx
du
(n 1) cos n 2 x ( sin x), v =
= sin x
dx
/ 4 / 4
=I n sin x cos n 1 x + (n 1) cos n 2 x sin 2 x dx
0 0

/ 4
=I n sin cosn 1 + (n 1) cosn 2 x (1 cos2 x ) dx
4 4 0
n 1
2 2
=I n + (n 1) I n 2 (n 1) I n
2 2
n
2
I n + (n 1)=
In + (n 1) I n 2
2
n
2
n=
I n + (n 1) I n 2 , n 2
2
/4
6 In = sec n x dx
0
/ 4
In = sec n 2 x sec 2 x dx
0

n2 dv
= =
u sec x, sec 2 x
dx
du
= (n 2) sec n 3 x (sec x tan x)= (n 2) sec n 2 x tan x
dx
/ 4 / 4
v= tan x I=
n
tan x sec n 2 x (n 2) sec n 2 x tan 2 x dx
0 0

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 3 of 10

n2

1 / 4
= tan (n 2) sec n 2 x (sec 2 x 1) dx
4 cos 0

4
/ 4 / 4
= ( 2)n 2 (n 2) sec n x dx + (n 2) sec n 2 x dx
0 0
1
I n (2 2 )n 2 (n 2) I n + (n 2) I n 2
=
n
1
I n + (n 2) I n= 2 2 + (n 2) I n 2
n
1
(n 1) I n= 2 2
+ (n 2) I n 2 , n 2
2
7 (a) u=1+x
du
= 2x
dx
1
du = x dx
2
When x = 3, u = 1 + 3 = 4
When x = 0, u = 1 + 0 = 1
3 41
0 x x + 1 dx = 1 2 u du
2 1/ 2

4
1 u 3/ 2
= 3
2 2 0
1 3/ 2 3/ 2
= 4 1
3
1 7
= [8 1]=
3 3
3
=
(b) In 0
x n 1 + x 2 dx
n 1
RTP: (n + 2)=
I n 8 (3) 2
(n 1) I n 2 , n 2
Proof
dv
=u x n 1 ,= x 1 + x 2
dx
du 1
=(n 1) x n 2 , v = (1 + x 2 )3 / 2
dx 3
3
1 1 3
I n x n 1 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 (n 1) x n 2 (1 + x 2 )3/ 2 dx
=
3 0 3 0

n 1
1 12 1 3
=In 3 (4)3/ 2 (n 1) x n 2 (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx
3 3 0

8 n 2 1 1 3
2 1/ 2 1 + x
2
= 3 (n 1) 0 x (1 + x ) 2 dx
n
In
3 3 x
8 n 2 1 1 3
3 (n 1) 0 x
n2
=
In (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 + x n (1 + x 2 )1/ 2 dx
3 3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 4 of 10

8 n 2 1 1 1
In = 3 (n 1) I n 2 (n 1) I n
3 3 3
1 8 n 2 1 1
In + (n 1) I n= 3 (n 1) I n 2
3 3 3
1 2 8 2 1 n 1
I n n += 3 (n 1) I n 2
3 3 3 3
n 1
I n (n +=
2) 8 (3) 2
(n 1) I n 2 , n 2
(c) n = 5 7 I5 = 8(3) 4 I3 2

72 4
=
I5 I3
7 7
n = 3 5 I3 = 8 (3) 2 I1
24 2
=
I3 I1
5 5
7
Since I1 =
3
24 2 7 24 14 72 14 58
I3 = = = =
5 5 3 5 15 15 15
72 4 58 848
I 5 = =
7 7 15 105
1
I n = x n e x dx
2
8
0

x 2 dv
=u e= , xn
dx
du 1
= 2 xe x , v = xn + 1
2

dx n +1
1
1 x2 n + 1 2 1 n + 2 x2
= In
n +1
e x +
0 n + 1 0
x e dx
1 1 2
=In e + I n+ 2
n +1 n +1
n +1
Multiply both sides by
2
n + 1 1 1
=
In e + I n+ 2
2 2
n + 1 1 1
=
I n+ 2 In e
2 2
1
n = 3 I5 = 2 I3 e 1
2
1
n = 1 I3 = I1 e 1
2
1
1 1 2 1 1
I1= x e x dx= e x =
2
e 1 +
0
2 0 2 2
1 1 1 1
I3 = e 1 + e 1 = e 1 +
2 2 2 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 5 of 10

1 1 1 1 5 1
I 5 = 2 e 1 + e 1 = 2e 1 + 1 = e e +1
2 2 2 2
9 RTS In = n In 1 1, n 1

e
1
=In x
(1 x )n dx
0

dv
u=
(1 x) n , =
ex
dx
du
n (1 x) n 1 , v =
= ex
dx
1
I n = e x (1 x) n + n e x (1 + x) n 1 dx
1

0 0

In = 1 + n In 1, n 1
1
I 0 = e x dx = e x = 1 + e
1

0 0

I4 = 1 + 4 I3
I3 = 1 + 3 I2
I2 = 1 + 2 I1
I1 = 1 + I0
I1 = 1 + e 1 = e 2
I2 = 1 + 2 (e 2)
= 1 + 2e 4 = 2e 5
I3 = 1 + 3 (2e 5) = 6e 16
I4 = 1 + 4 (6e 16) = 24e 65
1
= (1 + x
2 n
10 In ) dx
0

dv
u=
(1 + x 2 ) n , =
1
dx
du
=n(2 x)(1 + x 2 ) n 1 , v =x
dx
1
In =[ x (1 + x 2 ) n ]10 2n x 2 (1 + x 2 ) n 1 dx
0
2
1 x
2 n 2n
In = (1 + x 2 ) n dx
0 1 + x2

1x +11
2
2n 2n
In = (1 + x 2 )n dx
0 x +1
2

1 1
2n 2n 1
In = (1 + x 2 )n dx
0 1 + x 2
1
I n = 2n 2n (1 + x 2 ) n (1 + x 2 ) n 1 dx
0

I n =
2 2n [ I n I n 1 ]
n

In + 2n In = 2n + 2n In 1
In (1 + 2n) = 2n + 2n In1
2n 2n
=In + In 1
1 + 2n 1 + 2n
2n 1
=
In + 1 In 1
1 + 2n 1 + 2n

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 6 of 10

24 1 16 8
I4 = + 1 I= 3 + I3
9 9 9 9
8 1 8 6
I 3 = + 1 I 2= + I2
7 7 7 7
4 1 4 4
I 2 = + 1 I1= + I1
5 5 5 5
2 1 2 2
I 1 = + 1 I 0= + I0
3 3 3 3
1
=
I0 =
0
dx [=
x]10 1
2 2 4
I1 = + =
3 3 3
4 4 4 4 16 28
I2 = + = + =
5 5 3 5 15 15
8 6 28 8 8 96
I3 = + = + =
7 7 15 7 5 35
16 8 96 768
I=
4 + =
9 9 35 105

(1 + x
1
2 n
11 =
In ) dx
0
RTS 2n In + 1 = (2n 1) In + 2 n
1
(1 + x
2 n
=
In ) dx
0

dv
(1 + x 2 ) n ,
u= =
1
dx
du
n (2 x) (1 + x 2 ) n 1 , v =
= x
dx
1
x (1 + x 2 ) n + 2n x 2 (1 + x 2 ) n 1 dx
1
In =
0 0

1 x2
2 n + 2n
In = (1 + x 2 ) n dx
0 1 + x2

1 1
2 n + 2n 1
In = (1 + x 2 ) n dx
0 1 + x 2
1
I n = 2 n + 2n (1 + x 2 ) n (1 + x 2 ) n 1 dx
0
n
In =2 + 2n I n 2n I n + 1
2n I n +1 = 2 n + 2n I n I n
2n In+1 = 2n + (2n 1) In
n = 3 6 I4 = 23 + 5 I3
n = 2 4 I3 = 22 + 3 I2
n = 1 2 I2 = 21 + I1.
1 1
I1 =
1
= dx tan =1
( x) tan
= 1
(1)
0 1 + x2 0 4
1 1
2I2 = + I2 = +
2 4 4 8

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 7 of 10

1 1
4 I 3 =+ 3 +
4 4 8
1 3 1 3
I 3 =1 + =+
4 8 4 32
1 1 3 11 15
6 I 4 =+ 5 + =+
8 4 32 8 32
11 15 11 5
I4 = + =+
48 6 32 48 64
/ 4
12 In = sin n x dx
0
/ 4
In = sin x sin n 1 x dx
0

n 1 dv
= =
u sin x, sin x
dx
du
=(n 1) sin n 2 x cos x, v =
cos x
dx
/ 4 / 4
I n = sin n 1 x cos x + (n 1) sin n 2 x cos 2 x dx
0 0

/ 4
I n = sin n 1 cos + (n 1) sin n 2 x (1 sin 2 x) dx
4 4 0
n 1
1 1
In = + (n 1) I n 2 (n 1) I n
2 2
n
1
I n + (n 1)=
In + (n 1) I n 2
2
n
1
n In = + (n 1) I n 2 , n 2
2
V = y 2 dx
b

a
/ 4
V = sin 4 x dx
0

= I4
4
1
=
4I4 + 3I 2
2
2
1
=
2I2 + I0
2
/ 4
dx [=
x]
/ 4
=I0 =
0 4 0

1 1 1
I2 =+ = +
4 24 4 8
1 1 1
I4 = + 3 +
4 4 4 8
1 3 1 3
= 1 + =+
4 8 4 32

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 8 of 10

13 I n = x (ln x) n dx
dv
= u (ln = x) n , x
dx
du n x2
= = (ln x) n 1 , v
dx x 2
2
x n
= In (ln x) n x (ln x) n 1 dx
2 2
2
x n
= In (ln x )n I n 1
2 2
2
x 3
= I3 (ln x )3 I 2
2 2
x2
= I2 (ln x) 2 I1
2
x2 1
=I1 ln x I 0
2 2
x2
I= = +c
0
0 x (ln x ) d x
2
x2 1
=I1 ln x x 2
2 4
x2 x2 1
I 2= (ln x )2 ln x + x 2
2 2 4
2
x 3 3 3
=I3 (ln x)3 x 2 (ln x) 2 + x 2 ln x x 2 + c
2 4 4 8
3x 2 2 1
= (ln x)3 (ln x) 2 + ln x + c
4 3 2
n 1
x
In = x 2 e
1
14 2
dx
0
n 1
dv x
=u x=
2
, e 2
dx
du n n2 1 1
x
= x , v = 2e 2
dx 2
1
n
x
1
1
n 1
1 x
In =
0
+
2 2 2 2
2 x e n x e dx
0
1

In =
2e 2 + n I n 2
1

I4 =
2e 2
+ 4 I2
1/ 2
I2 =
2e + 2 I0
1
1 x 1

dx= 2e 2
x 1
I0= 2
e
0 0
= 2e + 2
I2 = 2 e 1/ 2 4e 1/ 2 + 4
= 6e + 4
I4 = 2 e 1/ 2 24e 1/ 2 + 16 =16 26 e 1/ 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 9 of 10

e
15 I n = (ln x) n dx
1
u = (ln x)n, dv = 1
du 1 n 1
= n= (ln x) , v x
dx x
e 1
I n x (ln x) n n (ln x) n 1 ( x) dx
e
=
1 1
x
e
= e (ln e) n n (ln x) n 1 dx
1
In = e n In 1
When n = 4, I4 = e 4I3
I3 = e 3I2
I2 = e 2I1
I1 = e I0
e e
I 0= 1
(ln x)0 dx= 1 dx=
1
[ x]1e= e 1
I1 = e [e 1] = 1
I2 = e 2
I3 = e 3 (e 2) = 2e + 6
I4 = e 4 (2e + 6) = 9e 24
/4
16 In = x n sin x dx .
0

n dv
=u x= , sin x
dx
du
= nx n 1 , v = cos x
dx
/ 4 / 4
x n cos x + n x n 1 cos x dx
In =
0 0
n
/ 4
cos + n x n 1 cos x dx
In =
4 4 0

/ 4
0
x n 1 cos x dx
n 1 dv
=u x= , cos x
dx
du
(n 1) x n 2 , v =
= sin x
dx
/ 4 / 4 / 4
0
x n 1 cos
= x dx x n 1 sin x (n 1) x n 2 sin x dx
0 0
n 1

= sin (n 1) I n 2
4 4
n 1
2 n 2
In = + n n (n 1) I n 2
2 4 4 2
n 1
2
n n (n 1) I n 2
In =
2 4 4
n 1
2 4n
=I n n (n 1) I n 2 , n 2
2 4 4

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013


Page 10 of 10

2 8
=I 2 2 I0
2 4 4
/ 4 2
sin x dx =
0 =
0
[ cos x]0/ 4 =
cos
4
+ cos 0 =1
2
2 8 2 (8 )
= 2 2=
+ 2 + 22
2 4 4 32
1
17 I n = x n e 2 x dx
0

n dv
=u x=, e2 x
dx
du n 1 1 2x
= nx = ,v e
dx 2
1
1 1 1
=I n x n e 2 x n x n 1e 2 x dx
2 0 2 0
1 2 n
In = e In 1, n 1
2 2
V = y 2 dx
1
x 4 e 2 x dx =
V= 4
0

1 2
=
I4 e 2 I3
2
1 2 3
=
I3 e I2
2 2
1 2
=
I2 e I1
2
1 2 1
=
I1 e I0
2 2
1
1 1
= I 0 = e dx e 2 x
2x
0
2 0
1 2 1
= e
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
I1 =e e
2 22 2
1 2 1
= e +
4 4
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
I 2= e e = e
2 4 4 4 4
1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 3
I3 = e e = e +
2 24 4 8 8
1 1 3
I 4 =e 2 2 e 2 +
2 8 8
1 2 3
= e
4 4

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 5 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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