December 2012) |Preet Kanwar Rekhi, Mohit Luthra, Sukhvinder Malik, Rahul Atri Throughput Calculation for LTE TDD and FDD Systems 1. Introduction Contents Many of us might have heard about LTTE’s peak throughput ic. 2. Introduction 300Mbps, but how many of us know how we calculate that? This aS : meee Physical Layer ovides s paper provides the information, how this number is calculated? And BREE assumptions behind’? Grune eee with ‘Maximam In this paper, authors have explained the calculations of theoretical Sistyiiel throughput for both the LTE FDD and TDD systems. 5 Us of _3GPP specification 36.213 for throughput calculation 2. Overview of LTE Physical Layer 6 DL and UL throughput ———— caleulaion for LTE LTE Physical layer deals with parameters like frequency, bandwidth, FDD Modulation, cyclic prefix, coding rate which plays importance in eae a eee ieee ae 1 ee pecapia caleulaion for LTE LTTE system uses OFDMA as access technology in downlink to sy increase the spectral efficiency and SC-FDMA in uplink due to low 9 Cactus Peak to Average Power ratio (PAPR) advantage. 10, References LTE supports both TDD and FDD duplexing, flexible bandwidth i.e. 14, 3, 5,10,15.20 MHz and modulation schemes QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM. Later we will discuss the significance of each parameter.LTE Basic Terminology Resource Element (RE) is the basic unit in LTE which corsesponds toa subcarrier in frequency and a symbol in time Resource Block is the ‘combination of 12 subcarriers in frequency and 7 symbols time (0.5, msec), LTE frame is of 10 msec ean be divided into 10 subframe or 20 timeslots A subframe is also called one TT (Transmit Time Interval) 3. LTE Basic Terminology ‘There are some basic terminologies of LTTE system that should be known to better understand the throughput calculation. These are explained below Resource Element - The RE is the smallest unit of transmission resource in LTE, in both uplink and downlink. An RE consists of 1 subcarrier in the frequency domain for duration of 1, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing (SC-FDM), symbol in the time domain Subearrier Spacing: It is the space between the individual sub- carters, in LTE it is 15 KHz, There is no frequency guard band, between these subcarrier frequencies, rather a guard Period called a Cyclic Prefix (CP) is used in the time domain to help prevent Multipath Inter-Symbol Interference (ISD) between subcarriers, Cyelie Prefix - A set of samples which are duplicated from the end of a transmitted symbol and appended cyclically to the beginning of the symbol. This can form a type of guard interval to absorb Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), The cyclic construction preserves orthogonality of the subearriers in an OFDM transmission ‘Time slot - 0,5 ms time period of LTE frame corresponding to 7 OFDM symbols (and 7 CPs) when Normal CP = 5 usec is used (the standard case), And LTE 6 OFDM symbols (and 6 CPs) when the Extended CP = 17 usec is used. Af = (Side Ai nrsouetk (iste paemaeaa Combining the above information we can now define a Resource Block. Resource Block - A unit of transmission resource consisting of 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain and | time slot (0.5 ms) in the time domain. Sol 2 subcarriers x7 symbols = 84 Resource Element (with Normal CP) makes a Resource Block. IF extended CP is used there are 72 Resource elements (RE). Since 12 OFDM subcarriers are used in a RB, the bandwidth of a Resource Block is 180 KHz LTE Subframe or TTI- two slots i.e, 1 ms in time. LTE Frame - 10 ms or 10 subframes or 20 slots.3.1 Relation Bandwidth directly affects the throughput. Different BWs have different number of RBS | my fF fF | wwe «we wm aww ee se ove ome Here is the calculation how to find out the numbers of subcarriers and Resource Blacks. 10% of total bandwidth is assumed to be used for guard band ‘Though 10% guard band assumption is not valid for 1.4 MHz. bandwidth. Let’s take an example of 20MHz. 10% of 20 MEY is 2 MHz, use ‘bandwidth will be 18MHz, guard band, thus effective Number of subcarriers = 18 MHz/1SKHz = 1200 Number of Resource Blocks =18 MHz/180KHz = 100 ‘Same calculations can be done with other bandwidths to calculate the number of subcarriers and Resource Blocks. Same is shown below me me mame Memmi gm mast Netcsecnd pm mmm Se LTE supports both types of multiplexing FDD as well as TDD. PDD spectrum is also called paired spectrum, it means when we say FDD 20 MH, it has a pair of 20 MHz Bandwih ie. 20 MHz for Downlink and 20 MHz for Uplink. ‘TDD spectrum is called Un-paired it means when we say TDD 20 MHz, it has only 20 MHz which is used for both Downlink and Uplink.(I) ss siping etme dec tes treupipr es in PDD which has symmetric bandwidth so both Uplink and Downlink have same throughput, but in TDD the bandwidth is asymmetric and same bandwidth is shared by Uplink and Downlink on time sharing basis so the total throughput is also shared_accordingly. Below figure shows the same. In coming example, we will show how FDD and TDD impact throughput. Choice of multiplexing depends on the bund defined. The 700 MHz band used in US is FDD and 2300MHz band in India is TDD. 3.3 Modulation and Coding Rate: As per Release 8 (R8) LTE supports modulations like QPSK, 16 QAM and 64QAM in Downlink and QPSK, 16 QAM in Uplink, Each of Modulation has its bits carrying capacity per symbol. One QPSK. yy bits and 4 QAM. cpsk 160AM s4caM + 2bits/symbol + Abits/symbol + bits/symbolAlong modulation there is term called coding rate. Coding rate describes the efficiency of particular modulation scheme. For example, if we say 16 QAM with coding rate of 0.5. it means this modulation has 50% of efficiency i.e, as 16QAM can carry 4 bits bbut with coding rate of 0.5, it ean carry 2 information bits and rest of the 2bits for redundancy of information. LTE uses different coding rate with QPSK, 16 QAM and 64QAM. ‘The combination of Modulation and Coding rate is called ‘Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS). Below figure shows MCS index and Modulation Order which describes the type of ‘modulation (2 for QPSK, 4 for 16QAM and 6 for 64 QAM), LTE supports 0 t0 28 MC as per R&. z 2 2 2 zz 2 2 2 2 * 4 4 4 rs 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 6 (2) 03 fas NS [os |e S in Downlink and Oto 22 MCS in Uplink vg LTE Access Network ‘Modulation supported LTE supports QPSK,16-QAM and G4 QAM for data channel QPSK carries 2 bits per Symbol, 16 QAM. carries 4 Bits per Symbol and 64 QAM carries 6 Bits per symbol. Each modulation is used with some coding, which makes ‘Modulation Costing Scheme (MCS). Each MCS have a corresponding TBS index value which is used for mapping TB size with Resource Block numbers to find the throughput3.4 UE Categories in LTE ‘The category of UE specifies the ability of the Device in terms of DLJUL throughputs, Antenna Support in DLIUL, TBS size supported in DIJUL and Modalation supports, ‘The below table shows the 8 categories of UE, existing UE categories 1-5 are for release 8 and 9 and UE categories 6-8 are for release 10 LTE ~Advance. ‘Commercial UEs that we have today are mostly of Category 3 (Cat 3) which have 2 receive chains and 1 transmit chain, Cat 3 UE does not support 64 QAM in uplink ‘The Max TB size supported in DL is 75376 bits and in Uplink 51024 bits. This TB size limits the throughput at UE end while do not have such limitation at eNodeB side. ae Tiare) Maximum Throughput with Maximum Bandwidth 4. Maximum Throughput with Maximum Bandwidth For any system throughput is caleuluted as symbols per second Further it is converted into bits per second depending on the how © There are different UE Saaeierer ie many bits a symbol can camry ‘eapabitities like TB size support, Number of| In LTE for 20 MHz, there are 100 Resource Blocks and each antenna support and Resource block have 12x7x2=168 Symbols per ms in case of Normal Modulation support cP. # Category 3s available So there are 16800 Symbols per ms or 16800000 Symbols per second ‘commercially. or16.8 Msps. If modulation used is 64 QAM (6 bits per symbol) then + Maximum throughput throughput will be 16.8x6=100.8Mbps for a single chain foe LTTE is 300 Mbps in Dat eee For a LTE system with 4x4 MIMO (4T4R) the throughput will be A asreace four times of single chain throughput. i, 403.2 Mbps. Many tej emer simulations and studies show that there is 25% of overhead used for Reus Controlling and signalling. So the effective throughput will be 300 ‘converted in to bits per Mbps. second depending upon the Modulation used The 300 Mbps numbers for downlink and not valid for uplink. In uplink we have only one transmit chain at UE end. So with 20 MHz ‘we can get Maximum of 100.8Mbps as calculation shown above. After considering 25% of overhead we get 75Mbps in uplink: 5 This is the way how we get the number of throughput 300Mbps for5. Use of 3GPP specification 36.213 for ‘Throughput calculation In 3GPP specification 36.213 “E-UTRA- Physical Layer”, table 7.1,7.1-1 shows the mapping between MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) index and TBS (Transport Block Size) index. The highest MCS index 28 (64 QAM with the least coding), which is, mapped to TBS index 26 as shown below. Table 7.1.7.1-4: Modulation and TBS index table for PDSCH (3GPP TX 36.21 MCSindex | Medub ton Onler | THSIndex iiss 2. fs Specification Used from 36.213 ‘© Modulation and TBS Table 7.1.7.2.1-1 shows the transport block size. This table index table7,17.1-1 is cates the number of bits that can be transmitted in used for Modu subframe/TTI (Transmit Time Interval) w.r.t bandwidth (number of ‘and TTBS index RBs) The Transport Block size given in this table is alter ‘mapping considering the controlling overhead. © Resource block and ‘TBS index mapping Table 717.21. Transport block sizable (26PP TS 36.213) table 7.1.7.2.1-1 is used ————— for TB size Ta ee ssa a6 [ate [ser se ae as SSR | SHES [eset [ara | aoe By using these two tables the number of data bits can be calculated, with the combination of MCS Index and Number of Resource Blocks. For example, with 100 RBs and MCS index of 28, the TBS is 75376, Assume 4x4 MIMO, the peak data rate will be 75376 x 4 = 301.5 Mbps. 6. DL and UL Throughput calculation for LTE FDD ‘The FDD system has a paired spectrum, same bandwidth for Downlink as well as for Uplink. 20 MHz FDD system have 20, MH for Downlink and 20 MHz for Uplink. For throughput calculation, suppose: ‘Bandwidth - 20MHz Muliplexing scheme - FDD UE category- Cat. 3 ‘Modulation supported-as per Cat 3 TBS index 26 for DL (75376 for 1OORBs) and 21 for UL (1024 for 100 RBs), asI s0 te trou zhpur can e catentated by a simple formate ‘Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size So DL throughput = 2 x 75376 =150.752 Mbps UL throughput = 1 x51024 =51.024 Mbps As we have 2 receive chains and one transmits chain, 7. LTE TDD and its Frame structure Before starting throughput calculation, let’s become familiar with LTE- TDD. Asstated earlier, TDD is unpaired spectrum. We have to use same bandwidth for DL and UL on time sharing basis. Suppose if we have 20 MHz spectrum, we have to use this 20 MHz bandwidth for both DL, and UL. LTE TDD frame structure is shown below. The TD frame consists of Downlink subframe, Uplink and Special subframe Soaci Suttme (1 d ‘There are seven possible configurations for LTE TDD frame as shown below. Here D- is downlink, S- for Special subframe and U- for Uplink. Asshown 5 ms periodicity frame have two “S” subframe and 10 mili sec frames have only one “S” subframe. cvevcoe Special subframe has 9 different configurations. A special subframe is, divided into DwPTS, GP and UpPTS depending upon the number of symbols.Selection of TDD configuration is on operator's choice and service model. Ifthe service model is heavily downloading based, operator may use TDD config 2 or TDD config 5 and if service model is heavily uploading based, operator may use TDD contig 0 or TDD config 6, If service model is symmetric (50:50) or almost same for download and upload, operator may use TDD config | or TDD config 3 8. DL and UL Throughput calculations for LTE, TDD ‘TDD system throughput calculations are somewhat complex as ‘compared to FDD system as same spectrum is used by uplink, downlink and for the guard period (Used for transition from downlink to uplink), For throughput calculation, suppose: Bandwidth — 20MHz Multiplexing Scheme-TDD ‘TDD Configuration- 2 (D-6, Special Subframe configuration-7 (DwPTS-10, GP-2 and UpPTS-2) UB category- Cat, 3 Modulation supported. as per Cat 3 TBS index 26 for DL (75376 for 10ORBs) and 21 for UL (51024 for 100 RBs) ‘Throughput in TDD can be calculated by following formula DL Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size x (C by DL Subframe + Contribution by DwPTS in SSF) UL Throughp mber of Chains x TB size x (C by UL Subframe + Contribution by UpPTS ‘TB size for DL is 75376 and for UL it is 51024 for category 3 UELet's caleulate throughput for the above assumptions: DL throughput = 2 x 75376 x [(0.640.2x (10/14)] Here 0.6 or 60% contribution is by 6 DL subframe and [0.2(10/14)] factor contribution by Special subframe comes twice whose 10 symbols out of 14 are for downlink So DL throughput= 2 x 75376 x (0.742857) = 111.9872 Mbps ~ 112 Mbps. In same manner UL throughput will be UL throughput = 1 x51024 x [0.240.2x @/14)] Here 0.2 or 20% contribution is by 2 UL subframe and (0.2 x (2/14)] factor contribution by Special subframe comes twice whose 2 symbols out of 14-are for uplink. So UL throughput= 1 x51024 x (0.228571) 1.66263 ~12 Mbps. Let’s do one more example TDD config 1 (D-4 S-2 and U4) Special subframe configuration 7 (DwPTS-10, GP-2 and UpPTS-2) same UE category 3 DL throughput = 2 x 75376 x [(0.4+0.2x (10/14)] Here 0.4 or 40% contribution is by 4 DL subframe and [0.2(10/14)] factor contribution by Special subirame comes twice whose 10 symbols out of 14 are for downlink So DL throughput= 2 x 75376 x (0.542857) 1.8368 Mbps ~ 82 Mbps. In same manner UL throughput will be UL throughput = 1 x51024 x [(0.4+0.2x (2/14)] Here 0.4 or 40% contribution is by 4 UL subframe and [0.2 x (2/14)] factor contribution by Special subframe comes twice whose 2 symbols out of 14 are for uplink. So UL throughput= 1 x51024 x (0.428571) = 21,8674286~22 MbpsMohit Luthra LITE RF Design Engineer Prect Kanwar Singh Rekhi LTE Testing Engineer a Rahul Atri, LTE Radio Access Network Engineer Sukhvinder Malik. LTE Testing Engineer 8. Conclusion In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system. 3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. ‘The paper describes all the Factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same, Paper describes the steps and formulae to calcula FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2. the throughput for ‘The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculation. 9. References Wikipediacom www Sepp org 3GPP standard 36.211 , Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)- Physical Channels and Modulation 4. 3GPP standard 36.212 , Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)- Multiplexing and Channel Coding 5. 3GPP standard 36.213 , Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)- Physical Layer Procedures 6. 3GPP standard 36.300 , Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall Description 7. LTE, The UMTS long Terms Evolution: From Theory to Practise Diselaim Authors state that this whitepaper has been compiled meticulously and tothe hes of their knowledge as ofthe date of publieadon. The information contained herein the white Paper is for information purposes only and is intended only to transfer knowledge cout the respective topic and tot fo eam any kind of profit Every effort has been made to ensue the information inthis paper is accurate, Authors sioes not accept any esponsibility oF lability whatsoever for any errr af fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, however it may have occieed