C #

Version 3.0 Specification

May 2006

Copyright  Microsoft Corporation 2006. All Rights Reserved.

Notice
© 2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Microsoft, Windows, Visual Basic, Visual C#, and Visual C++ are either registered trademarks or trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries/regions.
Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.

Copyright  Microsoft Corporation 2006. All Rights Reserved.

 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
26. Overview of C# 3.0........................................................................................................................................ 1
26.1 Implicitly typed local variables.................................................................................................................. 1
26.2 Extension methods..................................................................................................................................... 2
26.2.1 Declaring extension methods.............................................................................................................. 2
26.2.2 Importing extension methods.............................................................................................................. 3
26.2.3 Extension method invocations............................................................................................................ 3
26.3 Lambda expressions.................................................................................................................................. 4
26.3.1 Lambda expression conversions.......................................................................................................... 6
26.3.2 Type inference.................................................................................................................................... 7
26.3.3 Overload resolution............................................................................................................................. 9
26.4 Object and collection initializers............................................................................................................. 10
26.4.1 Object initializers.............................................................................................................................. 10
26.4.2 Collection initializers........................................................................................................................ 12
26.5 Anonymous types.................................................................................................................................... 13
26.6 Implicitly typed arrays............................................................................................................................. 14
26.7 Query expressions................................................................................................................................... 15
26.7.1 Query expression translation............................................................................................................. 16
26.7.1.1 Select and groupby clauses with continuations........................................................................... 17
26.7.1.2 Explicit iteration variable types.................................................................................................. 17
26.7.1.3 Join clauses................................................................................................................................. 18
26.7.1.4 Let and where clauses................................................................................................................. 20
26.7.1.5 Multiple generators..................................................................................................................... 20
26.7.1.6 Orderby clauses.......................................................................................................................... 21
26.7.1.7 Select clauses.............................................................................................................................. 22
26.7.1.8 Groupby clauses......................................................................................................................... 22
26.7.1.9 Transparent identifiers................................................................................................................ 23
26.7.2 The query expression pattern............................................................................................................ 24
26.8 Expression trees....................................................................................................................................... 25

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

26.Overview of C# 3.0

C# 3.0 (“C# Orcas”) introduces several language extensions that build on C# 2.0 to support the creation and use
of higher order, functional style class libraries. The extensions enable construction of compositional APIs that
have equal expressive power of query languages in domains such as relational databases and XML. The
extensions include:
• Implicitly typed local variables, which permit the type of local variables to be inferred from the expressions
used to initialize them.
• Extension methods, which make it possible to extend existing types and constructed types with additional
methods.
• Lambda expressions, an evolution of anonymous methods that provides improved type inference and
conversions to both delegate types and expression trees.
• Object initializers, which ease construction and initialization of objects.
• Anonymous types, which are tuple types automatically inferred and created from object initializers.
• Implicitly typed arrays, a form of array creation and initialization that infers the element type of the array
from an array initializer.
• Query expressions, which provide a language integrated syntax for queries that is similar to relational and
hierarchical query languages such as SQL and XQuery.
• Expression trees, which permit lambda expressions to be represented as data (expression trees) instead of as
code (delegates).
This document is a technical overview of those features. The document makes reference to the C# Language
Specification 1.2 (§1 through §18) and the C# Language Specification 2.0 (§19 through §25), both of which are
available on the C# Language Home Page (http://msdn.microsoft.com/vcsharp/language).

26.1 Implicitly typed local variables

In an implicitly typed local variable declaration, the type of the local variable being declared is inferred from
the expression used to initialize the variable. When a local variable declaration specifies var as the type and no
type named var is in scope, the declaration is an implicitly typed local variable declaration. For example:
var i = 5;
var s = "Hello";
var d = 1.0;
var numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
var orders = new Dictionary<int,Order>();

The implicitly typed local variable declarations above are precisely equivalent to the following explicitly typed
declarations:

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C# 3.0 Specification

int i = 5;
string s = "Hello";
double d = 1.0;
int[] numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3};
Dictionary<int,Order> orders = new Dictionary<int,Order>();

A local variable declarator in an implicitly typed local variable declaration is subject to the following
restrictions:
• The declarator must include an initializer.
• The initializer must be an expression. The initializer cannot be an object or collection initializer (§26.4) by
itself, but it can be a new expression that includes an object or collection initializer.
• The compile-time type of the initializer expression cannot be the null type.
• If the local variable declaration includes multiple declarators, the initializers must all have the same
compile-time type.
The following are examples of incorrect implicitly typed local variable declarations:
var x; // Error, no initializer to infer type from
var y = {1, 2, 3}; // Error, collection initializer not permitted
var z = null; // Error, null type not permitted

For reasons of backward compatibility, when a local variable declaration specifies var as the type and a type
named var is in scope, the declaration refers to that type; however, a warning is generated to call attention to
the ambiguity. Since a type named var violates the established convention of starting type names with an upper
case letter, this situation is unlikely to occur.
The for-initializer of a for statement (§8.8.3) and the resource-acquisition of a using statement (§8.13) can be
an implicitly typed local variable declaration. Likewise, the iteration variable of a foreach statement (§8.8.4)
may be declared as an implicitly typed local variable, in which case the type of the iteration variable is inferred
to be the element type of the collection being enumerated. In the example
int[] numbers = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
foreach (var n in numbers) Console.WriteLine(n);

the type of n is inferred to be int, the element type of numbers.

26.2 Extension methods

Extension methods are static methods that can be invoked using instance method syntax. In effect, extension
methods make it possible to extend existing types and constructed types with additional methods.
Note
Extension methods are less discoverable and more limited in functionality than instance methods. For those reasons, it is
recommended that extension methods be used sparingly and only in situations where instance methods are not feasible or
possible.
Extension members of other kinds, such as properties, events, and operators, are being considered but are currently not
supported.

26.2.1 Declaring extension methods

Extension methods are declared by specifying the keyword this as a modifier on the first parameter of the
methods. Extension methods can only be declared in static classes. The following is an example of a static class
that declares two extension methods:

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

namespace Acme.Utilities
{
public static class Extensions
{
public static int ToInt32(this string s) {
return Int32.Parse(s);
}
public static T[] Slice<T>(this T[] source, int index, int count) {
if (index < 0 || count < 0 || source.Length – index < count)
throw new ArgumentException();
T[] result = new T[count];
Array.Copy(source, index, result, 0, count);
return result;
}
}
}

Extension methods have all the capabilities of regular static methods. In addition, once imported, extension
methods can be invoked using instance method syntax.

26.2.2 Importing extension methods

Extension methods are imported through using-namespace-directives (§9.3.2). In addition to importing the types
contained in a namespace, a using-namespace-directive imports all extension methods in all static classes in the
namespace. In effect, imported extension methods appear as additional methods on the types that are given by
their first parameter and have lower precedence than regular instance methods. For example, when the
Acme.Utilities namespace from the example above is imported with the using-namespace-directive
using Acme.Utilities;

it becomes possible to invoke the extension methods in the static class Extensions using instance method
syntax:
string s = "1234";
int i = s.ToInt32(); // Same as Extensions.ToInt32(s)
int[] digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
int[] a = digits.Slice(4, 3); // Same as Extensions.Slice(digits, 4, 3)

26.2.3 Extension method invocations

The detailed rules for extension method invocation are described in the following. In a method invocation
(§7.5.5.1) of one of the forms
expr . identifier ( )
expr . identifier ( args )
expr . identifier < typeargs > ( )
expr . identifier < typeargs > ( args )
if the normal processing of the invocation finds no applicable instance methods (specifically, if the set of
candidate methods for the invocation is empty), an attempt is made to process the construct as an extension
method invocation. The method invocation is first rewritten to one of the following, respectively:
identifier ( expr )
identifier ( expr , args )

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C# 3.0 Specification

identifier < typeargs > ( expr )

identifier < typeargs > ( expr , args )
The rewritten form is then processed as a static method invocation, except for the way in which identifier is
resolved: Starting with the closest enclosing namespace declaration, continuing with each enclosing namespace
declaration, and ending with the containing compilation unit, successive attempts are made to process the
rewritten method invocation with a method group consisting of all accessible extension methods with the name
given by identifier imported by the namespace declaration’s using-namespace-directives. The first method
group that yields a non-empty set of candidate methods is the one chosen for the rewritten method invocation. If
all attempts yield empty sets of candidate methods, a compile-time error occurs.
The preceding rules mean that instance methods take precedence over extension methods, and extension
methods imported in inner namespace declarations take precedence over extension methods imported in outer
namespace declarations. For example:
using N1;
namespace N1
{
public static class E
{
public static void F(this object obj, int i) { }
public static void F(this object obj, string s) { }
}
}
class A { }
class B
{
public void F(int i) { }
}
class C
{
public void F(object obj) { }
}
class X
{
static void Test(A a, B b, C c) {
a.F(1); // E.F(object, int)
a.F("hello"); // E.F(object, string)
b.F(1); // B.F(int)
b.F("hello"); // E.F(object, string)
c.F(1); // C.F(object)
c.F("hello"); // C.F(object)
}
}

In the example, B’s method takes precedence over the first extension method, and C’s method takes precedence
over both extension methods.

26.3 Lambda expressions

C# 2.0 introduces anonymous methods, which allow code blocks to be written “in-line” where delegate values
are expected. While anonymous methods provide much of the expressive power of functional programming

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

languages, the anonymous method syntax is rather verbose and imperative in nature. Lambda expressions
provide a more concise, functional syntax for writing anonymous methods.
A lambda expression is written as a parameter list, followed by the => token, followed by an expression or a
statement block.
expression:
assignment
non-assignment-expression
non-assignment-expression:
conditional-expression
lambda-expression
query-expression
lambda-expression:
( lambda-parameter-listopt ) => lambda-expression-body
implicitly-typed-lambda-parameter => lambda-expression-body
lambda-parameter-list:
explicitly-typed-lambda-parameter-list
implicitly-typed-lambda-parameter-list
explicitly-typed-lambda-parameter-list
explicitly-typed-lambda-parameter
explicitly-typed-lambda-parameter-list , explicitly-typed-lambda-parameter
explicitly-typed-lambda-parameter:
parameter-modifieropt type identifier
implicitly-typed-lambda-parameter-list
implicitly-typed-lambda-parameter
implicitly-typed-lambda-parameter-list , implicitly-typed-lambda-parameter
implicitly-typed-lambda-parameter:
identifier
lambda-expression-body:
expression
block
The parameters of a lambda expression can be explicitly or implicitly typed. In an explicitly typed parameter
list, the type of each parameter is explicitly stated. In an implicitly typed parameter list, the types of the
parameters are inferred from the context in which the lambda expression occurs—specifically, when the lambda
expression is converted to a compatible delegate type, that delegate type provides the parameter types (§26.3.1).
In a lambda expression with a single, implicitly typed parameter, the parentheses may be omitted from the
parameter list. In other words, a lambda expression of the form
( param ) => expr

can be abbreviated to
param => expr
Some examples of lambda expressions follow below:

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C# 3.0 Specification

x => x + 1 // Implicitly typed, expression body

x => { return x + 1; } // Implicitly typed, statement body
(int x) => x + 1 // Explicitly typed, expression body
(int x) => { return x + 1; } // Explicitly typed, statement body
(x, y) => x * y // Multiple parameters
() => Console.WriteLine() // No parameters

In general, the specification of anonymous methods, provided in §21 of the C# 2.0 Specification, also applies to
lambda expressions. Lambda expressions are a functional superset of anonymous methods, providing the
following additional functionality:
• Lambda expressions permit parameter types to be omitted and inferred whereas anonymous methods require
parameter types to be explicitly stated.
• The body of a lambda expression can be an expression or a statement block whereas the body of an
anonymous method can only be a statement block.
• Lambda expressions passed as arguments participate in type argument inference (§26.3.2) and in method
overload resolution (§26.3.3).
• Lambda expressions with an expression body can be converted to expression trees (§26.8).

26.3.1 Lambda expression conversions

Similar to an anonymous-method-expression, a lambda-expression is classified as a value with special
conversion rules. The value does not have a type but can be implicitly converted to a compatible delegate type.
Specifically, a delegate type D is compatible with a lambda-expression L provided:
• D and L have the same number of parameters.

• If L has an explicitly typed parameter list, each parameter in D has the same type and modifiers as the
corresponding parameter in L.
• If L has an implicitly typed parameter list, D has no ref or out parameters.
• If D has a void return type and the body of L is an expression, when each parameter of L is given the type
of the corresponding parameter in D, the body of L is a valid expression that would be permitted as a
statement-expression (§8.6).
• If D has a void return type and the body of L is a statement block, when each parameter of L is given the
type of the corresponding parameter in D, the body of L is a valid statement block in which no return
statement specifies an expression.
• If D has a non-void return type and the body of L is an expression, when each parameter of L is given the
type of the corresponding parameter in D, the body of L is a valid expression that is implicitly convertible to
the return type of D.
• If D has a non-void return type and the body of L is a statement block, when each parameter of L is given the
type of the corresponding parameter in D, the body of L is a valid statement block with a non-reachable end
point in which each return statement specifies an expression that is implicitly convertible to the return
type of D.

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

The examples that follow use a generic delegate type Func<A,R> which represents a function taking an
argument of type A and returning a value of type R:
delegate R Func<A,R>(A arg);

In the assignments
Func<int,int> f1 = x => x + 1; // Ok
Func<int,double> f2 = x => x + 1; // Ok
Func<double,int> f3 = x => x + 1; // Error

the parameter and return types of each lambda expression are determined from the type of the variable to which
the lambda expression is assigned. The first assignment successfully converts the lambda expression to the
delegate type Func<int,int> because, when x is given type int, x + 1 is a valid expression that is implicitly
convertible to type int. Likewise, the second assignment successfully converts the lambda expression to the
delegate type Func<int,double> because the result of x + 1 (of type int) is implicitly convertible to type
double. However, the third assignment is a compile-time error because, when x is given type double, the
result of x + 1 (of type double) is not implicitly convertible to type int.

26.3.2 Type inference

When a generic method is called without specifying type arguments, a type inference process attempts to infer
type arguments for the call. Lambda expressions passed as arguments to the generic method participate in this
type inference process.
As described in §20.6.4, type inference first occurs independently for each argument. In this initial phase,
nothing is inferred from arguments that are lambda expressions. However, following the initial phase, additional
inferences are made from lambda expressions using an iterative process. Specifically, inferences are made as
long as one or more arguments exist for which all of the following are true:
• The argument is a lambda expression, in the following called L, from which no inferences have yet been
made.
• The corresponding parameter’s type, in the following called P, is a delegate type with a return type that
involves one or more method type parameters.
• P and L have the same number of parameters, and each parameter in P has the same modifiers as the
corresponding parameter in L, or no modifiers if L has an implicitly typed parameter list.
• P’s parameter types involve no method type parameters or involve only method type parameters for which a
consistent set of inferences have already been made.
• If L has an explicitly typed parameter list, when inferred types are substituted for method type parameters in
P, each parameter in P has the same type as the corresponding parameter in L.

• If L has an implicitly typed parameter list, when inferred types are substituted for method type parameters in
P and the resulting parameter types are given to the parameters of L, the body of L is a valid expression or
statement block.
• A return type can be inferred for L, as described below.
For each such argument, inferences are made from that argument by relating the return type of P with the
inferred return type of L and the new inferences are added to the accumulated set of inferences. This process is
repeated until no further inferences can be made.

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C# 3.0 Specification

For purposes of type inference and overload resolution, the inferred return type of a lambda expression L is
determined as follows:
• If the body of L is an expression, the type of that expression is the inferred return type of L.
• If the body of L is a statement block, if the set formed by the types of the expressions in the block’s return
statements contains exactly one type to which each type in the set is implicitly convertible, and if that type is
not the null type, then that type is the inferred return type of L.
• Otherwise, a return type cannot be inferred for L.
As an example of type inference involving lambda expressions, consider the Select extension method declared
in the System.Query.Sequence class:
namespace System.Query
{
public static class Sequence
{
public static IEnumerable<S> Select<T,S>(
this IEnumerable<T> source,
Func<T,S> selector)
{
foreach (T element in source) yield return selector(element);
}
}
}

Assuming the System.Query namespace was imported with a using clause, and given a class Customer with
a Name property of type string, the Select method can be used to select the names of a list of customers:
List<Customer> customers = GetCustomerList();
IEnumerable<string> names = customers.Select(c => c.Name);

The extension method invocation (§26.2.3) of Select is processed by rewriting the invocation to a static
method invocation:
IEnumerable<string> names = Sequence.Select(customers, c => c.Name);

Since type arguments were not explicitly specified, type inference is used to infer the type arguments. First, the
customers argument is related to the source parameter, inferring T to be Customer. Then, using the lambda
expression type inference process described above, c is given type Customer, and the expression c.Name is
related to the return type of the selector parameter, inferring S to be string. Thus, the invocation is
equivalent to
Sequence.Select<Customer,string>(customers, (Customer c) => c.Name)

and the result is of type IEnumerable<string>.

The following example demonstrates how lambda expression type inference allows type information to “flow”
between arguments in a generic method invocation. Given the method
static Z F<X,Y,Z>(X value, Func<X,Y> f1, Func<Y,Z> f2) {
return f2(f1(value));
}

type inference for the invocation

double seconds = F("1:15:30", s => TimeSpan.Parse(s), t => t.TotalSeconds);

proceeds as follows: First, the argument "1:15:30" is related to the value parameter, inferring X to be
string. Then, the parameter of the first lambda expression, s, is given the inferred type string, and the

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

expression TimeSpan.Parse(s) is related to the return type of f1, inferring Y to be System.TimeSpan.

Finally, the parameter of the second lambda expression, t, is given the inferred type System.TimeSpan, and
the expression t.TotalSeconds is related to the return type of f2, inferring Z to be double. Thus, the result
of the invocation is of type double.

26.3.3 Overload resolution

Lambda expressions in an argument list affect overload resolution in certain situations.
The following rule augments §7.4.2.3: Given a lambda expression L for which an inferred return type (§26.3.2)
exists, an implicit conversion of L to a delegate type D1 is a better conversion than an implicit conversion of L to
a delegate type D2 if D1 and D2 have identical parameter lists and the implicit conversion from L’s inferred return
type to D1’s return type is a better conversion than the implicit conversion from L’s inferred return type to D2’s
return type. If these conditions are not true, neither conversion is better.
The following example illustrates the effect of this rule.
class ItemList<T>: List<T>
{
public int Sum<T>(Func<T,int> selector) {
int sum = 0;
foreach (T item in this) sum += selector(item);
return sum;
}
public double Sum<T>(Func<T,double> selector) {
double sum = 0;
foreach (T item in this) sum += selector(item);
return sum;
}
}

The ItemList<T> class has two Sum methods. Each takes a selector argument, which extracts the value to
sum over from a list item. The extracted value can be either an int or a double and the resulting sum is
likewise either an int or a double.
The Sum methods could for example be used to compute sums from a list of detail lines in an order.
class Detail
{
public int UnitCount;
public double UnitPrice;
...
}
void ComputeSums() {
ItemList<Detail> orderDetails = GetOrderDetails(...);
int totalUnits = orderDetails.Sum(d => d.UnitCount);
double orderTotal = orderDetails.Sum(d => d.UnitPrice * d.UnitCount);
...
}

In the first invocation of orderDetails.Sum, both Sum methods are applicable because the lambda expression
d => d.UnitCount is compatible with both Func<Detail,int> and Func<Detail,double>. However,
overload resolution picks the first Sum method because the conversion to Func<Detail,int> is better than the
conversion to Func<Detail,double>.
In the second invocation of orderDetails.Sum, only the second Sum method is applicable because the
lambda expression d => d.UnitPrice * d.UnitCount produces a value of type double. Thus, overload
resolution picks the second Sum method for that invocation.

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C# 3.0 Specification

26.4 Object and collection initializers

An object creation expression (§7.5.10.1) may include an object or collection initializer which initializes the
members of the newly created object or the elements of the newly created collection.
object-creation-expression:
new type ( argument-listopt ) object-or-collection-initializeropt
new type object-or-collection-initializer
object-or-collection-initializer:
object-initializer
collection-initializer
An object creation expression can omit the constructor argument list and enclosing parentheses provided it
includes an object or collection initializer. Omitting the constructor argument list and enclosing parentheses is
equivalent to specifying an empty argument list.
Execution of an object creation expression that includes an object or collection initializer consists of first
invoking the instance constructor and then performing the member or element initializations specified by the
object or collection initializer.
It is not possible for an object or collection initializer to refer to the object instance being initialized.

26.4.1 Object initializers

An object initializer specifies values for one or more fields or properties of an object.
object-initializer:
{ member-initializer-listopt }
{ member-initializer-list , }
member-initializer-list:
member-initializer
member-initializer-list , member-initializer
member-initializer:
identifier = initializer-value
initializer-value:
expression
object-or-collection-initializer
An object initializer consists of a sequence of member initializers, enclosed by { and } tokens and separated by
commas. Each member initializer must name an accessible field or property of the object being initialized,
followed by an equals sign and an expression or an object or collection initializer. It is an error for an object
initializer to include more than one member initializer for the same field or property.
A member initializer that specifies an expression after the equals sign is processed in the same way as an
assignment (§7.13.1) to the field or property.
A member initializer that specifies an object initializer after the equals sign is an initialization of an embedded
object. Instead of assigning a new value to the field or property, the assignments in the object initializer are
treated as assignments to members of the field or property. A property of a value type cannot be initialized using
this construct.
A member initializer that specifies a collection initializer after the equals sign is an initialization of an embedded
collection. Instead of assigning a new collection to the field or property, the elements given in the initializer are

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

added to the collection referenced by the field or property. The field or property must be of a collection type that
satisfies the requirements specified in §26.4.2.
The following class represents a point with two coordinates:
public class Point
{
int x, y;
public int X { get { return x; } set { x = value; } }
public int Y { get { return y; } set { y = value; } }
}

An instance of Point can be created and initialized as follows:

var a = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 };

which has the same effect as

var a = new Point();
a.X = 0;
a.Y = 1;

The following class represents a rectangle created from two points:

public class Rectangle
{
Point p1, p2;
public Point P1 { get { return p1; } set { p1 = value; } }
public Point P2 { get { return p2; } set { p2 = value; } }
}

An instance of Rectangle can be created and initialized as follows:

var r = new Rectangle {
P1 = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 },
P2 = new Point { X = 2, Y = 3 }
};

which has the same effect as

var r = new Rectangle();
var __p1 = new Point();
__p1.X = 0;
__p1.Y = 1;
r.P1 = __p1;
var __p2 = new Point();
__p2.X = 2;
__p2.Y = 3;
r.P2 = __p2;

where __p1 and __p2 are temporary variables that are otherwise invisible and inaccessible.
If Rectangle’s constructor allocates the two embedded Point instances
public class Rectangle
{
Point p1 = new Point();
Point p2 = new Point();
public Point P1 { get { return p1; } }
public Point P2 { get { return p2; } }
}

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C# 3.0 Specification

the following construct can be used to initialize the embedded Point instances instead of assigning new
instances:
var r = new Rectangle {
P1 = { X = 0, Y = 1 },
P2 = { X = 2, Y = 3 }
};

which has the same effect as

var r = new Rectangle();
r.P1.X = 0;
r.P1.Y = 1;
r.P2.X = 2;
r.P2.Y = 3;

26.4.2 Collection initializers

A collection initializer specifies the elements of a collection.
collection-initializer:
{ element-initializer-list }
{ element-initializer-list , }
element-initializer-list:
element-initializer
element-initializer-list , element-initializer
element-initializer:
non-assignment-expression
A collection initializer consists of a sequence of element initializers, enclosed by { and } tokens and separated
by commas. Each element initializer specifies an element to be added to the collection object being initialized.
To avoid ambiguity with member initializers, element initializers cannot be assignment expressions. The non-
assignment-expression production is defined in §26.3.
The following is an example of an object creation expression that includes a collection initializer:
List<int> digits = new List<int> { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };

The collection object to which a collection initializer is applied must be of a type that implements
System.Collections.Generic.ICollection<T> for exactly one T. Furthermore, an implicit conversion
(§6.1) must exist from the type of each element initializer to T. A compile-time error occurs if these
requirements are not satisfied. A collection initializer invokes the ICollection<T>.Add(T) method for each
specified element in order.
The following class represents a contact with a name and a list of phone numbers:
public class Contact
{
string name;
List<string> phoneNumbers = new List<string>();
public string Name { get { return name; } set { name = value; } }
public List<string> PhoneNumbers { get { return phoneNumbers; } }
}

A List<Contact> can be created and initialized as follows:

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

var contacts = new List<Contact> {

new Contact {
Name = "Chris Smith",
PhoneNumbers = { "206-555-0101", "425-882-8080" }
},
new Contact {
Name = "Bob Harris",
PhoneNumbers = { "650-555-0199" }
}
};

which has the same effect as

var contacts = new List<Contact>();
var __c1 = new Contact();
__c1.Name = "Chris Smith";
__c1.PhoneNumbers.Add("206-555-0101");
__c1.PhoneNumbers.Add("425-882-8080");
contacts.Add(__c1);
var __c2 = new Contact();
__c2.Name = "Bob Harris";
__c2.PhoneNumbers.Add("650-555-0199");
contacts.Add(__c2);

where __c1 and __c2 are temporary variables that are otherwise invisible and inaccessible.

26.5 Anonymous types

C# 3.0 permits the new operator to be used with an anonymous object initializer to create an object of an
anonymous type.
primary-no-array-creation-expression:
…
anonymous-object-creation-expression
anonymous-object-creation-expression:
new anonymous-object-initializer
anonymous-object-initializer:
{ member-declarator-listopt }
{ member-declarator-list , }
member-declarator-list:
member-declarator
member-declarator-list , member-declarator
member-declarator:
simple-name
member-access
identifier = expression
An anonymous object initializer declares an anonymous type and returns an instance of that type. An
anonymous type is a nameless class type that inherits directly from object. The members of an anonymous
type are a sequence of read/write properties inferred from the object initializer(s) used to create instances of the
type. Specifically, an anonymous object initializer of the form
new { p1 = e1 , p2 = e2 , … pn = en }

declares an anonymous type of the form

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C# 3.0 Specification

class __Anonymous1
{
private T1 f1 ;
private T2 f2 ;
…
private Tn fn ;

public T1 p1 { get { return f1 ; } set { f1 = value ; } }

public T2 p2 { get { return f2 ; } set { f2 = value ; } }
…
public T1 p1 { get { return f1 ; } set { f1 = value ; } }
}

where each Tx is the type of the corresponding expression ex. It is a compile-time error for an expression in an
anonymous object initializer to be of the null type.
The name of an anonymous type is automatically generated by the compiler and cannot be referenced in
program text.
Within the same program, two anonymous object initializers that specify a sequence of properties of the same
names and types in the same order will produce instances of the same anonymous type. (This definition includes
the order of the properties because it is observable and material in certain circumstances, such as reflection.)
In the example
var p1 = new { Name = "Lawnmower", Price = 495.00 };
var p2 = new { Name = "Shovel", Price = 26.95 };
p1 = p2;

the assignment on the last line is permitted because p1 and p2 are of the same anonymous type.
A member declarator can be abbreviated to a simple name (§7.5.2) or a member access (§7.5.4). This is called a
projection initializer and is shorthand for a declaration of and assignment to a property with the same name.
Specifically, member declarators of the forms
identifier expr . identifier
are precisely equivalent to the following, respectively:
identifer = identifier identifier = expr . identifier
Thus, in a projection initializer the identifier selects both the value and the field or property to which the value is
assigned. Intuitively, a projection initializer projects not just a value, but also the name of the value.

26.6 Implicitly typed arrays

The syntax of array creation expressions (§7.5.10.2) is extended to support implicitly typed array creation
expressions:
array-creation-expression:
…
new [ ] array-initializer
In an implicitly typed array creation expression, the type of the array instance is inferred from the elements
specified in the array initializer. Specifically, the set formed by the types of the expressions in the array
initializer must contain exactly one type to which each type in the set is implicitly convertible, and if that type is

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

not the null type, an array of that type is created. If exactly one type cannot be inferred, or if the inferred type is
the null type, a compile-time error occurs.
The following are examples of implicitly typed array creation expressions:
var a = new[] { 1, 10, 100, 1000 }; // int[]
var b = new[] { 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 }; // double[]
var c = new[] { "hello", null, "world” }; // string[]
var d = new[] { 1, "one", 2, "two" }; // Error

The last expression causes a compile-time error because neither int nor string is implicitly convertible to the
other. An explicitly typed array creation expression must be used in this case, for example specifying the type to
be object[]. Alternatively, one of the elements can be cast to a common base type, which would then become
the inferred element type.
Implicitly typed array creation expressions can be combined with anonymous object initializers to create
anonymously typed data structures. For example:
var contacts = new[] {
new {
Name = "Chris Smith",
PhoneNumbers = new[] { "206-555-0101", "425-882-8080" }
},
new {
Name = "Bob Harris",
PhoneNumbers = new[] { "650-555-0199" }
}
};

26.7 Query expressions

Query expressions provide a language integrated syntax for queries that is similar to relational and hierarchical
query languages such as SQL and XQuery.
query-expression:
from-clause query-body
from-clause:
from typeopt identifier in expression join-clausesopt
join-clauses:
join-clause
join-clauses join-clause
join-clause:
join typeopt identifier in expression on expression equals expression
join typeopt identifier in expression on expression equals expression into identifier
query-body:
from-let-where-clausesopt orderby-clauseopt select-or-group-clause query-continuationopt
from-let-where-clauses:
from-let-where-clause
from-let-where-clauses from-let-where-clause

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C# 3.0 Specification

from-let-where-clause:
from-clause
let-clause
where-clause
let-clause:
let identifier = expression
where-clause:
where boolean-expression
orderby-clause:
orderby orderings
orderings:
ordering
orderings , ordering
ordering:
expression ordering-directionopt
ordering-direction:
ascending
descending
select-or-group-clause:
select-clause
group-clause
select-clause:
select expression
group-clause:
group expression by expression
query-continuation:
into identifier join-clausesopt query-body

A query-expression is classified as a non-assignment-expression, the definition of which occurs in §26.3.

A query expression begins with a from clause and ends with either a select or group clause. The initial from
clause can be followed by zero or more from, let, or where clauses. Each from clause is a generator that
introduces one or more iteration variables ranging over a sequence or a join of multiple sequences, each let
clause computes a value and introduces an identifier representing that value, and each where clause is a filter
that excludes items from the result. The final select or group clause specifies the shape of the result in terms
of the iteration variable(s). The select or group clause may be preceded by an orderby clause that specifies
an ordering for the result. Finally, an into clause can be used to “splice” queries by treating the results of one
query as a generator in a subsequent query.

26.7.1 Query expression translation

The C# 3.0 language does not specify the exact execution semantics of query expressions. Rather, C# 3.0
translates query expressions into invocations of methods that adhere to the query expression pattern.
Specifically, query expressions are translated into invocations of methods named Where, Select,
SelectMany, Join, GroupJoin, OrderBy, OrderByDescending, ThenBy, ThenByDescending,
GroupBy, and Cast that are expected to have particular signatures and result types, as described in §26.7.2.

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

These methods can be instance methods of the object being queried or extension methods that are external to the
object, and they implement the actual execution of the query.
The translation from query expressions to method invocations is a syntactic mapping that occurs before any type
binding or overload resolution has been performed. The translation is guaranteed to be syntactically correct, but
it is not guaranteed to produce semantically correct C# code. Following translation of query expressions, the
resulting method invocations are processed as regular method invocations, and this may in turn uncover errors,
for example if the methods do not exist, if arguments have wrong types, or if the methods are generic and type
inference fails.
A query expression is processed by repeatedly applying the following translations until no further reductions are
possible. The translations are listed in order of precedence: each section assumes that the translations in the
preceding sections have been performed exhaustively.
Certain translations inject iteration variables with transparent identifiers denoted by *. The special properties of
transparent identifiers are discussed further in §26.7.1.9.

26.7.1.1 Select and groupby clauses with continuations

A query expression with a continuation
from … into x …

is translated into
from x in ( from … ) …

The translations in the following sections assume that queries have no into continuations.
The example
from c in customers
group c by c.Country into g
select new { Country = g.Key, CustCount = g.Count() }

is translated into
from g in
from c in customers
group c by c.Country
select new { Country = g.Key, CustCount = g.Count() }

the final translation of which is

customers.
GroupBy(c => c.Country).
Select(g => new { Country = g.Key, CustCount = g.Count() })

26.7.1.2 Explicit iteration variable types

Note
The C# 3.0 compiler included in the May 2006 Technology Preview does not support explicitly typed iteration variables.
Explicit typing can be provided by manually invoking the Cast<T> operator.

A from clause that explicitly specifies an iteration variable type

from T x in e

is translated into

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C# 3.0 Specification

from x in ( e ) . Cast < T > ( )

A join clause that explicitly specifies an iteration variable type

join T x in e on k1 equals k2

is translated into
join x in ( e ) . Cast < T > ( ) on k1 equals k2

The translations in the following sections assume that queries have no explicit iteration variable types.
The example
from Customer c in customers
where c.City == "London"
select c

is translated into
from c in customers.Cast<Customer>()
where c.City == "London"
select c

the final translation of which is

customers.
Cast<Customer>().
Where(c => c.City == "London")

Explicit iteration variable types are useful for querying collections that implement the non-generic
IEnumerable interface, but not the generic IEnumerable<T> interface. In the example above, this would be
the case if customers were of type ArrayList.

26.7.1.3 Join clauses

A from clause followed by a join clause without an into followed by a select clause
from x1 in e1 join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 select v

is translated into
from t in ( e1 ) . Join ( e2 , x1 => k1 , x2 => k2 , ( x1 , x2 ) => v )

select t

where t is a compiler-generated unique identifier.

A from clause followed by a join clause with an into followed by a select clause
from x1 in e1 join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 into g select v

is translated into
from t in ( e1 ) . GroupJoin ( e2 , x1 => k1 , x2 => k2 , ( x1 , g ) => v )

select t

where t is a compiler-generated unique identifier.

A from clause followed by a join clause without an into followed by something other than a select clause

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

from x1 in e1 join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2

is translated into
from * in (

from x1 in e1 join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 select new { x1 , x2 }

)

A from clause followed by a join clause with an into followed by something other than a select clause
from x1 in e1 join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 into g

is translated into
from * in (

from x1 in e1 join x2 in e2 on k1 equals k2 into g select new { x1 , g }

)

The translations in the following sections assume that queries have no join clauses.
The example
from c in customers
join o in orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID
select new { c.Name, o.OrderDate, o.Total }

has the final translation

customers.Join(orders, c => c.CustomerID, o => o.CustomerID,
(c, o) => new { c.Name, o.OrderDate, o.Total })

The example
from c in customers
join o in orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into co
let n = co.Count()
where n >= 10
select new { c.Name, OrderCount = n }

is translated into
from * in
from c in customers
join o in orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into co
select new { c, co }
let n = co.Count()
where n >= 10
select new { c.Name, OrderCount = n }

the final translation of which is

customers.
GroupJoin(orders, c => c.CustomerID, o => o.CustomerID,
(c, co) => new { c, co }).
Select(x => new { x, n = x.co.Count() }).
Where(y => y.n >= 10).
Select(y => new { y.x.c.Name, OrderCount = y.n)

where x and y are compiler generated identifiers that are otherwise invisible and inaccessible.

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C# 3.0 Specification

26.7.1.4 Let and where clauses

A from clause immediately followed by a let clause
from x in e let y = f

is translated into
from * in (

from x in e select new { x , y = f }

)

A from clause immediately followed by a where clause

from x in e where f

is translated into
from x in ( e ) . Where ( x => f )

The translations in the following sections assume that queries have no let or where clauses.
The example
from o in orders
let t = o.Details.Sum(d => d.UnitPrice * d.Quantity)
where t >= 1000
select new { o.OrderID, Total = t }

is translated into
from * in
from o in orders
select new { o, t = o.Details.Sum(d => d.UnitPrice * d.Quantity) }
where t >= 1000
select new { o.OrderID, Total = t }

the final translation of which is

orders.
Select(o => new { o, t = o.Details.Sum(d => d.UnitPrice * d.Quantity) }).
Where(x => x.t >= 1000).
Select(x => new { x.o.OrderID, Total = x.t })

where x is a compiler generated identifier that is otherwise invisible and inaccessible.

26.7.1.5 Multiple generators

Two from clauses followed by a select clause
from x1 in e1 from x2 in e2 select v

is translated into
from t in ( e1 ) . SelectMany ( x1 => from x2 in e2 select v ) select t

where t is a compiler-generated unique identifier.

Two or more from clauses followed by something other than a select clause
from x1 in e1 from x2 in e2 …

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

is translated into
from * in (

from x1 in e1 from x2 in e2 … select new { x1 , x2 … }

)

The translations in the following sections assume that queries have only one from clause.
The example
from c in customers
from o in c.Orders
select new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total }

is translated into
from t in
customers.SelectMany(c =>
from o in c.Orders
select new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total }
)
select t

the final translation of which is

customers.
SelectMany(c =>
c.Orders.
Select(o => new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total })
)

The example
from c in customers
from o in c.Orders
orderby o.Total descending
select new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total }

is translated into
from * in
from c in customers
from o in c.Orders
select new { c, o }
orderby o.Total descending
select new { c.Name, o.OrderID, o.Total }

the final translation of which is

customers.
SelectMany(c =>
c.Orders.
Select(o => new { c, o })
).
OrderByDescending(x => x.o.Total).
Select(x => new { x.c.Name, x.o.OrderID, x.o.Total })

where x is a compiler generated identifier that is otherwise invisible and inaccessible.

26.7.1.6 Orderby clauses

A query expression having an orderby clause

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C# 3.0 Specification

from x in e orderby k1 , k2 …

is translated into
from x in ( e ) . OrderBy ( x => k1 ) . ThenBy ( x => k2 ) …

If an ordering clause specifies a descending direction indicator, an invocation of OrderByDescending or

ThenByDescending is produced instead.

The translations in the following sections assume that queries have no orderby clause.
The example
from o in orders
orderby o.Customer.Name, o.Total descending
select o

has the final translation

orders.
OrderBy(o => o.Customer.Name).
ThenByDescending(o => o.Total)

26.7.1.7 Select clauses

A query expression of the form
from x in e select v

is translated into
( e ) . Select ( x => v )

except when v is the identifier x, the translation is simply

( e )

For example
from c in customers
select c

is simply translated into

customers

26.7.1.8 Groupby clauses

A query expression of the form
from x in e group v by k

is translated into
( e ) . GroupBy ( x => k , x => v )

except when v is the identifier x, the translation is

( e ) . GroupBy ( x => k )

The example

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

from c in customers
group c.Name by c.Country

is translated into
customers.
GroupBy(c => c.Country, c => c.Name)

26.7.1.9 Transparent identifiers

Certain translations inject iteration variables with transparent identifiers denoted by *. Transparent identifiers
are not a proper language feature; they exist only as an intermediate step in the query expression translation
process.
When a query translation injects a transparent identifier, further translation steps propagate the transparent
identifier into lambda expressions and anonymous object initializers. In those contexts, transparent identifiers
have the following behavior:
• When a transparent identifier occurs as a parameter in a lambda expression, the members of the associated
anonymous type are automatically in scope in the body of the lambda expression.
• When a member with a transparent identifier is in scope, its members are in scope as well.
• When a transparent identifier occurs as a member declarator in an anonymous object initializer, it introduces
a member with a transparent identifier.
The example
from c in customers
from o in c.Orders
orderby o.Total descending
select new { c.Name, o.Total }

is translated into
from * in
from c in customers
from o in c.Orders
select new { c, o }
orderby o.Total descending
select new { c.Name, o.Total }

which is further translated into

customers.
SelectMany(c => c.Orders.Select(o => new { c, o })).
OrderByDescending(* => o.Total).
Select(* => new { c.Name, o.Total })

which, when transparent identifiers are erased, is equivalent to

customers.
SelectMany(c => c.Orders.Select(o => new { c, o })).
OrderByDescending(x => x.o.Total).
Select(x => new { x.c.Name, x.o.Total })

where x is a compiler generated identifier that is otherwise invisible and inaccessible.

The example

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C# 3.0 Specification

from c in customers
join o in orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID
join d in details on o.OrderID equals d.OrderID
join p in products on d.ProductID equals p.ProductID
select new { c.Name, o.OrderDate, p.ProductName }

is translated into
from * in
from * in
from * in
from c in customers
join o in orders o c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID
select new { c, o }
join d in details on o.OrderID equals d.OrderID
select new { *, d }
join p in products on d.ProductID equals p.ProductID
select new { *, p }
select new { c.Name, o.OrderDate, p.ProductName }

which is further reduced to

customers.
Join(orders, c => c.CustomerID, o => o.CustomerID,
(c, o) => new { c, o }).
Join(details, * => o.OrderID, d => d.OrderID,
(*, d) => new { *, d }).
Join(products, * => d.ProductID, p => p.ProductID,
(*, p) => new { *, p }).
Select(* => new { c.Name, o.OrderDate, p.ProductName })

the final translation of which is

customers.
Join(orders, c => c.CustomerID, o => o.CustomerID,
(c, o) => new { c, o }).
Join(details, x => x.o.OrderID, d => d.OrderID,
(x, d) => new { x, d }).
Join(products, y => y.d.ProductID, p => p.ProductID,
(y, p) => new { y, p }).
Select(z => new { z.y.x.c.Name, z.y.x.o.OrderDate, z.p.ProductName })

where x, y, and z are compiler generated identifiers that are otherwise invisible and inaccessible.

26.7.2 The query expression pattern

The Query Expression Pattern establishes a pattern of methods that types can implement to support query
expressions. Because query expressions are translated to method invocations by means of a syntactic mapping,
types have considerable flexibility in how they implement the query expression pattern. For example, the
methods of the pattern can be implemented as instance methods or as extension methods because the two have
the same invocation syntax, and the methods can request delegates or expression trees because lambda
expressions are convertible to both.
The recommended shape of a generic type C<T> that supports the query expression pattern is shown below. A
generic type is used in order to illustrate the proper relationships between parameter and result types, but it is
possible to implement the pattern for non-generic types as well.
delegate R Func<T1,R>(T1 arg1);
delegate R Func<T1,T2,R>(T1 arg1, T2 arg2);

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 Chapter 26 Overview of C# 3.0

class C
{
public C<T> Cast<T>();
}
class C<T>
{
public C<T> Where(Func<T,bool> predicate);
public C<U> Select<U>(Func<T,U> selector);
public C<U> SelectMany<U>(Func<T,C<U>> selector);
public C<V> Join<U,K,V>(C<U> inner, Func<T,K> outerKeySelector,
Func<U,K> innerKeySelector, Func<T,U,V> resultSelector);
public C<V> GroupJoin<U,K,V>(C<U> inner, Func<T,K> outerKeySelector,
Func<U,K> innerKeySelector, Func<T,C<U>,V> resultSelector);
public O<T> OrderBy<K>(Func<T,K> keySelector);
public O<T> OrderByDescending<K>(Func<T,K> keySelector);
public C<G<K,T>> GroupBy<K>(Func<T,K> keySelector);
public C<G<K,E>> GroupBy<K,E>(Func<T,K> keySelector,
Func<T,E> elementSelector);
}
class O<T> : C<T>
{
public O<T> ThenBy<K>(Func<T,K> keySelector);
public O<T> ThenByDescending<K>(Func<T,K> keySelector);
}
class G<K,T> : C<T>
{
public K Key { get; }
}

The methods above use the generic delegate types Func<T1, R> and Func<T1, T2, R>, but they could equally
well have used other delegate or expression tree types with the same relationships in parameter and result types.
Notice the recommended relationship between C<T> and O<T> which ensures that the ThenBy and
ThenByDescending methods are available only on the result of an OrderBy or OrderByDescending. Also
notice the recommended shape of the result of GroupBy—a sequence of sequences, where each inner sequence
has an additional Key property.
The Standard Query Operators (described in a separate specification) provide an implementation of the query
operator pattern for any type that implements the System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<T>
interface.

26.8 Expression trees

Expression trees permit lambda expressions to be represented as data structures instead of executable code. A
lambda expression that is convertible to a delegate type D is also convertible to an expression tree of type
System.Query.Expression<D>. Whereas the conversion of a lambda expression to a delegate type causes
executable code to be generated and referenced by a delegate, conversion to an expression tree type causes code
that creates an expression tree instance to be emitted. Expression trees are efficient in-memory data
representations of lambda expressions and make the structure of the expression transparent and explicit.

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C# 3.0 Specification

The following example represents a lambda expression both as executable code and as an expression tree.
Because a conversion exists to Func<int,int>, a conversion also exists to Expression<Func<int,int>>.
Func<int,int> f = x => x + 1; // Code
Expression<Func<int,int>> e = x => x + 1; // Data

Following these assignments, the delegate f references a method that returns x + 1, and the expression tree e
references a data structure that describes the expression x + 1.
Note
The structure of expression trees will be covered in a separate specification. This specification is not available for the
May 2006 Technology Preview.

26 Copyright  Microsoft Corporation 2006. All Rights Reserved.