1|Page

ELECTRICAL LAB MANUAL

VOLUME - 1
2|Page

EXPERIMENT NO - 1
SAFETY SIGNS FOR DANGER, WARNINGS,
CAUTION MESSAGE

DANGER: Indicate[s] a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious
injury. The signal word "DANGER" is to be limited to the most extreme situations. DANGER
[signs] should not be used for property damage hazards unless personal injury risk appropriate to
these levels is also involved.

Warning: Indicate[s] a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury. WARNING [signs] should not be used for property damage hazards unless personal
injury risk appropriate to this level is also involved.

Caution: Indicate[s] a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in minor or
moderate injury. CAUTION [signs] without a safety alert symbol may be
used to alert against unsafe practices that can result in property damage only.
3|Page

Notice: [this header is] preferred to address practices not related to personal injury. The safety
alert symbol shall not be used with this signal word. As an alternative to NOTICE the word
CAUTION without the safety alert symbol may be used to indicate a message not related to
personal injury.
4|Page

RESULT:-
5|Page

EXPERIMENT NO - 2
FAMILIARISATION OF ELECTRICAL TOOLS AND
PRACTICES
INTRODUCTION
Electric power is supplied for commercial and residential use in three phases with a neutral. Some
of the low power consumption residential connections will have only a single phase with a neutral.
The single-phase AC supply is 230V but a three-phase supply is 440V.

SAFETY MEASURES
1. Use approved tools, equipments and protective devices.
2. Do not work under poor light or when you are tired.
3. Do not work in damp areas or in wet shoes or clothes.
4. Keep tools and equipments clean and in good working condition.
5. Read all instructions carefully before using the appliances.
6. To prevent electrical hazards, DO NOT immerse appliances in water or
Other liquids.
7. Always unplug an appliance before cleaning, or whenever it is not in use.
Ensure that you pull by the plug and not the cord.
8. DO NOT operate any appliance with a damaged cord or plug.
9. Always use an appliance on a dry, level surface.
10. Keep appliances away from heated surfaces and open flames.
11. Check the electric power supply from the switch position.

TOOLS USED IN WIRING

PLIERS
Pliers are used to cut wire and also to hold it. Pliers have an insulated handle. Long nose pliers are
used to hold wires in small space and also to tighten or loose small nuts.

SCREW DRIVERS
Screw drivers are used to tighten screws in the switches and electrical machines. Screw drivers of
various sizes are used. Normally screw drivers used in electrical work are insulated.

HAMMERS
Ball peen and claw hammers are commonly used in electrical work where greater power is required
striking.
6|Page

HACKSAW

A hacksaw is used to cut cable armour, conduit pipes, etc. it has a frame where the blade is tightened
by means of a wing nut.

LINE

A line tester is used to check the electric supply in the line or phase wire. It has a small neon bulb
which indicates the presence of power supply. It can also be used as a screw driver to tighten small
screws in switches.
7|Page

MEASURING TAPE
A measuring tape is used to measure the length of the wire and also to mark the positions of the
switches and other electrical fittings.

WIRES
An electric wire is a copper or aluminum insulated wire and has one or more twisted stands.
Vulcanized Indian Rubber (VIR) wire, cotton flexible or rubber flexible wire and poly vinyl chloride
(PVC) wires are commonly used in house wiring.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT
There are three types of circuits. They are
Open circuit
Closed circuit

Short circuit

OPEN CIRCUIT

If the switch used in the circuit is in off position, then the circuit is said to be open circuit. There will
not be any flow of current in open circuit.

CLOSED CIRCUIT
If the switch used in the circuit is in on position, then the circuit is said to be closed circuit. There
will be normal flow of current in closed circuit.
8|Page

SHORT CIRCUIT

When the positive terminal and negative terminal of any circuit comes in contact and very high current
flows through the circuit, then it is called as short Electrical Circuit.

An electrical circuit should consist of the following.

An energy source is used to provide the voltage needed to force the current
9|Page

Through the circuit.

Conductor is used through which the current can flow.
A load (resistor) is used to control the amount of current and to convert the Electrical energy into
other forms.
A control device (switch) is used to start or stop the flow of current.

TYPICAL LIGHTING CIRCUITS

House wiring is as simple as one lamp is controlled by one switch or may be a special requirement
of controlling one lamp from two or more number Of places. Such type of circuits is used for
staircase, bedroom and corridor lighting Systems. The basic principle involved in such circuits and the
requirement of additional special accessories are discussed below:
BEDROOM LIGHTING
A bedroom requires one lamp at the dressing table controlled by a switch and one lamp just above the
bed which may require dual control by two 2 way switches, one provided near the entrance (door) and
the other provided above the bed. The circuit which describes the lighting in bedroom is as follows:

WIRING
WIRING METHODS
A circuit is a path along which the electric current flows from the negative Side of the power source to
the positive side. There are three types of electrical circuit.
(i) Series circuit
(ii) Parallel circuit
(iii) Combination of series and parallel circuit.

SERIES CIRCUIT
The series circuit provides a single, continuous path through which current flows. In this the devices
are connected one after another and the current flows through them until it returns to the power
source. The circuit is shown in fig. Hence, even when one device breaks down the remaining devices
will not operate because the circuit is broken.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
In parallel circuit the devices are connected side by side so that, current flows in a number of parallel
path. The parallel circuit is shown in fig. In this type of circuit each device is connected across the
power source so that even if one device breaks down, the other devices continue to operate. Hence this
type of circuit is used in home wiring.
10 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 3
IE RULES AND SPECIFICATION OF
MATERIALS
AIM :
To Work Accordance With IE Rules.

THEORY:

The main features of the Indian Electricity act are as follows:

1. Generation is being de-licensed and captive generation freely permitted, i.e. any generating
company may establish, operate and maintain a generating station without obtaining a license
under this Act with the only exception that it should comply with the technical standards relating
to connectivity with the grid referred to in clause (b) of section 73.
Note: Hydro-projects, however, need concurrence from the Central Electricity
Authority.
2. No person shall
(a)transmit electricity; or
(b)distribute electricity; or
(c)undertake trading in electricity,
unless he is authorized to do so by a licence issued, exceptions are informed by
authorised commissions through notifications.
3. Central Government may, make region-wise demarcation of the country, and, from time to
time, make such modifications therein as it may consider necessary for the efficient, economical
and integrated transmission and supply of electricity, and in particular to facilitate voluntary inter-
connections and co-ordination of facilities for the inter-State, regional and inter-regional
generation and transmission of electricity.
Transmission utility at the central and state level to be a government company with responsibility
of planned and coordinated development of transmission network.
4. Open access in transmission with provision for surcharge for taking care of current level of
cross-subsidy, with the surcharge being gradually phased out.
5. The state governments are required to unbundle State Electricity Boards. However they may
continue with them as distribution licensees and state transmission utilities.
6. Setting up State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) has been made mandatory.
7. An appellate tribunal to hear appeals against the decision of (CERC's) and SERC's.
8. Metering of electricity supplied made mandatory.
9. Provisions related to thefts of electricity made more stringent.
10. Trading as a distinct activity recognised with the safeguard of Regulatory
commissions being authorised to fix ceiling on trading margins.
11. For rural and remote areas, stand-alone system for generation and distribution is
11 | P a g e

permitted.
12. Thrust to complete rural electrification and provide for management of rural distribution by
panchayat, cooperative societies, NGOs, franchisees etc.
13. Central government to prepare National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy.
14. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) to prepare National Electricity Plan.
Indian Electricity Rule
1) Cut-out on consumers premises:
The supplier shall provide a suitable cut-out in each conductor of every service-line other than an
earthed or earthed neutral conductor or the earthed external conductor of a concentric cable
within a consumers premises, in an accessible position.
2) Danger Notices:
The owner of every medium, high and extra-high voltage installation shall affix permanently in a
conspicuous position a danger notice in Hindi or English and the local language of the district,
with a sign of skull and Bones
3) Cables :
Where the protection is by means of metallic covering, the covering shall be in metallic connection
with the frame of any such apparatus and earth
4) Safety:
Two or more gas masks shall be provided conspicuously and installed and maintained at accessible
places in every generating station with capacity of 5 MW and above and enclosed sub-station with
transformation capacity of 5 MVA and above for use in the event of fire or smoke.
5) High Voltage Equipments installations
High Voltage equipments shall have the IR value as stipulated in the relevant Indian Standard.
6) Every switchboard shall comply with the following provisions, namely:
A clear space of not less than 1 meter in width shall be provided in front of the
switchboard;
If there are any attachments or bare connections at the back of the switchboard, the
space (if any) behind the switchboard shall be either less than 20 centimeters or
more than 75 centimeters in width, measured from the farthest outstanding part of
any attachment or conductor;
If the space behind the switchboard exceeds 75 centimeters in width, there shall be a
passage-way from either end of the switchboard clear to a height of 1.8 meters.
7) Declared voltage of supply to consumer:
In the case of low or medium voltage, by more than 6 per cent, or; In the case of high voltage, by
more than 6 per cent on the higher side or by more than 9 per cent on the lower side, or; In case
of extra-high voltage, by more than 10 per cent on the higher side or by more than 12.5 per cent
on the lower side.
8) Declared frequency of supply to consumer
Except with the written consent of the consumer or with the previous sanction of the State
Government a supplier shall not permit the frequency of an alternating current supply to vary
from the declared frequency by more than 3 per cent.
9) Meters, maximum demand indicators and other apparatus on consumers premises
In the case of a system comprising electric supply lines having concentric cables, the
external conductor of such cables shall be earthed by two separate and distinct
12 | P a g e

connections with earth.

The connection with earth may include a link by means of which the connection may be
temporarily interrupted for the purpose of testing or for locating a fault. All metal castings or
metallic coverings containing or protecting any electric supply line or apparatus shall be connected
with earth and shall be so joined and connectedacross all junction boxes and other openings as to
make good mechanical and electrical connection throughout their whole length.
10) Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor

11) Connection with earth:

In case of the delta connected system the neutral point shall be obtained by the insertion of a
grounding transformer and current limiting resistance or impedance wherever considered
necessary at the commencement of such a system. Where the earthing lead and earth connection
are used only in connection with earthing guards erected under high or extra-high voltage
overhead lines where they cross a telecommunication line or a railway line, and where such lines
are equipped with earth leakage relays of a type and setting approved by the Inspector, the
resistance shall not exceed 25 ohms.
11) Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor
No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected across a street shall at any part
thereof be at a height of less than:
For low and medium voltage lines 5.8 meters
For high voltage lines 6.1 metres
No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected along any street shall at any part
thereof be at a height less than:
For low and medium voltage lines 5.5 metres.For high voltage lines 5.8 metres
No conductor of in overhead line including service lines, erected elsewhere than along or across
any street shall be at a height less than:
For low, medium and high voltages lines=4.6 meters.
For low, medium and high voltage=4.0 meters.
For high voltage lines above 11,000 volts=5.2 meters.
For extra-high voltage lines the clearance above ground shall not be less than 5.2 metres plus 0.3
meter for every 33,000 volts or part thereof by which the voltage of the line exceeds 33,000 volts.
RESULT:-
13 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 4
FAMILIARISATION OF ELECTRICITY

About 2500 years ago THALES a Greek philosopher found that when
ampere is rubbed with planner, they got positive and negative charged and they
can attract some substance like paper, hair etc. These changes are called as static
electric charges. In Greek the Ampere mean Electra. So this phenomenon got the
name Electricity
Now a days electricity plays an important role in our life. We cannot think
a day without electricity.
What is electricity:-
Electricity is an invisible form of energy. As energy can neither be created
nor be destroyed. Electrical energy is produced by converting other forms of
energies. The most common method for production of electrical energy is by
means of working a dynamo. This machine converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy and is called as Generator.
Electrical energy is also produced by converting chemical for eg:- Lead acid
cell, simple voltaic cell etc.
The stations where electrical energy produced are known as generating
stations/power stations.Power stations can be classified according to their source
of energy used.
Name of power Source of energy
1. Hydro electrical station - Water
2. Diesel power station - Diesel (liquid fuel)
3. Thermal or steam power station - Coal (solid fuel)
4. Atomic or Nuclear power station - Atomic energy
5. Solar power station - Solar energy
6. Wind power station - Wind energy
7. Tidal power station - Tidal energy
14 | P a g e

Importance of Electricity:
It can be transmitted through long distance.
It can be converted into other forms of energies like thermal energy, light
energy etc
The production cost is low
The electric machines are of simple constructions and cost is comparatively
low
Only little maintenance is required when compared to other types of
machines.
These are the importance as well as the main reasons for the development of
electricity.
Uses of electricity:
Domestic uses: for the working of incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps,
fan, T.V Radio, computer etc.
Civil uses: Telecommunication, street light, water supply etc
Medical uses: For the production of x-rays, ECG
Industrial use: for the working or motors , generators and transformers
etc.

Safety Precaution:

Electric shocks are usually received by a person which should be avoided

In case of electrical shock when a person is still in contact with the line
conductor, which you cant switch off immediately , insulate yourself on a
dry wooden board or thick dry paper before attempting to get him cleared.
In that case you should not touch his body pull him either by his dry
clothes or push him with a piece of dry wood.
Before stating work above ground on a plane or tower, you should use a
safety belt
In order to avoid slipping of ladder another person should hold it.
Before slipping current to electrical equipment it should be ensured that
the equipment is properly earthed and the cable insulation is strong
enough.
15 | P a g e

Overhead line should never be touched unless you are sure that it is dead
and properly earthed
A plug point should never be disconnected by pulling the flexible cable.
Before replacing a blown off fuse , always remember to put the switch in
off position
Electrical protective or inter locking glass should not be tempered unless
you are authorized. Before dealing with them, take all precautions.
Safety demands good earth so always keep the arch connections in good
connections.
Line wire should always be connected through switches.
While handing any electrical application like an electric iron or electric
heater, make sure that they are disconnected from the supply.
Switching off is not enough, leaking insulation may give serious shock.
When cell are arranged in series in a room, maintain good ventilation and
never bring a flame near any accumulator.
When preparing an electrolyte add acid to water and not water to acid.
In cases of fire do not throw water on a line conducted or equipment. The
best remedy is to disconnect the electric supply immediately.
Fire extinguisher should not be used in electrical equipments unless it is
marked as suitable for that purpose.
Liquid co2 extinguisher or dry sand may be used as fire extinguisher.

Shock Treatment :-

Our body is good conductor, when the current passes through our body it
completes its way to the earth.

When the current passes through the nervous system the muscular
function is damaged. Extinguish any speak if there is in the cloths of the patients.
Ascertain whether he is breathing or not. If completely he is not breathing any
one of the following method can be adopted until the doctor arrives.
16 | P a g e

Method 1 (Mouth to Nose):

Place the victim on back to clear his mouth and throat. Tilt his back by
holding lower jaw.This opens air passage and keep tongue out of throat you take
the deep breath on fresh air place mouth over his nose and close his mouth by
hand. Blow in to nose and watch chest rise open his mouth and air comes out
from his lungs and chest will fall continue this is 21 times per minute until
patient resumes breathing.

Method 2 (Mouth to Mouth):

Place the victim on back to clear his mouth and throat. Till his head back
by holding lower jaw. This open air passage and keep tongue out of throat. Take
the deep breath on fresh air and place your mouth over his mouth and close his
nose tightly. Blow in to his mouth and watch chest rise. Remove your mouth and
watch chest rise. The return of air from his lungs and chest will fall. Repeat this is
12 times per minute until patient resumes breathing
17 | P a g e

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
18 | P a g e
19 | P a g e

RESULT:
20 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO -5
FAMILIARIZATION OF WIRING
Before deciding the types of wiring to be used the following points may be
considered.
1. Durability: Wiring selected should be able to with stand for a long period against
weather damaged.
2. Safety: Wiring should be selected to safe of men, Machine and equipment.
3. Cost: The wiring should be selected to economical.
4. Appearance: The following are the main type of wiring.
a. Cleat wiring Cheap and most suitable in temporary wiring. (This system is not
used due to ugly and appearance)
b. Casing Capping This system is rarely used for house wiring.The casing and
capping is made of teak wood or any other suitable hardwood. The casing is mainly
two grooves to carry wires.it is covered by a strip is known as capping.
c. T.R.S (Tough Rubber Sheathed) This wiring is carried on wooden reaper, it is
suitable for damp climate, but cannot withstand much heat. So it is not used in hot
areas. This type of wiring is fire hazards and dangerous to mechanic damage. So it is
not suitable for outdoor wiring works.
d. Conduit Wiring For workshops and buildings this is the best and most desirable
system of wiring. It provides mechanical protection, good appearance and safety
against fire.
The conduit are supported over the wall by means of saddles. There are two types.
1. Surface condult wiring
2. Concelled condult wiring:
this type of wiring is not fire hazards. Rewiring is easier and cheaper, the whole
system is water proof.
21 | P a g e

INSTRUCTION FOR WIRING

Conduit wiring Metal conduit should be galvanized (G.I) or coated with
enamel painted. For fixing use heavy gauge and proper size saddles.
Use wood plugs for separating the conduit from the wall. Distance between
two saddles should not exceed one meter.
On either side of a bend, coupling or tee, saddles should be fixed a distance
not exceeding 30 cm
Use couple for fixing the length of conduits.
In case of metal conduits each bend or couple should be fully earthed.
General Rules Related to wiring
AC & DC circuits should be separately. In 3 phases should be indicated with
red, yellow, blue and Neutral should be indicated with black. Earth should be
indicated in green.
In any building light wiring and power wiring should be separated.
All distribution boards may be marked as light or por.
If the voltage exceeds 250V, the distribution board and main switch should be
provided with danger board.
Total load in a circuit should not be exceeded more than 800 Watts or the
number of points should not be more than 10.
For lighting load the fuse wire should not exceed 5A capacity and power is
15amps.
The minimum size of a conductor in a circuit should not be less than 1/18.
The domestic wiring only 3 pin should be use of 1 meter from the ground.
All the fans should be fixed at a height of 2 meter from the ground.
All the boards and switches should be fixed on the left side of entrance.
All the accessories (lamp, fan etc.) should be fixed on the round blocks or
boards using screw.
All the iron clad switches and applications should be earthed.
Fuse should not be inserted in neutral. Neutral should be linked.
Switches should not be inserted in neutral
Lighting Accessories
Switches:
A switch is used to make and break the electrical circuit.
22 | P a g e

Different types of switches:

a) Iron clad Switches :
It is classified in two types according to the number of poles- ICDP
& ICTP
b) ICDP Switches:
It is available 5A, 75A, 30A, 60A, 100A, 200A etc. It is used in
DC $ single phase supply only. It is used in domestic and industrial
installations.
c) ICTP Switches: (iron clad triple pole switch)
It is available in 5, 15, 30, 60,100,150,200,300A etc. It is used in 3 phase
power circuit. Mostly used for industrial purpose.

2. TUMBLER SWITCH OR SURFACE SWITCH:

It is classified as single way,2 way and intermediate Switch.
a)Single Way Switch:
In the type only one way. SPT Switches are comes under this
classification.
b)Two Way Switch:
DPT Switches comes under this type 2 way switches are used for
wiring circuit which are to be controlled from two points independently.
c) Intermediate switch:
It is used instead of two numbers of two way switch.
They are used to control one point from more than two places.
3. FLUSH SWITCH:
Flush switch is fixed in flush. It does not project out
23 | P a g e

from the surface of wall. Such types of switches are used where high
performance and appearance are required.
4. PUSH BUTTON SWITCH:
Such types of switches are used now into calling bell,
inter com, telephone etc.
In this switches these are single way type and two type.
5. PULL CORD SWITCH:
It is rarely used now these switches have a strong
mechanical and usually operate by pulling.
6. LAMP HOLDERS:
Lamp holders are used for holding the lamps required
for lighting purpose, common type are..
a)Pendent lamp holder.
b) Batten lamp holder.
c) Screw lamp holder.
d)Fluorescent lamp holder.
7. COILING ROSES:
These are used to provide connection to the lamp
holders, fan or fluorescent tube through the flexible cable.
8. SOCKET OUTLETS:
The socket outlets are used to give connection to
electrical appliances. Such as table fan, iron box, Heater etc. 3 pin type or
5 pin type are commonly used in 3 pin type 5amps sockets are for table
fan, radios etc.& 15amps sockets are for power circuit as heater, iron box
etc.
24 | P a g e

9. PLUGS:
Plugs are used to take connections from socket outlets to
electrical appliances.
10. FUSE:
Fuse is a short piece of metal wire inserted in the circuit
which melts when high current pass through it. Commonly used fuse wire
is copper wire kit-Kat type fuse.
PRECAUTION AND CURE FROM ELECTRIC SHOCKS:
Handing all electrical apparatus and equipments is only effective safe
guard against injury and death
Replaced immediately broken switches and plugs
Check that all metallic parts of electrical equipment are effectively
earthed
Never place bare wire of leads in plug kit, plug to.
Check for proper working of safety devices
Proper condition of electrical hand tools
Correct rating of fuses etc
Never tamper unnecessarily with any live apparatus

RESULT:
25 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 6
TEE JOINT
AIM:
To make a tee joint using 1/18 Pvc cv wire.
OPERATIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT:
Measuring ,cutting ,insulation removing cleaning and twisting.
MATERIALS REQURIED:
Combination pillars, Knife, steel rule.
DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
*Remove the insulation of the horizontal wire up to the length of 5cm as show
in figure (1)
*Remove the insulation of the vertical wire up to the length of 7.5cm as show in
figure.
*Clean the brave position of wire using emery paper.
*wire then to product placed T position as show in figure (3)
*The vertical wire is wrapped closely &lightly 4to5 turns to brave position of
horizontal wire.
26 | P a g e

*Finish the work neatly.

RESULT:
27 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 7
MARRIED JOINT
AIM:
To make a married joint using 3/20 pvc copper wire.
OPERATIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT:
Measuring, cutting, insulation removing cleaning and twisting.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
3/20 pvc copper wire of 15cm total length energy paper, cotton waste.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Combination pillars, knife, steel rule.
DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) Removing the insulation of the word up to the length of 5cm from each piece
of one end.
2) Straight wires twisted about 1.5cm from the insulation.
3) Clean the bare position of wire using emery paper.
28 | P a g e

4) The wire are placed by the opposite side and twisted in opposite direction.
5) After completing one cycle, repeat the same process at the other side.
6) Finish the work neatly.
RESULT:
29 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 8
BRITTANIA JOINT
AIM:
To make a brittania joint using 8 SWG GI Wire
OPERATIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT
Measuring, cleaning, bending, and binding
MATERIAL REQUIRED
GI Wire, 8 SWG-14cm total length, binding wire. 21 SWG-55cm, energy
paper, cotton waste
TOOLS REQUIRED
Combination pillars, mallet, steel rule.
DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE
Take two short length of 8-SWG GI wire of 7cm
Clean them with the help of energy paper &straight them
Bend both the piece at on end at right angles. About 1 cm as shown in
fig(1)
30 | P a g e

Hold the length together in a pillars keeping bends opposing to each other
as shown in fig(3)
Bind the joint with binding wire in the over lapped fashion length of the
overlap depends upon the all of GI conductor. Cover the complete joint
with binding wire &obtain the finish a shown in fig (2)
RESULT
31 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 9
METHODS OF ELECTRICAL WIRING
SYSTEMS
AIM:- To familiarize about different types of wiring systems.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Screw driver 200mm-1no,combination pair 150mm-1no,Line tester 500v-1no, Wire stripper-1
no,pocker-1no, Mallet-1no,etc.

THEORY:

Wiring (a process of connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from
suppliers meter board to home appliances such as lamps, fans and other domestic appliances is
known as Electrical Wiring) can be done using two methods which are

Joint box system or Tee system

Loop in system

They are discussed as follows:

Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System

In this method of wiring, connections to appliances are made through joints. These joints are
made in joint boxes by means of suitable connectors or joints cutouts. This method of wiring
doesnt consume too much cables size.

You might think because this method of wiring doesnt require too much cable it is therefore
cheaper. It is of course but the money you saved from buying cables will be used in buying joint
boxes, thus equation is balanced. This method is suitable for temporary installations and it is
cheap.

Loop-in or Looping System

This method of wiring is universally used in wiring. Lamps and other appliances are connected in
parallel so that each of the appliances can be controlled individually. When a connection is
required at a light or switch, the feed conductor is looped in by bringing it directly to the terminal
and then carrying it forward again to the next point to be fed.
32 | P a g e

The switch and light feeds are carried round the circuit in a series of loops from one point to
another until the last on the circuit is reached. The phase or line conductors are looped either in
switchboard or box and neutrals are looped either in switchboard or from light or fan. Line or
phase should never be looped from light or fan.

Advantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

It doesnt require joint boxes and so money is saved

In loop in systems, no joint is concealed beneath floors or in roof spaces.

Fault location is made easy as the points are made only at outlets so that they are accessible.

Disadvantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

Length of wire or cables required is more and voltage drop and copper losses are therefore
more

Looping in switches and lamp holders is usually difficult.

DIAGRAM:
33 | P a g e

RESULT:
34 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 10
ONE LAMP CONTROLLED BY ONE SWITCH
AIM:-

To wire up a circuit in conduit system one lamp controlled by one switch

TOOLS REQUIRED:-

Screw driver 200mm-1no,combination pair 150mm-1no,Line tester 500v-1no, Wire stripper-1

no,pocker-1no, Mallet-1no,etc.

DIAGRAM :

ESTIMATION:-

SLNO NAME OF SPECIFICATION QUANTITY UNITS REMARKS

MATERIALS
35 | P a g e

PROCEDURE:-

1. Draw the lay out and connection diagram.

2. Collect the required wiring materials.

3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per connection diagram.

4. Check the circuit for continuity.

5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.

6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.

RESULT:-
36 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 11
TWO LAMP CONTROLLED BY TWO SWITCH
AIM:-

To wire up a circuit in conduit system two lamp controlled by two switch

TOOLS REQUIRED:-

Screw driver 200mm-1no,combination pair 150mm-1no,Line tester 500v-1no, Wire stripper-1

no,pocker-1no, Mallet-1no,etc.

DIAGRAM:

ESTIMATION:-

SLNO NAME OF SPECIFICATION QUANTITY UNITS REMARKS

MATERIALS
37 | P a g e

PROCEDURE:-

1. Draw the lay out and connection diagram.

2. Collect the required wiring materials.

3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per connection diagram.

4. Check the circuit for continuity.

5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.

6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.

RESULT:-
38 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 12
FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING
AIM:
To prepare wiring for a fluorescent tube light with switch control.

TOOLS REQUIRED:
1. Screw driver 2. Hammer 3. Pliers 4. Line tester

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Switch 2. Tube light with fitting 3. Joint clips
4. Wires 5. Screws 6. Switch board

Working of the Fluorescent Tube Light:

The fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke, a starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame. The length
of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power rating is 40 W and 230V. The tube is
filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is switched on, the current heats the
filaments and initiates emission of electrons. After one or two seconds, the starter circuit opens and
makes the choke to induce a momentary high voltage surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes
place through argon and produces bright light.

PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wiring on the wooden board.

2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to the
Circuit.
39 | P a g e

RESULT:
40 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 13
STAIR CASE WIRING
AIM:
To wire for a stair case arrangement using a two-way switch.
TOOL REQUIRED:
1. Screw driver 2.Hammer 3.Pliers 4.Line tester
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Two-way switches 2. Bulb holders 3. Bulbs
4. Joint clips 5. Wires 6. Screws
7. Ceiling rose and 8. Switch board
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark switch and bulb location points and draw lines for wiring on the wooden Board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the two-way switches and bulb holder in the marked position on the wooden Board.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the bulbs by giving electric supply to the circuit.
THEORY:
A two switch is installed near the first step of the stairs. The other two way switch is installed at the
upper part where the stair ends. The light point is provided between first and last stair at an adequate
location and height if the lower switch switches on the light. The switch at the top or vice versa can
switch it off. Two number of two way switches are used for the purpose. The supply is given to the
switch at the short circuited terminals. The connection to the light point is taken from the similar
short circuited terminal of the second switch; other two independent terminals of each circuit are
connected through cables.
41 | P a g e

TABULATION

RESULT:
42 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 14
GODOWN WIRING
AIM:-
To wire up a circuit in conduit system as per layout and conditions (go down wiring)

TOOLS REQUIRED:-
Screw driver 200mm-1no,combination pair 150mm-1no,Line tester 500v-1no, Wire stripper-1 no,pocker-
1no, Mallet-1no,etc.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Draw the lay out and connection diagram.
2. Collect the required wiring materials.
3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per connection diagram.
4. Check the circuit for continuity.
5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.
6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.

RESULT:-
To wire up a circuit in conduit system as per layout and conditions (go down wiring)
43 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 15
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING FUSE,
SWITCH,INDICATOR, LAMP AND ENERGY
METER.
AIM:
To prepare residential wiring using Fuse, Switch, Indicator, Lamp and Energy meter .

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. When the Switch is closed, the Lamp will glow and the metering is running.
3. The corresponding readings are noted from energy meter by observing number of cycles of the disc
for a particular time period.
44 | P a g e

RESULT:
45 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 16
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH
OF AN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
AIM:
To measure the Earth Resistance of given Electrical Components

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The required Voltage is generated with the help of Hand driven
Generator (Megger).
3. The insulation resistance of the given equipment is directly read from the display of
Megger.
46 | P a g e

RESULT:
47 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 17
OHMS LAW
AIM:
To verify ohms law in an electrical circuit

MATERIAL REQUIRED :

A resistor of about 5 , an ammeter ( 0 - 3 A), a voltmeter (0 - 10 V), four dry cells of 1.5 V each with a cell
holder (or a battery eliminator), a plug key, connecting wires, and a piece of sand paper.

PRECAUTIONS :

All the electrical connections must be neat and tight.

Voltmeter and Ammeter must be of proper range.
The key should be inserted only while taking readings.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
48 | P a g e

PROCEDURE :

1. Draw the circuit diagram as shown above.

2. Arrange the apparatus as per the circuit diagram.
3. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make them shiny.
4. Make the connections as per circuit diagram. All connections must be neat and tight. Take care to
connect the ammeter and voltmeter with their correct polarity. (+ve to +ve and -ve to -ve).
5. Determine the zero error and least count of the ammeter and voltmeter and record them.
6. Adjust the rheostat to pass a low current.
7. Insert the key K and slide the rheostat contact to see whether the ammeter and voltmeter are showing
deflections properly.
8. Adjust the rheostat to get a small deflection in ammeter and voltmeter.
9. Record the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter.
10. Take atleast six sets of readings by adjusting the rheostat gradually.
11. Plot a graph with V along x-axis and I along y-axis.
12. The graph will be a straight line which verifies Ohm's law.
13. Determine the slope of the V-I graph. The reciprocal of the slope gives resistance of the wire.

OBSERVATIONS:

Range of the given ammeter=.................... A.

Least count of the given ammeter = ..................... A.
Range of the given voltmeter = .....................V.
Least count of the given voltmeter = .....................V.
Mean value of V/I from observations, R = .......... .

OBSERVATION FROM GRAPH:

Slope of I vs V graph = ...........

R from graph = 1/ slope = .............. .

RESULT:
49 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO: 18
VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFFS LAWS
OBJECTIVE: To Verify Kirchhoffs Laws

i) Kirchhoffs current law(KCL)

ii) Kirchhoffs voltage law(KVL)

APPARTAUS REQUIRED:

Sl Apparatus Type Range /specification Qty.

no.

1 Power supply DC 9V & 5V 1

Moving-Coil

2 VOLTMETER 0-15V 1

Moving-Coil

3 AMMETER 0-5 A 1

4 CONNECTING As
WIRES required

THEORY:
I) Kirchhoffs current law (KCL): It states that the total algebraic sum of current
meeting at the junction is zero. This law is based on the principle of conservation of
charges.
50 | P a g e

KCL at junction O

I1+ I2+ I3+ I4 - I5 - I6 =0

Therefore, I1+ I2+ I3+ I4 = I5+I6

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

i) Connect the circuit. As shown in circuit diagram.

ii) Switch on the power supply.
iii) Note the reading of ammeter
51 | P a g e

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl I1 (A) I2 (A) I3 (A) I3 (A) I3 = I2+I1

no.
practically practically practically calculated

CALCULATION OF CURRENT I3

I3 = I2+I1

RESULT:

Add the reading of ammeter 1(A1) & ammeter 2(A2) and it will be equal to reading
of ammeter 3(A3)

I3 = I2+I1

KCL is verified.

PRECAUTION:

i) All connection should be tight.

ii) Before connecting the instruments check their zero reading.
iii) The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected.
52 | P a g e

ii) Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL):

It states that the algebraic sum of voltage through a closed loop is zero. This law is
based on the principle of conservation of energy,

V k 0

Where, Vk is the branch voltage of close path.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
iv) Connect the circuit. As shown in circuit diagram.
v) Switch on the power supply
vi) Note the reading of voltmeter. V1,V2,V3 (with polarity)
53 | P a g e

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr Supply voltage V1 V2 V3 V k 0 V k 0
No
(Mesh 1) (Mesh 2)

1 9V

2 5V

3 9V & 5V

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:
i) All connection should be tight.
ii) Before connecting the instruments check their zero reading.
iii) The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected
54 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 19
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE
PHASE
AIM:
To measure the energy consumed in a single phase circuit and 3 phase circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
55 | P a g e

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Load is increased in steps and each time the meter readings are noted and also the time
for one revolution is also noted down.
4. Repeat the step 3 till the rated current is reached.
5. Switch off the power supply.
6. Calculate the necessary value from the given formula

OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT:
56 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO - 20
BATTERY SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
AIM:
To test the specific gravity of a battery.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
Hydrometer, Lead Acid Battery

PRECAUTIONS AND PROCEDURE

Types of Tests

There are basically two types of tests. Choose the type youre going to run.

1. The first type is one where you charge the battery to see if all cells accept a full charge.

2. The second is where you allow the battery to become discharged and make your measurement at
that point. This allows you to see if one or two cells are discharging faster than the others. This is
a fairly good test to see if a cell has lost capacity.

Preliminary Steps

Youre about to determine whether an expensive item is good or bad. Make a mistake, and you will be
forking out money for something you didnt need. Youre also about to do something that can be risky to
your health. Do pay attention to step one. If youre going to be a cowboy, at least do so with your eyes wide
open.

Charge or discharge your battery

Disconnect your battery to ensure that it is not under load (being drained by a device connected to
it). Disconnecting the negative lead is often the smartest and best way of doing this.

Allow your battery sufficient time to settle while disconnected. Twenty four hours is generally the
most conservative and best approach. Otherwise, an overnight rest will usually do.

Make your measurements between temperatures between 60 and 80 degrees F. Temperature affects
the specific gravity of the measurement. Getting much beyond this range could give you some
pretty crazy results.

Do you test in an area that has good ventilation and running water. The battery fumes are
dangerous. The running water will be used if you accidentally get the acid onto skin or into your
eyes. If you do so, flush with the water generously
57 | P a g e

Step 1 Put on Goggles and Gloves Have Some Baking Soda Around

Acid burns. Acid blinds. Asking you to be safe is not about making your life difficult, but about making
sure you can continue to live a healthy life.

Use the baking soda to neutralize any spills immediately.

Note Safety glasses and face shields are not goggles. Acid splashes and neither safety glasses or face shields
provide adequate protection. That said using a face shield and goggles do increase your protection.

Step 2 Open Battery Cell Caps

A 12 volt battery has six cells. A six volt battery has three cells.

Sometimes the cells each have their own cap and sometimes they share a large rectangular cap with other
cells.

Sometimes the caps twist off, and sometimes they need to be gently pried of. Take your time. Dont force
anything.

Step 3 Position Hydrometer Over Cell and Squeeze Bulb

There should be no liquid in your hydrometer after performing this step.

Step 4 Insert Hydrometer Nozzle into the Cell to Be Tested

You will want to get the nozzle well into the liquid. This liquid is known as electrolyte. Youre measuring
the specific gravity of this electrolyte.

Step 5 Release Bulb to Suck Electrolyte into the Chamber

You will want enough electrolyte in the chamber to cause the float to be freely suspended in the liquid

Step 6 Allow Liquid and Float to Settle Take A Reading

Youve been moving stuff around. The float and electrolyte are likely bouncing. Give it a little time to
settle. Take your reading. If you have a common automotive hydrometer, the float will be marked with
green, red and white zones. These are generally good reliable indicators of the current specific gravity of a
cell.

Step 7 Insert Nozzle into Cell and Squeeze Bulb

Youre replacing the electrolyte you took out of the cell. This is a pretty important step.

Step 8 Repeat for Remaining Cells.

You will be repeating steps 2 through 7. You should probably make a note of the results of each cell.

Step 9 Think About and Interpret Your Results.

58 | P a g e

The biggest mistake with this measurement is a misinterpretation that causes a good cell to be declared
bad. Was your battery really charged before the test? Did you allow it time to settle in an open circuit
condition after charging?

Now, the one thing you can be sure of is that you have bad a cell if there is a dramatic deviation between
your readings.

Step 10 Clean Up

You may have little drops of acid in or nearby your work area. This is a good time to clean it up. You really
dont want loved ones to accidentally put their hands in it.

RESULT:-
59 | P a g e

EXPERIMENT NO- 21
FAMILIARISATION OF CABLES

AIM:
To understand about cables, cable glands and terminations.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Cables, cable glands, cable cutter, terminations

PROCEDURE:
1. Take any one type of cable from differet types of cables
2. Take any one dimensioned cable
3. Neatly cut and gland using the perfect tools.

DIAGRAM

Cable sectional view

60 | P a g e

Cable when neatly glanded

RESULT: