CHAPTER 10

Series Pipeline Systems

10.1 For a 12-in-diameter concrete pipe 12 000 ft long, find the diameter of a 1000-ft-long equivalent pipe.
f Assume a flow rate of 3.0 cfs. (The result should be the same regardless of the flow rate assumed.) From Fig.
A-13, with D = 12 in and Q = 3.0ft3/s, ft, = 0.0052 ft/ft. Therefore, h f = (0.0052)(12 000) = 62.40 ft. For a
1000-ft-long equivalent pipe with the same head loss, ft, = 62.40/1000 = 0.06240 ft/ft. From Fig. A-13, with
ft, = 0.06240 ft/ft and Q = 3.0 ft3/s, D = 7.3 in.
10.2 A 480-ft-long, 18-in-diameter concrete pipe and a 590-ft-long, 12-in-diameter concrete pipe are connected in
series. Find the length of an equivalent pipe of 10 in diameter.
f Assume a flow rate of 5 cfs through the two given pipes. For the 18-in-diameter pipe, from Fig. A-13,
ft, = 0.00180 ft/ft. For the 12-in-diameter pipe, ft, = 0.0137 ft/ft. The total head loss for both pipes is
h f = (0.00180)(480) + (0.0137)(590) = 8.947 ft. For a 10-in-diameter pipe with Q = 5.0 cfs, from Fig. A-13,
ft, = 0.032 ft/ft. Since the equivalent pipe must have the same head loss as that of the system it replaces (i.e.,
8.947 ft), the required length of a 10-in-diameter equivalent pipe can now be determined by 0.032L = 8.947,
L = 280 ft. Note that the required length of pipe can be determined in a single computation as follows:
L = (0.00180)(480)/0.032 + (0.0137)(590)/0.032 = 280 ft.
10.3 A 225-m-long, 300-mm-diameter concrete pipe and a 400-m-long, 500-mm-diameter concrete pipe are
connected in series. Find the diameter of a 625-m-long equivalent pipe.

f Assume a flow rate of 0.1 m3/s. For the 300-mm-diameter pipe, from Fig. A-14, ft, = 0.0074 m/m. For the
500-mm-diameter pipe, ft, = 0.00064 m/m. The total head loss for both pipes is h f = (0.0074)(225) +
(0.00064)(400) = 1.921 m. For a 625-m-long equivalent pipe with this head loss, ft, = 1.921/625 = 0.00307 m/m.
From Fig. A-14, D = 360 mm.

10.4 Water flows at a rate of 0.020 m3/s from reservoir A to reservoir B through three concrete pipes connected in
series, as shown in Fig. 10-1. Find the difference in water-surface elevations in the reservoirs. Neglect minor
losses.
I P A I Y + V A l l g + z A = p B l y + v %/ 2 g + z B + h L 0 + 0 + 2/4 = 0 + 0 + 2fl + ftf. h L = h f = z A - z B
With Q = 0.020 m3/s and D = 160 mm, from Fig. A-14, ft, = 0.0082 m/m. With Q = 0.020 m3/s and D =
200 mm, ft, = 0.0028 m/m. With Q = 0.020 m3/s and D = 180 mm, ft, = 0.0046 m/m. H = h f = (0.0082)(1000) +
(0.0028)(1600) + (0.0046) (850) = 16.59 m.

269
270 0 CHAPTER 10

10.5 Compute the flow rate of water through the three concrete pipes connected in series as shown in Fig. 10-2 by
the equivalent length method.
I hf = zA zB = 20 ft/ft. Assume Q = 1 cfs. From Fig. A-13, (A,)12_jn = 0.00067 ft/ft; = 0.0016 ft/ft;
(A,) .i = 0.00475 ft/ft.
8

Consider a 10-in-diameter equivalent pipe: L e = 120 + (0.00475)(150)/0.0016 + (0.00067)(100)/0.0016 = 607 ft.

With D = 10 in and h t = ^ = 0.0329 ft/ft, from Fig. A-13, Q = 5.1 cfs.

Fig. 10-2

10.6 Solve Prob. 10.5 by the equivalent diameter method.

I Using values obtained from Prob. 10.5, h f = (0.00067)(100) + (0.00475)(150) + (0.0016)(120) = 0.972 ft.
With Q = 1 cfs and h x = 0.972/(100 +150 + 120) = 0.00263 ft/ft, D = 8.9 in. With D = 8.9 in and h x = =
0.0541 ft/ft, Q = 5.1 cfs.

10.7 Two concrete pipes are connected in series. The flow rate of water through the pipes is 0.14 m3/s with a total
friction loss of 14.10 m for both pipes. Each pipe has a length of 300 m. If one pipe has a diameter of 300 mm,
what is the diameter of the other one? Neglect minor losses.
f For first pipe: With Q = 0.14 m3/s and D = 300 mm, h x = 0.014 m/m. h f = (0.014)(300) = 4.20 m.
For second pipe: h f = 14.10 - 4.20 = 9.90 m, A, = 9.90/300 = 0.033 m/m. With Q = 0.14 m3/s and =
0.033 m/m, D = 250 mm.

10.8 Three concrete pipes are connected in series, as shown in Fig. 10-3. Determine the length of an 8-in-diameter
equivalent pipe.
f Assume Q = 1 cfs. (h x ) s _ i n = 0.00475 ft/ft; (h X in = 0.0195 ft/ft; (ftOio-u, = 0.0016 ft/ft; L e = 1200 +
(0.0195)(1000)/0.00475 + (0.0016)(2000)/0.00475 = 5979 ft.

1200 ft, 8-in diameter 1000 ft, 6-in diameter 2000 ft, 10-in diameter

* +
4200 ft -
Fig. 10-3

10.9 For the three pipes in Fig. 10-3, determine the diameter of a 4200-ft-long equivalent pipe.
ff Using values obtained from Prob. 10.8, for a 4200-ft-long equivalent pipe, h f = (0.00475)(1200) +
(0.0195)(1000) + (0.0016)(2000) = 28.4 ft, h t = 28.4/4200 = 0.00676 ft/ft. With Q = 1 cfs and ft, = 0.00676 ft/ft,
D = 7.5 in.
 SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 271

10.10 For three pipes in series, the total pressure drop is P A ~ P B = 150 000 Pa, and the elevation drop is
z A z B = 5 m. The pipe data are

pipe L, m d , cm e , mm e/ d

1 100 8 0.24 0.003

2 150 6 0.12 0.002
3 80 4 0.20 0.005

The fluid is water, p = 1000 kg/m3, and v = 1.02 x 10 6 m2/s. Calculate the flow rate in cubic meters per hour
through the system. Neglect minor losses.

f The total head loss in the system is h L = (p A p B ) / p g + ( Z A z B ) = 150 000/[(1000)(9.807)] + 5 = 20.30 m =

h f = (f ) (L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) . From the continuity relation, 2 = (d j d 2 ) 2 (v l ) = (l)2(i) = 1.778!, v 3 = (</1/cf3)2(v1) =
(!)2(wi) = 4.000i, and
iNR)2~{Vv[dd2)(NR)l~ (1.7781)(6)
(1.333)(A*)i
(vi)(8)
(NR)3 =
(St)(AfR)l = (4.000i)(4)
(2.000)(ATr),
0b)(8)
20.30=/1[100/(1!5)]{?/[(2)(9.807)]}+/2[150/(4i)]{(1.7781)2/[(2)(9.807)]}+/3[80/(^o)]{(4.0001)2/[(2)(9.807)]}

20.30 = (63.73/! + 402.9/2 + 1631/3)(,)2

From Fig. A-5 from the fully rough regime, estimate /, = 0.0262, f 2 = 0.0234, and /3 = 0.0304.

20.35 = [(63.73)(0.0262) + (402.9)(0.0234) + (1631)(0.0304)](a)2 , = 0.5791 m/s N R = d v / v

(A*)i = (TSO)(0.5791)/(1.02 x 10~6) = 4.54 X 104
( N r ) 2 = (1.333)(4.54 x 1(T4) = 6.05 X 104 ( N R ) 3 = (2.000)(4.54 x 1(T4) = 9.08 x 104
From Fig. A-5, / = 0.0288, f 2 = 0.0260, and/3 = 0.0314. 20.35 = [(63.73)(0.0288) + (402.9)(0.0260) +
(1631)(0.0314)](!)2, ! = 0.5660 m/s; Q = A v = [(jr)(T{b)2/4](0.5660) = 0.002845 m3/s, or 10.2 m3/h. An
additional iteration (not shown) gives essentially the same result.

10.11 For a head loss of 5.0 ft/1000 ft, and using C = 120 for all pipes, how many 8-in pipes are equivalent to a 16-in
pipe? To a 24-in pipe?

f From Fig. A-13, for h 3 = 5.0/1000, or 0.005, and d = 8 in, Q = 1.0 cfs. For d = 16 in, Q = 6.6 cfs. For
d = 24 in, Q = 17 cfs. Thus it would take 6.6/1.0, or 6.6 eight-in pipes to be hydraulically equivalent to a 16-in
pipe of the same relative roughness. Likewise, 17/1.0, or 17 eight-in pipes are equivalent to a 24-in pipe for a
head loss of 5.0 ft/1000 ft, or for any other head loss condition.

10.12 A series piping system consists of 6000 ft of 20-in new cast iron pipe, 4000 ft of 16-in, and 2000 ft of 12-in pipe.
Convert the system to an equivalent length of 16-in pipe.

f Assume a value of Q of 3.8 cfs. For new cast iron, C = 130. In order to use Fig. A-13, change >I30 to Q l 2 0 -
G120 = (ii)(3.8) = 3.5 cfs. From Fig. A-13, (/J,)I = 0.00064 ft/ft, (h x ) 2 = 0.00187 ft/ft, and { h ^ = 0.0070 ft/ft.
h L = (0.00064)(6000) + (0.00187)(4000) + (0.0070)(2000) = 25.32 ft. The equivalent 16-in pipe must carry 3.8 cfs
with a head loss of 25.32 ft (C = 130). Hence, 25.32j L e = 0.00187, L e = 13 540 ft.

10.13 Convert the system of Prob. 10.12 to an equivalent size pipe 12 000 ft long.

f The 12 000 ft of pipe, C = 130, must carry 3.8 cfs with a head loss of 25.32 ft. Hence, h x = 25.32/12 000 =
0.00211. From Fig. A-13, using Q = 3.5 cfs, d = 15.5 in.

10.14 Suppose in Fig. 10-4 pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 300 m of 30-cm-diameter, 150 m of 20-cm-diameter, and 250 m of
25-cm-diameter, respectively, of new cast iron and are conveying water at 15 C. If h = 10 m, find the rate of
flow from A to B by the equivalent velocity method. Neglect minor losses.

I (e/dX = 0.00026/(i&) = 0.000867 ( e / d ) 2 = 0.00026/(^) = 0.00130 (e/d)3 = 0.00026/(^) = 0.00104

272 a CHAPTER 10
From Fig. A-5, assume/, = 0.019, f 2 = 0.021, and/3 = 0.020. h f = (f ) (L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) = 10 =
0.019[300/(i&)]{v?/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.021[150/(^)]{v?/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.020[250/(^)]{ul/[(2)(9.807)]},
10 = 0.9687v? + 0.8030v? + 1.020v|. From the continuity relation, v 2 = (d,/d2)2(v,) = (i)2(v,) = 2.250v,,
Vi = (d,/d3)2(v,) = (S)2(v,) = 1.440v and

<**>> - (sw - rsrv- -

10 = 0.9687v? + (0.8030)(2.250v, )2 + (1.020)(1.440v,)2 v, = 1.183 m/s NR = d v / v
( N r ) , = (i&)(1.183)/(1.16 x 10~6) = 3.06 x 10s ( N R ) 2 (1.500)(3.06 x 105) = 4.59 x 105
(NR)i = (1.200)(3.06 X 105) = 3.67 X 105
From Fig. A-5, /, = 0.021, f 2 = 0.021, and/3 = 0.020.
h f = 10 = 0.021[300/(i&)]{v?/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.021[150/(^)]{v2/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.020[250/(^)]{u2/[(2)(9.807)]}
10 = 1.071i/? + 0.8030v| + 1.020v? = 1.071v? + (0.8030)(2.250v,) 2 + (1.020)(1.440v,)2
v, = 1.174 m/s Q = A v = [(JT)(IS>)74](1. 174) = 0.0830 m3/s

B
___ Fig. 10-4

10.15 Solve Prob. 10.14 by the equivalent length method,

f Using data from Prob. 10.14 and choosing a 30-cm pipe as the standard,
(L e ) 2 = (150)(0.021/0.020)(i)5 = 1196 m of 30-cm pipe
(Lr)i = (250)(0.020/0.020)(i)5 = 622 m of 30-cm pipe
(Lt)total = 300 + 1196 + 622 = 2118 m of 30-cm pipe h = 10 = 0.020[2118/(^)]{v2/[(2)(9.807)]}
v = 1.179 m/s Q = [(>r)(t&)2/4](l. 179) = 0.0833 m3/s
10.16 In Fig. 10-4 pipes 1,2, and 3 are 500 ft of 3.068-in, 200 ft of 2.067-in, and 400 ft of 2.469-in wrought iron pipe.
Given a head loss of 19.5 ft from A to B , find the flow of water at 60 F.
I (e/d), = 0.00015/(3.068/12) = 0.000587 (e/d)2 = 0.00015/(2.067/12) = 0.000871
( e / d ) i = 0.00015/(2.469/12) = 0.000729
From Fig. A-5, assume/, = 0.0172, f 2 = 0.0190, and/3 = 0.0181.
h f = (f ) (L l d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) = 19.5 = 0.0172[500/(3.068/12)]{v?/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.0190[200/(2.067/12)]{v|/[(2)(32.2)]}
+ 0.0181(400/(2.469/12)] { v?/[(2)(32.2)]}
19.5 = 0.5223v? + 0.3426v? + 0.5464v|

From the continuity relation, v2 = (d,/d2)2(v,) = (3.068/2.067)2(v,) = 2.203v,, v3 = (d,/d3)2(v,) =

(3.068/2.469)2(v,) = 1.544v and
(2.203v,)(2.067)
(Nr)2 = ](Nr), = (1.484)(1Vr),
(v,)(3.068)
(1.544v,)(2.469)
(NR) 3 ](AT), = (1.243)(A,
(v,)(3.068)
20 = 0.5223v? + (0.3426)(2.203v,)2 + (0.5464)(1.544v,)2 v, = 2.365 ft/s
N R = d v / v ( N r ) , = (3.068/12)(2.365)/(1.21 X 10~5) = 5.00 x 104
( N R ) 2 = (1.484)(5.00 X 104) = 7.42 X 104 ( N R ) 3 = (1.243)(5.00 x 104) = 6.22 x 104
 SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 273

From Fig. A-5, /, = 0.0228, / = 0.0225, and f 3 = 0.0225.

h f = 19.5 = 0.0228[500/(3.068/12)] {u?/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.0225[200/(2.067/12)]{ vl/[(2)(32.2)]}
+ 0.0225[400/(2.469/12){?/[(2)(32.2)]}
19.5 = 0.6924u? + 0.4057? + 0.6792! = 0.6924? + (0.4057)(2.203,) 2 + (0.6792)(1.544,)2 , = 2.134 ft/s
Q =Av = [(jr)(3.068/12)2/4](2.134) = 0.110 ft3/s
An additional iteration (not shown) produces an insignificant difference.

10.17 Suppose that 100 ft of 1-in (e = 0.000005 ft) pipe and 500 ft of 6-in (e = 0.0008 ft) pipe are connected in series.
For a total head loss of 24 ft, find the flow of water at 60 F.
I ( e / d ) , = 0.000005/() = 0.0000600 ( e / d ) 2 = 0.0008/() = 0.00160
From Fig. A-5, assume / = 0.0110-and/2 = 0.0215.
h f = (f ) (L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) = 25 = 0.0110[100/(tW)] {?/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.0215[500/()]{?/[(2)(32.2)]}
25 = 0.2050?+ 0.3339?
From the continuity relation, 2 = (d , / d 2 ) 2 ( v , ) = (g)2(,) = 0.02778, and

(Nr)2 )>-[(0.02778,)(6)
^v2d.
.(w,)(l)
](N)i = (0.1667)(AWi

24 = 0.2050?+ (0.3339)(0.02778,)2 , = 11.04 ft/s N R = d v / v

(AW, = ()(11.04)/(1.21 x 105) = 7.60 x 104 ( N R ) 2 = (0.1667)(7.60 x 104) = 1.27 X 104
From Fig. A-5, / = 0.0195 and f 2 = 0.032.
h f = 24 = 0.0195[100/(n)){?/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.032[500/()]{?/[(2)(32.2)]}
24 = 0.3634? + 0.4969! = 0.3634? + (0.4969)(0.02778,) 2 , = 8.122 ft/s
(AW, = (A)(8.122)/(1.21 x 105) = 5.59 x 104 ( N R ) 2 = (0.1667)(5.59 X 104) = 9.32 X 103

From Fig. A-5,/, = 0.0203 and/2 = 0.033.

h f = 24 = 0.0203[100/(J2)]{?/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.033[500/(^)]{?/[(2)(32.2)]}
24 = 0.3783? + 0.5124? = 0.3783? + (0.5124)(0.02778,) 2 , = 7.961 ft/s
2
Q = A v = [(Jr)(n) /4](7.961) = 0.0434 ft3/s

An additional iteration (not shown) produces an insignificant difference.

10.18 Repeat Prob. 10.16 for the case where the fluid has s.g. = 0.9 and n = 0.0008 lb s/ft2,
f First apply h f = (f ) (L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) , using values from Prob. 10.16 and assuming/ = 0.03 for all pipes.
19.5 = 0.03[500/(3.068/12)]{?/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.03[200/(2.067/12)]{?/[(2)(32.2)]>
+ 0.03[400/(2.469/12)] { v?/[(2)(32.2)]}
= 0.9110? + 0.5409? + 0.9056?
= 0.9110? + (0.5409)(2.203,)2 + (0.9056)(1.544,)2
, = 1.850 ft/s N R = p d v / n (N r ) , = [(0.9)(1.94)](3.068/12)(1.850)/0.0008 = 1032
CN r ) 2 = (1.484)(1046) = 1532 ( N R ) 3 = (1.243)(1046) = 1283

Therefore, the flow is laminar and h , = (3 2 ) (p / y ) (L / d 2 ) (v ) .

19.5 = 32(0.0008/[(0.9)(62.4)]} [500/(3.068/12)2](,)

+ 32(0.0008/[(0.9) (62.4)]} [200/(2.067/12)2](2.203,)
+ 32{0.0008/[(0.9)(62.4)]}[400/(2.469/12)2](1.544,)
, = 1.074 ft/s Q = A v = [( JT)(3.068/12)2/4] (1.074) = 0.0551 ft3/s
10.19
One end of a 150-m-long, 300-mm-diameter pipe is submerged in a reservoir; the other end abuts on a
90-m-long, 200-mm-diameter pipe at a point 30 m below the reservoir surface. Water discharges freely ( K = 1.0)
from the free end of the shorter pipe, which is 15 m below the junction. [This implies a 2 bend at the junction.]
274 a CHAPTER 10
Determine the pressure heads just above and just below the junction, i f f = 0.04, K = 0.8 for the entrance, and
K = 0.24 for the contraction-bend at the junction.
I Pi / Y + V 2 J 2 g + z, = p 2 / Y + v \ j 2 g + z 2 + h L (1 )
hj= ( f ) (L / d ) (v 2 / 2 g ) = 0.04[150/0.300] {?/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.04[90/0.200] (?/[(2)(9.807)]} = 1.020? + 0.9177?
h m = (K ) ( v 2 l 2 g ) = 0.8{?/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.24{u?/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.04079? + 0.01224!
h L = h f + h m = (1.020! + 0.9177!) + (0.04079? + 0.01224!) = 1.061? + 0.9299?
A s v s = A 2 V 2 [(jr)(0.300)2/4](w,) = [(jr)(0.200)2/4](u2) v , = 0.44442
h L = (1.061)(0.44442)2 + 0.9299? = 1.139? 0 + 0 + 45 = 0 + ?/[(2)(9.807)] + 0 + 1.139?
u2 = 6.149 m/s u, = (0.4444)(6.149) = 2.733 m/s Q = A 2 v 2 = [(*)(0.200)2/4](6.149) = 0.193 m3/s
Now apply Eq. (1) between the water level at intake and a point just above the junction. 0 + 0 + 30 =
p2/y + 2.7332/[(2)(9.807)] + 0 + (1.020? + 0.04079?), 30 = p 2/y + 0.3808 + (1.020 + 0.04079)(2.7332), p2/y =
21.70 m. Finally apply Eq. (1) between the water level at intake and a point just below the junction.
0 + 0 + 30 = p2/y + 6.1492/[(2)(9.807)] + 0 + (1.020? + 0.04079? + 0.01224?), 30 = p 2/y + 1.928 + [(1.020 +
0.04079)(2.7332) + (0.01224)(6.1492)], p2/y = 19.69 m.

10.20 Repeat Prob. 10.19 neglecting minor losses.

I PJY + ?/2g + z x =p 2 / Y + u?/2g + z 2 + h L (1 )
hL = hf+hm hm=0
Using data from Prob. 10.19, h f = 1.020? + 0.9177?, h L = (1.020)(0.44442)2 + 0.9177? = 1.119?, 0 + 0 +
45 = 0 + ?/[(2)(9.807)] + 0 + 1.119?, 2 = 6.202 m/s, , = (0.4444)(6.202) = 2.756 m/s; Q = A 2 v 2 =
[(JT)(0.200)2/4](6.202) = 0.195 m3/s. For the pressure head just above the junction, 0 + 0 + 30 = p 2/y +
2.7562/[(2)(9.807)] + 0+ 1.020?, 30 =p2/y + 0.3873 + (1.020)(2.7562), p 2 l y = 21.87 m. For the pressure head
just below the junction, 0 + 0 + 30 = p2/y + 6.2022/[(2)(9.807)] + 0 + 1.020?, 30 = p 2/y + 1.961 +
(1.020)(2.7562), p2/y = 20.29 m.

10.21 Three new cast iron pipes, having diameters of 30 in, 24 in, and 18 in, respectively, each 500 ft long, are
connected in series. The 30-in pipe leads from a reservoir (flush entrance), and the 18-in pipe discharges into the
air at a point 11.5 ft below the water surface in the reservoir. Assuming all changes in section to be abrupt, find
the rate of discharge of water at 60 F.
I p,/y + ?/2g + z1=p2/y + ?/2g + z2 + /ii. h L = h f + h m h f = (f ) ( L l d ) (v 2 / 2 g )
Assume / = 0.016 for each pipe. u2 = velocity for 18-in pipe, velocity for 24-in pipe = (H)>2>=0.56252,
velocity for 30-in pipe = (M)2^) = 0.36002.
h f = 0.016[500/(f)] {(0.36002)2/ [(2)(32.2)]} + 0.016[500/(?})]{(0.56252)2/[(2)(32.2)]}
+ 0.016[500/(})]{?/[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.1089?
h m (K ) ( v 2 / 2 g )
For entrance, take K = 0.5 (Fig. A-7). For sudden contractions, with d / D = |g, or 0.80, K = 0.15 and with
d / D = i, or 0.75, K = 0.18 (Fig. A-9). For exit, K = 1.0 (Fig. A-7).
h m = (0.5)(0.36002)2 + (0.15)(0.56252)2 + 0.18? = 0.2923? h L = 0.1089? + 0.2923? = 0.4012?
0 + 0+ 11.5 = 0 + ?/[(2)(32.2)] + 0 + 0.4012? 2 = 5.253 ft/s N R = d v / v
( N r ) 3o.in = T[(0.3600)(5.253)]/(1.21 X 105) = 3.91 x 105 (AR)24.in = T|[(0.5625)(5.253)]/(1.21 X 105) = 4.88 x 10s
(iV)l8-i = (T)(5.253)/(1.21 x 10-5) = 6.51 x 105 ( e / d ) ^ = 0.00085/(i) = 0.000340
(e/<024-i = 0.00085/(?|) = 0.000425 (e / d ) l H _ , n = 0.00085/(H) = 0.000567
From Fig. A-5, /30.in = 0.0168, /24.in = 0.0172, and /18_in = 0.0176.
h f = 0.0168[500/(i)]{(0.36002)2/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.0172[500/(H)]{(0.56252)2/[(2)(32.2)]}
+ 0.0176[500/(H)](w?/[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.1190?
h L = 0.1190? + 0.2923? = 0.4113? 0 + 0 + 11.5 = 0 + ?/[(2)(32.2)] + 0 + 0.4113? 2 = 5.191 ft/s
An additional iteration (not shown) gives no significant change in 2. Q = A v = [(jr)(]f)2/4](5.191) = 9.17 ft3/s.
 SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 275

10.22 In Fig. 10-5, K r = 0.5, L, = 300 m, D x = 600 mm, e x = 2 mm, L 2 = 240 m, D 2 = 1 m, e 2 = 0.3 mm,
v = 3 x 10-6 m2/s, and H = 6 m. Determine the discharge through the system.

I p x / y + v \ / 2 g + z, = p 2 / y + v l / 2 g + z 2 + h L h L = h f + h m . h f = (f ) (L / d ) ( v 2 / 2 g )
Assume/j = 0.026 and/2 = 0.015. v 2 = [($gj)/l]2(u,) = 0.3600^, h f = 0.026[300/(^)]{u?/[(2)(9.807)]} +
(0.015)(240/1){(0.3600D1)2/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.6866uf.
For entrance: h m = (K ) (v 2 / 2 g ) = 0.5{u2/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.02549u,.
For exit: h m = 1.0{u2/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.05098u| = (0.05098)(0.3600u 1)2 = 0.006607u2.
For sudden contraction:
h m = (lit - v 2 ) 2 / 2 g = (u, - 0.3600uj)2/[(2)(9.807)]
= 0.02088u2(/m)totai = 0.02549u2 + 0.006607u2 + 0.02088u? = 0.05298u?
h L 0.6866uf + 0.05298u? = 0.7396w? 0 + 0 + 6 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.7396^ u, =2.848 m/s
v 2 = (0.3600)(2.848) = 1.025 m/s
N R = d v / v ( N R ) X = flgft)(2.848)/(3 x 106) = 5.70 x 105 ( N R ) 2 = (l)(1.025)/(3 x UT6) = 3.42 x 105
{ e l d ) , = ^o = 0.00333 ( e / d ) 2 = (0.3/1000)/1 = 0.000300
From Fig. A-5, f x = 0.0265 and f 2 = 0.0168.
h f =0.0265[300/)]{u?/[(2)(9.807)]} + (0.0168)(240/l){(0.3600u 1)2/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.7022u2
h L = 0.7022uf + 0.05298u? = 0.7552u? 0 + 0 + 6 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.7552u? u, =2.819 m/s

An additional iteration (not shown) gives no significant change in v x . Q = A v = [(w)(^)2/4](2.819) =

0.797 m3/s. ' '^
ii^ n

Fig. 10-5
10^3 Solve Prob. 10.22 by means of equivalent pipes.
f Expressing the minor losses in terms of equivalent lengths gives for pipe 1: K t = 0.5 + [1 - ( i>o)2]2 = 0.9096,
(Le)t = K x D j f x = (0.9096)(^55B)/0.026 = 20.99 m; and for pipe 2: K 2 = 1.0, { L e ) 2 = K 2 D 2 / f 2 = (1.0)(1)/0.015 =
66.67 m, The values o f f x and f 2 are selected for the fully turbulent range as an approximation. The problem
is now reduced to 300 + 20.99, or 320.99 m of 600-mm pipe and 240 + 66.67, or 306.67 m of 1-m pipe.
Expressing the 1-m pipe in terms of an equivalent length of 600-m pipe, L e = (/2//1)(L2)(D1/D2)5 =
(0.015/0.026)(306.67)[Lnjgg)/l]5 = 13.76 m. By adding to the 600-mm pipe, the problem is reduced to finding the
discharge through 320.99 + 13.76, or 334.75 m of 600-mm pipe, e, = 2 mm, H = 6 m: h f = ( f ) (L / D ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) ,
6 = (/)[334.75/(IRBS)]{ v 2 / [(2)(9.807)]}, v = 0.4593/Vf. Try / = 0.026: v = 0.4593/VO056 = 2.848 m/s, N R =
D v / v = (^)(2.848)/(3 x 10~6) = 5.70 x lO5, From Fig. A-5, with N R = 5.70 x 105 and e / D = 0.00333,
/ = 0.0265. Try/ = 0.0265: v = 0.4593/VfX0265 = 2.821 m/s, N R = (TSB)(2.821)/(3 X lO"6) = 5.64 x 105,
/ = 0.0265 (O.K.); Q = A v = [(JT)(2/4](2.821) = 0.798 m3/s.

10.24 Two reservoirs are connected by three clean cast iron pipes in series: L, = 300 m, D x = 200 mm; L 2 = 400 m,
D 2 = 300 mm; L % = 1200 m, D, = 450 mm. If the flow is 360 m3/h of water at 20 C, determine the difference in
elevation of the reservoirs.
I v = Q / A v x = (360/3600)/[(^r)(0.200)2/4] = 3.183 m/s
u2 = (360/3600)/[(n:)(0.300)2/4] = 1.415 m/s v 3 = (360/3600)/[(jr)(0.450)2/4] = 0.6288 m/s
N R = D v / v (A/R)1 = (0.200)(3.183)/(1.02xl0_6) = 6.24xiai
( N r ) 2 = (0.300)(1.415)/(1.02 x 10 6) = 4.16 x 105 ( N R ) 3 = (0.450)(0.6288)/(1.02 x 10 6) = 2.77 x 105
( e / D ) x = 0.00026/0.200 = 0.00130 { e / D ) 2 = 0.0026/0.300 = 0.000867
(e/D)3 = 0.00026/0.450 = 0.000578
From Fig. A-5,/; = 0.0215, f 2 = 0.020, and/3 = 0.0185. H = h f = { f ) { L / D ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) =
0.0215[300/0.200] {3.1832/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.020[400/0.300]{1.4152/[(2)(9.807)]} +
0.0185[1200/0.450] (0.6288z/[(2)(9.807)]} = 20.37 m.
276 D CHAPTER 10

10.25 Solve Prob. 10.24 by the method of equivalent lengths,

f Express pipes 2 and 3 in terms of pipe 1:
Le = (/2//,)(L2)(D,/D2)5
(L e ) 2 = (0.020/0.0215)(400)(!i)5 = 49.00 m (L,)3 = (0.0185/0.0215)(1200)(|g)5 = 17.91 m
(Le)total = 300 + 49.00 + 17.91 = 366.9 m
H = h f = (f ) (L / D ) ( v 2 / 2 g ) = 0.0215[366.9/0.200] {3.1832/[(2)(9.807)]} = 20.37 m

10.26 Air at atmospheric pressure and 60 F is carried through two horizontal pipes (e = 0.06 in) in series. The
upstream pipe is 360 ft of 24 in diameter, and the downstream pipe is 120 ft of 36 in diameter. Estimate the
equivalent length of 18-in (e = 0.003 in) pipe. Neglect minor losses.
# e / D , = 0.06/24 = 0.0025 e / D 2 = 0.06/36 = 0.00167
From Fig. A-5, assuming high Reynolds numbers, /, = 0.025 and/ 2 = 0.022.
L e = (0.025//3)(360)(i)5 + (0.022//3)(120)(H)5 = 2.218 //3
e3/D3 = 0.003/18 = 0.000167 /3 = 0.013 L e = 2.218/0.013 = 171 ft

10.27 What pressure drop is required for flow of 6000 ft3/min in Prob. 10.26? Include losses due to sudden expansion.
I h L = h f + h m h f = (f ) { L / D ) ( y 2 / 2 g )
From Prob. 10.26, e/D, = 0.0025, e/D2 = 0.00167.
= Q / A i = (^)/[(>r)(?i)2/4] = 31.83 ft/s u2 = Q [A 2 = (^)/[(*)(?)2/4] = 14.15 ft/s
N R = D v / v (N), = (fi)(31-83)/(l.58 x 104) = 4.03 x 105 ( N R ) 2 = (f)(14.15)/(1.58 x 10-) = 2.69 X 105
From Fig. A-5, /, = 0.025 and f 2 = 0.022.
h f = 0.025[360/(f|)]{31.832/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.022[120/(ff)] {14.152/[(2)(32.2)]} = 73.53 ft
h m = (n, - v 2 ) 2 l l g = (31.83 - 14.15)2/[(2)(32.2)] = 4.85 m /t,. = 73.53 + 4.85 = 78.38 ft
Ap = yh y= p/RT
y = (14.7)(144)/[(53.3)(460 + 60)] = 0.07637 lb/ft3 Ap = (0.07637)(78.38) = 5.99 lb/ft2

10.28 Two pipes, D, = 3 in, L, = 300 ft, and D 2 = 2 in, L 2 = 180 ft, are joined in series with a total pressure drop of
3 lb/in2. What is the flow rate of syrup (p = 1.78 slugs/ft3, p = 0.00606 lb s/ft2) at 20 C?
I h f = Ap/y = A p / p g = (3)(144)/[(1.78)(32.2)] = 7.537 ft
Assume laminar flow

128pLQ 7 (128)(0.00606)(300)(G) (128)(0.00606)(180)(Q)

G=0.00564 ft3/s
' ~ npgD* ~ (?r)(1.78)(32.2)(n)4 + (TT)(1.78)(32.2)(^)4
Computation of N R (not shown) indicates the flow is indeed laminar.

10.29 Convert the piping system shown in Fig. 10-6 to an equivalent length of 6-in pipe.
I PA/Y + V2A/2g + zA= pMl y + V2J2g + z + hL hL = h,+ hm
h f = (f ) (L / d ) (V 2 / 2 g ) = 0.025[150/(i)] { Vf 2/[(2) (32.2)]} + 0.020[100/(&)]{V?/[(2)(32.2)]}
= 0.05823F22 + 0.06211 Vi
h m = ( K ) ( V 2 / 2 g ) = [8.0 + (2)(0.5) + 0.7 + 1.0]{V 22/[(2)(32.2)]}
+ [0.7 + 6.0 + (2)(0.5) + 3.0 + 1.0] {1^1/[(2) (32.2)]}
= 0.1661V ,2 + 0.18171^6
h L = 0.05823V ,2 + 0.06211Vl + 0.1661Vf2 + 0.1817Vi = 0.2243V?, + 0.2438V!
0 - t - 0 + / t = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.2243V?2 + 0.2438V! V12 = (^)2(V6) = 0.2500V6
h = (0.2243) (0.2500I4)2 + 0.2438V! = 0.2578V!
For a 6-in equivalent pipe, h = 0.020[L,/(^)]{V!/[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.0006211L.V!, 0.2578V! = 0.0006211L.V!,
L. = 415 ft.
 SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 277

Factors K
Strainer B = 8.0
12" Bends C , F (each) = 0.5
12" Tee D - 0.7
12" Valve E = 1.0
12" x 6" Cross G ( x V l / 2 g ) = 0.7
6" Meter// = 6.0
6" Bends J , K (each) = 0.5
6" Valve L = 3.0

10 JO For the compound piping system described in Prob. 10.12, what flow will be produced for a total head loss of
70.0 ft?
f From Prob. 10.12,13 540 ft of 16-in pipe is equivalent to the compound system. For a head loss of 70.0 ft,
hi = 70.0/13 540 = 0.00517. From Fig. A-13, Q = 6.3 cfs. This is for C = 120. For new cast iron pipe (C = 130),
Q = (iB)(6.3) = 6.8 cfs.

10.31 For the system shown in Fig. 10-7, when the flow from reservoir A to main D is 3.25 mgd, the pressure at D is
20.0 psi. The flow to D must be increased to4.25 mgd with the pressure at 40.0 psi. What size pipe, 5000 ft long,
should be laid from B to C (shown dashed) parallel to the existing 12-in pipe to accomplish this?
f The elevation of reservoir A can be determined as follows: Q = (3.25 x 106)/[(7.48)(86 400)] = 5.03 cfs.
From Fig. A-13, (hi)u, = 0.0038 ft/ft, (/i,)12 = 0.0150 ft/ft. These values of h, are for C = 120; they must be
adjusted for C = 100:
= ($0(0.0038) = 0.0046 ft/ft (/i,)i2 = ((0.0150) = 0.018 ft/ft
(/^ = (0.0046X8000) = 36.8 ft {h f ) l2 = (0.018)(5000) = 90.0 ft (h f \ olM = 36.8 + 90.0 = 126.8 ft
The hydraulic grade line drops 126.8 ft to an elevation of 46.2ft above D (the equivalent of 20.0 psi). Thus
reservoir A is 126.8 + 46.2, or 173.0 ft above point D. For a pressure of 40.0 psi, the elevation of the hydraulic
grade line at D will be 92.4 ft above D, or the available head for the flow of 4.25 mgd will be 173.0 92.4, or
80.6 ft. In the 16-in pipe with Q = 4.25 mgd, or 6.58 cfs, (/i,)16 = 0.0062 ft/ft for C = 120.
For C = 100: (h t ) 16 = ($0(0.0062) = 0.0074ft/ft, (h f ) 16 = (0.0074)(8000) = 59.2 ft, (h f ) BtoC = 80.6 - 59.2 =
21.4 ft.
For the existing 12-in pipe: (fii)12 = 21.4/5000 = 0.0043 ft/ft, Q 12 - 2.7 cfs for C = 120.
For C = 100, Q 12 = (T5)(2.7) = 2.3 cfs. The flow in the new pipe must be 6.58 - 2.3, or 4.28 cfs with an available
head (drop in the hydraulic grade line) of 21.4ft from B to C. h t = 21.4/5000 = 0.0043 ft/ft. From Fig. A-13,
D = 14 in, approximately.