BRITISH STANDARD BS 1377-5:

1990
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1

Methods of test for

Soils for civil

engineering
purposes
Part 5: Compressibility, permeability
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

and durability tests

UDC 621.131.3:631.4.625:620.1
 BS 1377-5:1990

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Road

Engineering Standard Policy Committee (RDB/-) to Technical Committee
RDB/38, upon which the following bodies were represented:

Association of Consulting Engineers

British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers Association
County Surveyors Society
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of Transport
Department of Transport (Transport and Road Research Laboratory)
Coopted members
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the direction
of the Road Engineering
Standards Policy Committee,
was published under the authority
of the Board of BSI and comes
into effect on
30 April 1990

First published in 1948 Amendments issued since publication

First published in metric 1975
Second edition April 1990 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
BSI 12-1998
8260 November Indicated by a sideline in the margin
1994
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference RDB/38
Draft for comment 88/14766 DC

ISBN 0 580 18030 1

 BS 1377-5:1990

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Determination of the one-dimensional consolidation properties 1
4 Determination of swelling and collapse characteristics 8
5 Determination of permeability by the constant-head method 11
6 Determination of dispersibility 15
6.1 General 15
6.2 Pinhole method 15
6.3 Crumb method 17
6.4 Dispersion method 18
7 Determination of frost heave 19
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Appendix A Typical test data and calculation forms 29

Figure 1 Section of a typical consolidation cell 20
Figure 2 Laboratory consolidation curve: logarithm of time
fitting method 21
Figure 3 Laboratory consolidation curve: square root of time
fitting method 22
Figure 4 Temperature correction curve for coefficient of
consolidation and permeability 23
Figure 5 Section of a typical constant-head permeability cell 24
Figure 6 Arrangement of apparatus for constant-head
permeability test 25
Figure 7 Section of pinhole test apparatus:
a) arrangement for test
b) details of nipple 26
Figure 8 Flowchart for pinhole test procedure 27
Figure 9 Typical results from dispersion (double hydrometer) test 28
Table 1 Suggested initial pressures for consolidation test 5
Table 2 Classification of soils from pinhole test data 18
Publications referred to Inside back cover

BSI 12-1998 i
 BS 1377-5:1990

Foreword

This Part of BS 1377 has been prepared under the direction of the Road
Engineering Standards Policy Committee. It is a part revision of clause 5 of
BS 1377:1975 which is deleted by amendment.
BS 1377:1975 which has now been withdrawn is replaced by the following Parts
of BS 1377:1990:
Part 1: General requirements and sample preparation;
Part 2: Classification tests;
Part 3: Chemical and electro-chemical tests;
Part 4: Compaction-related tests;
Part 5: Compressibility, permeability and durability tests;
Part 6: Consolidation and permeability tests in hydraulic cells and with pore
pressure measurement;
Part 7: Shear strength tests (total stress);
Part 8: Shear strength tests (effective stress);
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Part 9: In-situ tests.

Reference should be made to Part 1 for further information about each of the
Parts.
The following test procedures, additional to those described in the 1975 standard,
have been introduced:
a) swelling pressure and settlement on saturation measurements in an
oedometer consolidation apparatus;
b) determination of the coefficient of permeability of sands by the constant
head permeameter method;
c) determination of the susceptibility to internal erosion of clay soils, using
three empirical tests:
1) the pinhole method;
2) the crumb method;
3) the dispersion (sedimentation) method.
d) determination of the susceptibility to frost heave, for which reference is
made to BS 812-124.
Some amendments have been made to the one-dimensional oedometer
consolidation test, which is nevetheless the same in principle as the test described
in the 1975 standard.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of
its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 34, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

ii BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

1 Scope In this test the soil specimen is loaded axially in

increments of applied stress. Each stress increment
This Part of BS 1377 describes methods of test for
is held constant until the primary consolidation has
the determination of the consolidation
ceased. During this process water drains out of the
characteristics of soils when subjected to changes in
specimen, resulting in a decrease in height which is
the applied effective stress, the permeability measured at suitable intervals. These
characteristics of sands, the susceptibility of clays to measurements are used for the determination of the
internal erosion by water, and the susceptibility of
relationship between compression (or strain) or
soils to heave in freezing conditions.
voids ratio and effective stress, and for the
Reference is made to some of the classification tests calculation of parameters which describe the
described in BS 1377-2, and to some of the methods amount of compression and the rate at which it
of soil compaction described in BS 1377-4. takes place.
Reference is made to Part 1 for general NOTE 1 The method described covers the procedure and
requirements that are relevant to all Parts of this technique for consolidation tests on naturally deposited soils
taken undisturbed from the ground in the form of cores or blocks.
British Standard and for methods of preliminary The term sample denotes the soil submitted to the laboratory for
preparation of soil and specimens for testing. testing, and the term specimen refers to a portion of the sample
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard upon which the consolidation test is performed.
are listed on the inside back cover. NOTE 2 Data obtained from this type of consolidation test, if
carried out on representative undisturbed samples of good
quality, enable the amount of settlement under a structure to be
2 Definitions estimated. Values of the coefficient of consolidation can also be
For the purposes of this Part of BS 1377 the calculated from which an indication of a theoretical rate of
settlement can be derived. However the predicted settlement
definitions given in BS 1377-1 apply, together with times can be greatly in excess of those observed in practice and
the following. should be treated with caution.
2.1 NOTE 3 The small size of the specimen normally used for this
test frequently does not represent adequately the fabric features
erodibility (dispersibility) found in many natural deposits, which collectively dominate the
erosion of fine-grained soils by a process in which drainage characteristics of the soil en masse and therefore the
rate of settlement in-situ.
individual clay particles go into suspension in
practically still water The requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where
appropriate, shall apply to this test method.
2.2
dispersive soils 3.1.2 Environmental requirements. The test shall be
carried out in an area that is free from significant
soils that are erodible in still water. They usually vibrations and other mechanical disturbance. The
contain a preponderance of sodium cations in the
apparatus shall be sited away from the effects of
pore water
local sources of heat, direct sunlight and draughts.
The test shall be carried out in a laboratory in which
3 Determination of the the temperature is maintained constant to
one-dimensional consolidation within 4 C in compliance with 6.1 of
properties BS 1377-1:1990.
3.1 General 3.2 Apparatus
3.1.1 Principle. This method covers the 3.2.1 Consolidation apparatus
determination of the magnitude and rate of the
3.2.1.1 The consolidation apparatus, known as the
consolidation of a saturated or near-saturated
oedometer, shall be of the fixed ring type and shall
specimen of soil (see note 1) in the form of a disc
consist essentially of the features described
confined laterally, subjected to vertical axial in 3.2.1.1.1 to 3.2.1.1.5.
pressure, and allowed to drain freely from the top
and bottom surfaces. The method is concerned 3.2.1.1.1 A consolidation ring which shall
mainly with the primary consolidation phase, but it completely and rigidly support and confine the soil
can also be used to determine secondary specimen laterally. The ring shall be of
compression characteristics. corrosion-resistant metal.
The ring shall be provided with a cutting edge to
facilitate the preparation of the specimen. The inner
surface of the ring shall be smooth.
NOTE 1 The inner surface of the ring may be coated with a low
friction material to minimize wall friction. Alternatively silicone
grease or petroleum jelly may be used.

BSI 12-1998 1
 BS 1377-5:1990

The diameter of the consolidation ring shall be NOTE 2 The clearance should not be too great otherwise
determined primarily by the nominal sizes of serious penetration of the soil between the side of the porous
plate and the consolidation ring may take place; clearances in
undisturbed tube samples received for test but also diameter from about 0.25 mm to about 0.75 mm have been found
with regard to the character of the soil and the to be satisfactory.
maximum size of particles present in the sample. 3.2.1.1.3 A consolidation cell of suitable
The inside diameter of the ring used for fine silts corrosion-resistant material within which is placed
and clay soils shall be at least 6 mm smaller than the consolidation ring containing the sample. The
the undisturbed tube sample to permit trimming off cell shall accept the consolidation ring with a push
no less than 3 mm of soil all around which may have fit. The specimen is held between the top and bottom
been disturbed during the sampling operation. For porous plates and rests centrally on the base of the
coarse silt and sand containing some clay cell. Load is applied to the specimen through a rigid,
(see note 2), also for soils which contain numerous centrally mounted, corrosion-resistant loading cap
inclusions such as small stones or hard lumps, fitted with a central seating. The principal features
(e.g. boulder clay, marl, chalk), and for soils which of the cell are illustrated in Figure 1(a).
break or deform badly on extrusion from the
The cell shall be capable of being filled with water to
sampling tube, the inside diameter of the ring shall a level higher than the top of the upper porous plate.
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

be as close as possible to the size of the tube sample The materials comprising the cell and the
because of the difficulty of trimming such specimens
components which fit into it shall not be corrodible
(see note 3). The inside diameter shall be not less
by electro-chemical reaction with each other.
than 50 mm and not greater than 105 mm.
3.2.1.1.4 A dial gauge or a displacement transducer
NOTE 2 The method described is considered unsuitable for
cohesionless sands and silts and for such soils a test at zero referred to as the compression gauge. The gauge
lateral strain (Ko compression test) in a triaxial apparatus is shall be supported for measuring the vertical
recommended. compression or swelling of the specimen throughout
NOTE 3 The inside diameters of some sampling tubes are the test. It shall be readable to 0.002 mm and shall
nominal and it is thus impracticable in such cases to provide a
consolidation ring with an inside diameter of the same size as the have a travel of at least 10 mm. Where more
soil sample. than 12 mm travel is required a readability
The height of the ring shall be not less than 18 mm of 0.01 mm is permissible.
and not more than 0.4 times the internal diameter. 3.2.1.1.5 A loading device having a rigid bed for
NOTE 4 The selection of a specimen conforming with this range supporting the consolidation cell. The device shall
of thickness to diameter ratios is recommended as a reasonable enable a vertical force to be applied axially in
compromise to limit as far as possible the effect of side friction
between the specimen and the wall of the ring, and at the same
increments to the test specimen through a loading
time to keep the effect of specimen disturbance during yoke. Each force increment shall be maintained
preparation to a reasonable level. A ring 75 mm in diameter constant by a stress-control method while
and 20 mm high has been found to be satisfactory for silt and clay permitting increasing vertical compression of the
soils.
test specimen during the consolidation test. The
3.2.1.1.2 Corrosion-resistant porous plates for vertical force applied to the test specimen shall
placing at the top and bottom surfaces of the test produce calculated intensities of pressure within an
specimen. Their porosity shall allow free drainage of accuracy of 1 % or 1 kPa, whichever is the greater.
water throughout the test but shall prevent The apparatus shall be capable of accommodating a
intrusion of soil into their pores. (see 3.4.1). compression of at least 75 % of the specimen
The thickness of the plates shall be sufficient to thickness. A counterbalanced lever system, using
prevent breaking under load, and the material shall calibrated weights in increments, is the method
be of negligible compressibility under the loads commonly employed for applying the vertical force
applied during the test. The upper and lower to the test specimen, and the test procedure
surfaces shall be plane, clean and undamaged. described in this specification is applicable to this
NOTE 1 Plates of bauxilite or sintered bronze 6 mm to 13 mm type of stress-control loading.
thick have been found to be suitable.
The force applied to the test specimen shall be
The diameter of the top porous plate shall be applied centrally to the loading cap covering the top
about 0.5 mm smaller than the inside diameter of porous plate through a central seating. The loading
the consolidation ring, in order to permit free mechanism shall be capable of applying the force
compression of the soil specimen. A taper towards immediately and without impact. A range of
the upper edge is permissible to minimize the calibrated weights shall be provided to enable
danger of binding, should tilting occur. The bottom suitable increments of load to be applied to the test
porous plate shall be large enough to support the specimen.
consolidation ring and its specimen adequately.

2 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

The loading device shall be securely bolted to the 3.2.4.2 Determination of deformation characteristics
bench or supporting stand which itself shall be of apparatus
securely fixed to the floor or counterbalanced as a NOTE Deformation of the apparatus may be significant when
safeguard against overturning when the lever is testing stiff soils but can often be ignored for soft soils.
fully loaded. 3.2.4.2.1 Assemble the consolidation apparatus as
NOTE When several oedometers are supported on one bench or described in 3.4 but fit the metal disc in place of the
stand it is essential to ensure that the support is securely specimen. Do not add water to the cell. Identify the
anchored against overturning when all oedometers are fully
loaded at the same time. orientation of each component with respect to the
loading device by indelible marks.
3.2.2 Ancillary items
NOTE If a filter paper is to be placed against each face of the
3.2.2.1 Apparatus for moisture content specimen during a test, similar filter papers should be placed
determination, as described in 3.2 of either side of the steel disc for the calibration, either dry or moist
depending on the condition for the test.
BS 1377-2:1990.
3.2.4.2.2 Apply increments of force similar to those
3.2.2.2 Apparatus for particle density
applied for a test (see 3.5.2) up to the maximum
determination, as described in 8.2 or 8.3 of
working load of the apparatus. Each increment shall
BS 1377-2:1990 (optional).
be sustained only as long as necessary to observe the
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

3.2.2.3 A timing device readable to 1 s. resulting reading of the compression gauge.

3.2.2.4 A supply of water at room temperature. 3.2.4.2.3 Record the deformation under each force
3.2.2.5 A means of reading and recording the increment as indicated by the compression gauge.
maximum and minimum room temperatures. 3.2.4.2.4 Unload the apparatus in decrements
3.2.2.6 A watch glass, or metal tray, larger in corresponding to the loading increments and record
diameter than the consolidation ring. the deformations as described in 3.2.4.2.3.
3.2.2.7 A metal disc, of steel, bronze or brass of a 3.2.4.2.5 Tabulate or plot the deformations as the
thickness equal to the height of the consolidation cumulative corrections, y, to be applied to the
ring and a diameter about 1 mm smaller than the measured cumulative settlement of the specimen
internal diameter of the ring. The end faces shall be corresponding to each applied force.
flat, smooth and parallel. 3.3 Preparation of specimen
3.2.2.8 A balance readable to 0.1 g. 3.3.1 General requirements. The test specimen shall
3.2.3 Apparatus for specimen preparation and be in the form of a disc of proportions specified for
measurement. The apparatus specified in 8.2.1 the consolidation ring in which it is to be tested
and 8.2.5 of BS 1377-1:1990 is required for (see 3.2.1.1.1). The mean diameter of the largest
preparing a specimen from a sample in a sampling particle shall not exceed one-fifth of the height of
tube. For preparing a specimen from a block sample, the ring.
the additional equipment specified in 8.2.6 of Prepare the specimen from an undisturbed sample
BS 1377-1:1990 is required. of soil, taken either from a sample tube, or as an
3.2.4 Calibration of apparatus excavated block sample.
3.2.4.1 Measurements NOTE 1 The test specimen should normally be orientated such
that in the laboratory test the soil will be loaded in the same
3.2.4.1.1 Clean and dry the consolidation ring and direction relative to the stratum as the applied stress in situ.
the watch glass. Ensure that the cutting edge is true NOTE 2 A test specimen may also be prepared by the method
and not damaged. described in 3.3.2 from soil that has been compacted into a
cylindrical mould.
3.2.4.1.2 Weigh the ring and the watch glass Avoid loss or gain of moisture by the sample at all
separately to 0.1 g. stages of preparation, such as by carrying out these
3.2.4.1.3 Lubricate the inside face of the ring with a operations in a suitably humidified atmosphere.
thin smear of silicone grease or petroleum jelly. Carry out cutting and trimming operations using
3.2.4.1.4 Measure the height of the consolidation cutting tools appropriate to the nature of the soil.
ring to 0.05 mm at four or more equally spaced The reference straightedge used for checking
points and calculate the mean height, Ho. flatness shall not be used for trimming.
3.2.4.1.5 Measure the internal diameter of the ring 3.3.2 Preparation of specimen from sample tube.
to 0.1 mm in two perpendicular directions. Calculate Prepare the test specimen from a tube sample as
the mean diameter and the area, A, in mm2. described in 8.6 of BS 1377-1:1990.

BSI 12-1998 3
 BS 1377-5:1990

3.3.3 Preparation from block sample. Prepare the 3.4.2.2 Place the specimen contained in its ring
test specimen from an undisturbed sample received centrally on top of the porous plate.
in the form of an excavated block by the procedure 3.4.2.3 Assemble the cell components so that the
described in 8.7 of BS 1377-1:1990 consolidation ring is laterally confined and in
(See note 1 to 3.3.1). correct alignment.
NOTE This procedure may also be used for a sample that has
been extruded from a sampling tube when a jig for holding the
3.4.2.4 Place the top porous plate and loading cap
cutting ring is not available. centrally on top of the specimen.
3.3.4 Specimen measurements 3.4.2.5 When assembling the apparatus for a test,
ensure that each component is orientated as
3.3.4.1 Measure the height of the specimen
described in 3.2.4.2.1.
to 0.05 mm (Ho) in its ring.
NOTE Alternatively the height of the ring may be accepted as 3.4.3 Assembly in load frame
the specimen height if the nature of the soil makes it difficult for 3.4.3.1 Place the consolidation cell in position on the
the specimen height to be measured satisfactorily.
bed of the loading apparatus.
3.3.4.2 Place the specimen in its ring on the watch
glass or tray and weigh immediately to 0.1 g. 3.4.3.2 Adjust the counterbalanced loading beam so
that when the load-transmitting members just
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Determine the initial mass of the specimen, mo.

make contact with the loading cap the beam is
3.3.4.3 Take a sample of soil similar to that in the slightly above the horizontal position.
ring for the determination of particle density, if
NOTE Ideally the beams initial inclination upwards should be
required, and initial moisture content. about equal to its inclination downwards under the maximum
NOTE The moisture content determination enables loading to be applied, so that the mean position during the test is
preliminary values of voids ratio to be calculated during the test, horizontal. For many types of apparatus the inclination of the
before the final dry mass of the specimen is available. beam is not critical. With highly compressible soils, adjustment
of the beam inclination may be necessary during the course of a
A suitable form for recording these data is shown as test but this should be done only at the end of a loading increment
form 5.A of Appendix A. when the rate of settlement is very small.
3.4 Preparation and assembly of apparatus 3.4.3.3 Add a small weight to the beam hanger,
sufficient to maintain contact between the
3.4.1 Porous plates. Before using the porous plates
load-transmitting members while final adjustments
in a test they shall be prepared as follows.
are made. The resulting seating pressure on the
a) Clean the surfaces using a natural bristle or specimen shall not exceed 2 kPa.
nylon brush.
3.4.3.4 Clamp the compression gauge securely into
b) Ensure that the pores are not clogged by fine position so that it can measure the relative
soil particles, and that the plates are readily movement between the loading cap and the base of
permeable to water. the cell. Arrange the gauge to allow for
NOTE Removal of soil particles from the pores of the plate measurement of a small amount of swelling of the
can be aided by immersion in an ultrasonic water bath. specimen, while the greater part of the range of
c) Saturate the pores by boiling in distilled water travel allows for compression. Record the initial
for at least 20 min, either over heat at reading of the gauge.
atmospheric pressure, or in a vacuum desiccator
3.5 Test procedure
in which the pressure has been reduced to
about 20 mm of mercury. 3.5.1 Loading sequence. A range of pressures
d) For saturated soils, or for soils that do not selected from the following sequence has been found
exhibit a high affinity for water, keep the plates to be satisfactory.
saturated in deaerated water until required for 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1 600, 3 200 kPa.
use. Immediately before assembly in the NOTE 1 This suggested sequence of pressures follows the
consolidation cell remove free surface water with generally accepted procedure by which the applied pressure at
any stage is double that at the preceding stage in the sequence.
a tissue, ensuring that the pores remain This procedure also enables an equal spacing of points to be
saturated. obtained when the compression characteristics are plotted
e) For soils that readily absorb water, allow the against the logarithm of the applied pressure as recommended in
the standard.
plates to air dry.
A typical test comprises four to six increments of
3.4.2 Assembly of consolidation cell loading, each held constant for 24 h, and each
3.4.2.1 Place the bottom porous plate, prepared by applied stress being double that of the previous
one of the methods described in 3.4.1, centrally in stage. Loading is removed in a smaller number of
the consolidation cell. decrements.

4 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

The initial pressure depends on the type of soil. For 3.5.2.4 Take readings of the compression gauge at
soils which tend to swell the swelling pressures may suitable intervals of time. The following periods of
be determined at this stage by the method described elapsed time from zero are convenient. A suitable
in 4.1. The first loading increment shall then be form for recording the readings is shown as form 5.B
greater than the swelling pressure. in Appendix A.
NOTE 2 The greatest pressure should be more than the 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 s
maximum vertical effective stress likely to occur in situ due to
overburden and the proposed construction. Loading of a specimen 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30 min
of overconsolidated soil should, wherever possible, extend into 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h
the normal consolidation region. A general guide to the initial
pressure to be applied is given in Table 1. NOTE The times suggested give a regular spacing of points
when plotted, but more frequent readings may need to be taken
Table 1 Suggested initial pressures for for soils which compress very rapidly. Readings may be taken at
consolidation test other time intervals so long as they enable the time-compression
Soil curve to be plotted with sufficient accuracy.
a Initial pressure
consistency 3.5.2.5 Plot the compression gauge readings against
Stiff Equal to 9vo, or the next higher logarithm of time, or square root time, while the test
recommended pressure if 9vo is less is in progress, either manually or by means of an
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

automatic recorder.
than ps.
3.5.2.6 Maintain the pressure until the plotted
Firm Somewhat less than 9vo, preferably
readings indicate that primary consolidation has
using the next lower recommended been completed. A period of 24 h under one pressure
pressure. is generally adequate but this shall be verified from
Soft Appreciably less than 9vo, the plot.
usually 25 kPa or less. NOTE The length of the consolidation period between
successive increments of pressure should be made more or less
Very soft very low, typically 6 kPa or 12 kPa. equal for all increments of pressure. Primary consolidation is
Initial consolidation under a small normally completed within the 24 h period recommended. For
load will give added strength to certain highly compressible but impermeable soils it may be
prevent squeezing out under next necessary to extend the period to 48 h. For certain soils the
primary consolidation may be completed well within the 24 h
load increment. period, or even within the normal working day, making it
s 9vo represents the estimated present vertical effective stress possible to apply further load increments more frequently.
in situ at the horizon from which the specimen was taken.
3.5.2.7 Record the daily maximum and minimum
ps represents the swelling pressure. temperatures in the vicinity of the test apparatus to
a
See BS5930 the nearest 1 C.
3.5.2 Application of pressure 3.5.2.8 Record the time and compression gauge
reading at the termination of the load increment
3.5.2.1 Record the compression gauge reading as the
stage, df. This reading becomes the initial reading
initial reading for the load increment stage, di.
for the next stage.
3.5.2.2 Apply the required pressure to the specimen
3.5.2.9 Increase the pressure to the next value in the
at a convenient moment (zero time) by adding the
selected sequence, as described in 3.5.2.2, and
appropriate weights to the beam hanger without
repeat 3.5.2.4 to 3.5.2.8.
jolting. Remove the weight used for the seating load.
3.5.2.10 Repeat 3.5.2.9 for further stages of the
3.5.2.3 Fill the consolidation cell with water after
sequence of loading, making at least four stages in
applying the pressure. If the specimen begins to
all. The maximum pressure applied to the specimen
swell, or if the compression virtually ceases within a
shall be greater than the effective pressure which
short time, proceed to the next higher pressure.
will occur in situ due to the overburden and
Alternatively, if required, determine the swelling
proposed construction.
pressure as described in 4.1.
NOTE When using a rear-loading type of apparatus an 3.5.3 Unloading
additional weight should be applied to the lever hanger to just 3.5.3.1 On completion of the recording of the
counterbalance the weight of water added to the cell.
compression gauge readings in accordance
with 3.5.2.6 under the maximum required pressure,
unload the specimen as follows if the unloading
curve is required. Otherwise proceed at 3.5.4.

BSI 12-1998 5
 BS 1377-5:1990

NOTE 1 The unloading portion of the log pressure/voids ratio 3.6.1.3 Calculate the initial dry density, rd
curve is required in some methods of analysis for estimating the (in Mg/m3), from the equation
preconsolidation pressure for the soil. Normally the number of
unloading stages should be at least half the number of loading
stages, and should provide reasonably equally spaced points on a
log pressure scale. 3.6.1.4 If it is required to plot void ratio against
NOTE 2 After unloading to the smallest appropriate pressure a pressure, calculate the initial voids ratio, eo, from
second load-unload cycle, possibly up to a higher pressure than
before, may be applied if required.
the equation
3.5.3.2 Reduce the pressure to a value not less than
the last but one value of the loading sequence, at a where
convenient moment (zero time).
rs is the particle density (in Mg/m3).
3.5.3.3 Record readings of the compression gauge at
convenient intervals such as those indicated 3.6.1.5 The initial degree of saturation, So, may be
in 3.5.2.4. calculated as a percentage from the equation
3.5.3.4 Plot the readings so that the completion of
swelling can be identified.
This value can be used to indicate whether the test
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

3.5.3.5 Record the final reading of the compression specimen is fully saturated initially.
gauge, and the maximum and minimum daily
temperatures. 3.6.2 Compressibility characteristics
3.5.3.6 Repeat 3.5.3.2 to 3.5.3.5 at least twice more, 3.6.2.1 The compressibility characteristics may be
finishing with an applied pressure equal to the illustrated by plotting the compression of the
swelling pressure (if applicable) or to the initial specimen as ordinate on a linear scale against the
applied pressure. corresponding applied pressure p (in kP/Pa), as
3.5.3.7 When the compression gauge indicates that abscissa on a logarithmic scale
equilibrium under the final pressure has been (See form 5.C of Appendix A). Compression is
reached proceed to 3.5.4. usually indicated in terms of voids ratio, but the
actual thickness of the specimen, or the strain
3.5.4 Dismantling expressed as a percentage reduction in thickness
3.5.4.1 Drain off the water from the cell. Allow to referred to the initial thickness, may be used as
stand for 15 min to enable free water to drain from alternatives.
the porous plates. 3.6.2.2 Calculate and plot voids ratios and
3.5.4.2 Mop up any excess water from within the compressibility data as follows.
cell. (See form 5.D of Appendix A).
3.5.4.3 Remove the load from the specimen and 3.6.2.2.1 Calculate the equivalent height of solid
remove the consolidation cell from the apparatus. particles, Hs (in mm), from the equation
3.5.4.4 Dismantle the cell, and weigh the specimen
in its ring on the weighed watch glass or tray.
where
3.5.4.5 Transfer the specimen and ring on the watch
Ho and eo are as defined in 3.6.1.
glass or tray to the oven maintained at 105 C
to 110 C, dry the specimen to constant mass and 3.6.2.2.2 Calculate the height of the specimen,
determine the dry mass of the specimen 0.1 g (md). H (in mm), at the end of each loading or unloading
3.6 Calculations and plotting stage from the equation
3.6.1 General data. (See form 5.A of Appendix A).
3.6.1.1 Calculate the initial moisture content, wo where
(in %), from the specimen trimmings (see 3.3.4.3). H is the cumulative compression of the
3.6.1.2 Calculate the initial bulk density, specimen (reduction in height) from the
(in Mg/m3), from the equation initial height as recorded by the
compression gauge;
y is the cumulative correction for deformation
where of the apparatus under the pressure being
mo is the initial mass of the specimen (in g); considered.
A is the area of the specimen (in mm2);
Ho is the initial height of the specimen (in mm).

6 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

3.6.2.2.3 Calculate the voids ratio, e, at the end of NOTE This construction is based on the early part of the curve
each loading or unloading stage, if required, from being parabolic when plotted on linear scales.
the equation 3.6.3.2.2 Draw and extend the tangents to the two
linear portions of the laboratory curve, i.e. at the
point of inflexion, and the secondary compression
3.6.2.2.4 Calculate the coefficient volume portion. Their intersection gives the compression
compressibility, mv (in m2/MN), for each loading corresponding to theoretical 100 % primary
increment from the equation compression, denoted by d100.
3.6.3.2.3 From the zero and 100 % points, locate
the 50 % primary compression point, d50, on the
where laboratory curve and obtain its time, t50 (in min).
3.6.3.2.4 Calculate the coefficient of consolidation,
H1 is the height of the specimen at the start of cv (in m2/year), for this load increment from the
a loading increment (in mm); equation
H2 is the height of the specimen at the end of
that increment (in mm);
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

p1 is the pressure applied to the specimen for where

the previous loading stage (in kPa); H is the average specimen thickness for the load
p2 is the pressure applied to the specimen for increment (in mm), i.e.
the loading stage being considered (in kPa).

3.6.2.2.5 If required, plot values of voids ratio as

ordinate against applied pressure on a logarithmic t50 is expressed in minutes.
scale as abscissa (see form 5.C of Appendix A). Draw 3.6.3.2.5 Repeat 3.6.3.2.1 to 3.6.3.2.4 for each force
smooth curves through the points for both the increment applied to the specimen.
loading and the unloading portions. If the swelling 3.6.3.3 Square root time curve-fitting method.
pressure was measured the curves will start and (See Figure 3.)
terminate at the swelling pressure. Indicate the 3.6.3.3.1 Draw the straight line of best fit to the
value of the initial voids ratio, eo, on the vertical early portion of curve (usually within the first 50 %
axis. of compression) and extend it to intersect the
3.6.3 Coefficient of consolidation. ordinate of zero time. This intersection represents
(See form 5.D of Appendix A.) the corrected zero point, denoted by d0.
3.6.3.1 General. Two curve fitting methods are 3.6.3.3.2 Draw the straight line through the d0 point
recognized for evaluating the coefficient of which at all points has abscissae 1.15 times as great
consolidation, cv, namely the logarithm-of-time as those on the best fit line drawn in 3.6.3.3.1. The
curve-fitting method and the square root time intersection of this line with the laboratory curve
curve-fitting method. gives the 90 % compression point, d90.
NOTE The two fitting methods specified generally show 3.6.3.3.3 Read off the value of t90 from the
reasonable agreement. In some cases the square root plot does
not produce a straight line portion whereas the logarithmic plot laboratory curve corresponding to the d90 point and
may be more satisfactorily employed. On the other hand, the calculate the value of cv (in m2/year), from the
reverse may be true as, for example, with soils which exhibit a equation.
large amount of secondary compression. Sometimes the square
root time curve is best used for determining the corrected zero
point and the logarithmic time curve for the theoretical 100 %
consolidation point.
3.6.4 Temperature correction. If the average
3.6.3.2 Log time curve-fitting method.
laboratory temperature during the test differs by
(See Figure 2.)
more than 2 C from 20 C, the derived values of cv
3.6.3.2.1 Locate the corrected zero point by marking shall be corrected to the 20 C values by multiplying
off the difference in ordinates between any two by the appropriate correction factor obtained
points on the initial (convex-upwards) portion of the from Figure 4.
curve having times in the ratio 1 : 4, and laying off
NOTE The temperature correction is given here to enable
an equal distance above the upper point. Repeat this results from tests carried out at different temperatures to be
operation using two other pairs of points having compared. The accuracy of cv values derived from this test does
times in the same ratio, and take the average of the not justify the use of temperature corrections to correlate with in
situ conditions.
compression readings so determined as the
corrected zero compression point, denoted by d0.

BSI 12-1998 7
 BS 1377-5:1990

3.6.5 Coefficient of secondary compression i) the calculated values of the coefficient of

3.6.5.1 The coefficient of secondary compression, if volume compressibility, mv (in m2/MN), and the
required, is derived from the laboratory logarithm of coefficient of consolidation, cv (in m2/year), to two
time curve as follows. significant figures, for each load increment, in the
form of a table;
3.6.5.2 Extend the linear portion of the secondary
compression portion of the curve, obtained as j) values of the coefficient of secondary
described in 3.6.3.2.2, so that it covers one complete compression, Csec, for each load increment (if
cycle of log time. It may be necessary to prolong the required) to two significant figures;
duration of the load increment to establish a linear k) the method of time fitting used;
relationship. l) the laboratory temperature at which the test
3.6.5.3 Read off the compression gauge readings at was carried out;
the beginning and end of the cycle, e.g. at 1 000 min m) the location and depth of the test specimen
and 10 000 min, and calculate the difference, dHs within the original sample.
(in mm), between them.
3.6.5.4 Calculate the coefficient of secondary 4 Determination of swelling and
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

compression, Csec from the equation collapse characteristics

4.1 General
The three tests described in this clause use the same
where apparatus and have the same environmental
H0 is the initial height of the specimen. requirements as the one-dimensional consolidation
3.6.5.5 Repeat 3.6.5.2 to 3.6.5.4 for each of the test described in clause 3.
applied loading stages. The tests comprise the following:
3.7 Reporting results a) Measurement of swelling pressure. For a soil
The test report shall affirm that the test was carried which has a swelling capability when allowed
out in accordance with clause 3 of BS 1377-5:1990, access to water, the swelling pressure, ps, is the
and shall include the following, in addition to the vertical pressure on the specimen in an
relevant information listed in clause 9 of oedometer ring required to prevent it swelling.
BS 1377-1:1990: The swelling pressure is usually the starting
point and finishing point for the series of
a) a statement of the method used, i.e. the pressures applied to a soil of this type in a
determination of one-dimensional consolidation consolidation test.
properties in accordance with clause 3 of
BS 1377-5:1990; b) Measurement of swelling. This test enables the
swelling characteristics of a laterally confined
b) the initial dimensions of the specimen; soil specimen to be measured when it is unloaded
c) the initial moisture content, bulk density and from the swelling pressure in the presence of
dry density; water.
d) the particle density indicating whether c) Measurement of settlement on saturation. In
measured or assumed; this test the amount by which an unsaturated
e) the initial void ratio and degree of saturation, laterally confined specimen settles due to
if required; structural collapse on the addition of water is
f) the swelling pressure, to two significant determined.
figures, if applicable; The requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where
g) a plot of the voids ratio or the vertical appropriate, shall apply to this test method.
compression percentage against the logarithm of 4.2 Apparatus
applied pressure for the complete load-unload 4.2.1 The apparatus required for these tests, and its
cycle; calibration, is specified in 3.2. In addition the
h) plots of compression against time (log time or following are required.
square root time or both as appropriate), for each 4.2.1.1 A range of small calibrated weights for the
load increment, if required; oedometer beam hanger, to enable pressures
upwards from 2 kPa at intervals of 1 kPa to be
applied to the specimen.

8 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

4.2.1.2 A flanged disc of corrosion-reistant metal NOTE If the test has to be left unattended for any length of time
with flat and parallel faces, of a diameter before equilibrium is established, further swelling should be
prevented by loading the hanger with excess weights with the
about 1 mm less than the diameter of the beam resting on its support, maintaining the compression gauge
consolidation ring. The upstand above the flange at the existing corrected zero reading.
shall be such as to displace a suitable thickness of 4.3.3.5 When equilibrium is established calculate
specimen from the ring to give a specimen height of the pressure, ps (in kPa), applied to the specimen
about 3 mm to 5 mm less than the height of the ring. from the weights on the beam hanger (inluding the
(For 4.4 only.) [See Figure 1 b).] initial seating load).
4.2.1.3 Damp cloth and waterproof plastics film for 4.3.3.6 Then either increase the pressure to the next
protecting a non-inundated specimen from drying convenient pressure in the required sequence for a
out. consolidation test as described in 3.5, or reduce the
4.3 Measurement of swelling pressure pressure to a convenient value for a swelling test as
described in 4.4, (if the specimen was suitably
4.3.1 Preparation of specimen. Prepare the test
prepared). Do not reset the compression gauge to
specimen in the consolidation ring by one of the
zero.
methods described in 3.3. If this test is to be followed
4.3.4 Reporting result. When equilibrium is
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

by a swelling test the additional procedure

described in 4.4.1 shall be followed. established report the pressure on the specimen to
two significant figures as the swelling pressure.
4.3.2 Preparation and assembly of apparatus. The
procedure shall be generally as described in 3.4. Other data as listed in 3.7 shall be reported as
Prepare the porous plates as described in 3.4.1 a) appropriate.
or 3.4.1 c) and then 3.4.1 d) or 3.4.1 e) depending on 4.4 Measurement of swelling
the type of soil.
4.4.1 Preparation of specimen
Do not add water to the cell at this stage.
4.4.1.1 Prepare the test specimen in the
4.3.3 Test procedure consolidation ring by one of the methods described
4.3.3.1 When the specimen is in equilibrium under in 3.3, except for weighing. The following additional
the small seating load and the compression gauge procedure is required.
has been set and its reading recorded, add water to 4.4.1.2 Determine the thickness of the upstand of
fill the consolidation cell. At the same instant start the flanged disc to 0.01 mm.
the timer. 4.4.1.3 Place the flanged disc on the flat, glass plate
NOTE An alternative procedure is to allow the specimen to and place the prepared specimen in the
reach equilibrium under a stress equal to the in situ vertical
effective stress before adding water to the cell.
consolidation ring, cutting edge downwards,
centrally over the disc, with a disc of filter paper
4.3.3.2 Observe the compression gauge and, when it
interposed.
indicates that swelling occurs, add weights to the
beam hanger to maintain the gauge reading 4.4.1.4 Push the ring steadily downwards without
within 0.01 mm of the corrected zero reading. tilting until the cutting edge is firmly in contact
Record the magnitude of each weight added and the with the flange of the disc.
corresponding time. 4.4.1.5 Cut off the extruded portion of soil and trim
4.3.3.3 The corrected zero reading is the initial the specimen flat and flush with the upper end of
gauge reading adjusted by the correction necessary the ring. Remove the flanged disc and filter paper.
to allow for deformation of the apparatus due to the 4.4.1.6 Weigh the specimen in its ring on the watch
present load on the beam hanger. Obtain the glass or tray and determine the mass of the
correction from the calibration curve derived specimen to 0.1 g.
in 3.2.4.2. 4.4.1.7 From the thickness of the disc and the
4.3.3.4 Continue to adjust the hanger weight until measured thickness of the ring calculate the
equilibrium is established with a compression gauge specimen height, H0, in mm.
reading within 0.01 mm of the relevant corrected 4.4.2 Preparation and assembly of apparatus
zero reading. This procedure may take several
hours, and the approach of equilibrium conditions 4.4.2.1 The procedure shall be as described in 3.4,
can be seen by plotting a graph of the cumulative but the porous plates shall be air dried after
weight on the beam hanger against square root of saturation.
elapsed time at which each adjustment was made.

BSI 12-1998 9
 BS 1377-5:1990

4.4.2.2 Mount the ring containing the specimen 4.4.5 Reporting results. The relationship between
with the displaced face uppermost and fit the top voids ratio or swelling and logarithm of pressure for
porous plate centrally inside the ring. Make the the swelling/reloading cycle shall be plotted in a
necessary adjustments to bring the beam of the similar manner to that derived from a consolidation
loading apparatus to a horizontal position. test [see 3.7 g)].
4.4.2.3 Secure the compression gauge in position to Other data as listed in 3.7 shall be reported as
allow for measurement of swelling over a range at appropriate.
least equal to the thickness of specimen displaced. 4.5 Measurement of settlement on saturation
4.4.2.4 Do not add water to the cell at this stage.
4.5.1 Preparation of specimen. Prepare the test
4.4.3 Test procedure specimen in the consolidation ring by one of the
4.4.3.1 Determine the swelling pressure, as methods described in 3.3.
described in 4.3.3.1 to 4.3.3.5. 4.5.2 Preparation and assembly of apparatus. The
4.4.3.2 Record the compression gauge reading. Do procedure shall be as described in 3.4 but the porous
not reset it to zero. plates shall be air dried after saturation.
4.4.3.3 Reduce the pressure on the specimen to a Do not add water to the cell at this stage.
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

suitable value by removing weights from the beam 4.5.3 Test procedure
hanger.
4.5.3.1 Cover the consolidation cell to prevent the
NOTE Pressures to which the specimen is unloaded may be specimen drying out, for example by using damp
those given in 3.5.3, or may be related to the swelling pressure,
ps, in the sequence. cloth under plastics film.
4.5.3.2 Apply a suitable sequence of pressure to the
specimen as described in 3.5.2.1 to 3.5.2.9 but
omitting 3.5.2.3, up to a pressure equal to the in-situ
If other pressures are more appropriate the
overburden pressure or the selected relevant value.
sequence should normally be related to a constant
ratio. 4.5.3.3 When equilibrium is established under the
selected load fill the cell with water so that the
4.4.3.4 Record readings of the compression gauge
specimen is completely submerged, and start the
and plot the readings as described in 3.5.3.4
timer.
to 3.5.3.6.
4.5.3.4 Record readings of the compression gauge at
4.4.3.5 Repeat 4.4.3.3 and 4.4.3.4 for further stages
suitable intervals of time while the pressure on the
of the sequence of unloading down to the selected
specimen remains constant, until equilibrium is
minimum pressure. The total height of the specimen
re-established.
shall not be allowed to exceed the height of the ring.
4.5.3.5 Carry out further loading stages as
4.4.3.6 Reload the specimen back to the swelling
described in 3.5.2 and unloading stages as described
pressure, following the same sequence of pressures
in 3.5.3 as appropriate, with the specimen
in reverse.
remaining saturated. Dismantle as described
4.4.3.7 If required the procedure described in 3.5.2 in 3.5.4.
onwards may then be followed.
4.5.4 Calculation and plotting. The calculations and
4.4.3.8 Drain water from the cell as described graphical plots shall be as described in 3.6. On the
in 3.5.3.7, dismantle, and make final measurements plot of compression or void ratio against log
as described in 3.5.4. pressure the decrease in height of the specimen due
4.4.4 Calculation and plotting. The calculations and to saturation shall be indicated by a vertical line at
graphical plots shall be generally as described the constant applied pressure.
in 3.6. Values of mv and cv shall be calculated only Calculate the decrease in height on saturation as a
for the reloading stages. percentage of the specimen height under the same
pressure immediately before saturation.
4.5.5 Reporting results. Test data as listed in 3.7
shall be reported as appropriate.
Clearly indicate the change in void ratio or height
due to saturation on the plot of void ratio or
compression against log pressure.
Report the corresponding change in height as a
percentage of the specimen height immediately
before saturation, to the nearest 0.1 %.

10 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

5 Determination of permeability by e) Water inlet/outlet connections fitted to the top

the constant-head method and base plates.
f) An outlet, usually at the base, fitted with a
5.1 General
control valve for regulating the rate of flow of
5.1.1 Principle. The permeability of a soil is a water.
measure of its capacity to allow the flow of water NOTE The control valve is placed at the outlet so that the
through the pore spaces between solid particles. The water in the sample is initially under a small pressure. Any
degree of permeability is determined by applying a air bubbles released as a result of the pressure drop across a
hydraulic pressure gradient in a sample of flow restriction escape to atmosphere instead of into the
sample.
saturated soil and measuring the consequent rate of
flow. The coefficient of permeability is expressed as g) A cylindrical body fitted with three or more
a velocity. glands along its vertical length, for connecting to
manometer tubes.
5.1.2 Type of test. Laboratory permeability tests on
soils described in this Part of BS 1377 are carried 5.2.2 Two discs of wire gauze or porous material of a
out under constant-head conditions. Permeability diameter equal to the internal diameter of the cell
tests on undisturbed samples using triaxial cell and body. Their permeability shall be greater than that
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

hydraulic consolidation cell apparatus are described of the soil sample to be tested but the apertures
in BS 1377-6:1990. shall be small enough to prevent loss of particles
from the sample. One disc is placed at each end of
The test procedure described in this clause covers the permeameter cell.
the determination of the coefficient of permeability
using a constant-head permeameter in which the 5.2.3 A vertically adjustable reservoir tank capable
flow of water through the sample is laminar. The of maintaining a constant-head supply of water to
volume of water passing through the soil in a known the permeameter cell.
time is measured, and the hydraulic gradient is 5.2.4 A supply of clean de-aerated water to the
measured using manometer tubes. constant-head reservoir.
This procedure is suitable for soils having NOTE If the provision of a sufficient supply of de-aerated water
is not practicable, clean tap-water may be substituted. The
coefficients of permeability in the range 102 presence of bubbles of air in the voids of a laboratory soil sample
to 105 m/s. can appreciably reduce the rate of flow of water in comparison
The requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where with the in situ condition.
appropriate, shall apply to this test method. 5.2.5 A discharge reservoir with overflow to
maintain a constant level.
5.2 Apparatus (see Figure 6)
5.2.6 A set of manometer tubes of glass or
5.2.1 A permeameter cell consisting of a cylindrical transparent plastics, all of the same internal
body of transparent acrylic plastics or similar diameter. They shall be mounted so that their lower
material, held between removable base and top ends are about level with the permeameter cell and
members of corrosion-resistant metal. The internal their upper ends level with the constant-head
diameter of the cell body shall be at least 12 times reservoir surface when at its highest position. Each
the maximum particle size of the sample of soil to be manometer is connected to a gland on the
tested. Cells of 75 mm and 100 mm diameter are permeameter cell by flexible tubing with watertight
generally suitable. A general arrangement is shown joints.
in Figure 5.
5.2.7 A pinch cock on the flexible tubing adjacent to
Essential requirements are as follows. each gland.
a) Top and base plates which, when assembled, 5.2.8 Filter material of a suitable grading for placing
make a watertight seal with the cell body. adjacent to the perforated plates at each end of the
b) A piston which passes through the centre of the permeameter.
top plate and which can be locked in any vertical NOTE The grading of the filter material depends on the particle
position by means of a locking collar, which forms size distribution of the test sample. The filter material grading
a watertight seal. limits should lie between four times the 15 % passing size and
four times the 85 % passing size of the test sample. The material
c) A perforated plate attached to the lower end of should be well graded between those limits.
the piston, the size and number of perforations 5.2.9 Measuring cylinders of 100 mL, 500 mL
being such that they do not restrict the flow and 1 000 mL capacity.
enough to affect the permeability results.
5.2.10 A large plastics funnel.
d) A similar perforated plate fitted to the
5.2.11 A scoop, for placing soil in the funnel.
baseplate.
5.2.12 A scoop small enough to fit inside the
permeameter cell.

BSI 12-1998 11
 BS 1377-5:1990

5.2.13 A flat-ended tamping rod, long enough to 5.4.1.4 Assemble the base plate, with perforated
reach to the bottom of the permeameter and base, to the permeameter cell body.
about 10 mm diameter. 5.4.1.5 Place the graded filter material in the
5.2.14 A calibrated thermometer reading to 0.5 C. bottom of the cell to a depth of about 50 mm. Level
5.2.15 A stopclock readable to 1 s. the surface and place a wire gauze or porous disc on
top.
5.2.16 A balance readable to 1 g.
5.4.2 Placing the test sample. Place the soil to be
5.2.17 A steel rule graduated to 0.5 mm.
tested into the permeameter in such a way as to give
5.2.18 Internal calipers. a homogeneous deposit at the required density or
5.3 Selection and preparation of sample voids ratio. The final height : diameter ratio of the
test sample shall be not less than 2 : 1.
5.3.1 Obtain a representative sample from the
original soil sample as described in 7.7 of Placing and compaction shall be by one of the
BS 1377-1:1990. The size of sample shall provide following methods.
enough material for a test sample or samples as NOTE 1 Dry pouring of the sample is not included in the
specified in 5.3.3 or in 5.3.6 after removal of placing procedure because removal of air bubbles after
inundation can be difficult.
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

material for particle size, particle density and

moisture content tests as described in 5.3.2 a) Hand tamping
and 5.3.4. 1) Place the soil in the permeameter in at least
NOTE This test is not suitable for soils containing more four layers, each of which is of a thickness
than 10 % by mass of material passing the 63 m sieve in the about equal to half the diameter. Place the first
sample prepared for test. layer on the wire gauze or porous disc, and
5.3.2 If required carry out a sieve analysis on a place subsequent layers on the previously
representative portion of the sample, in accordance levelled soil layer.
with 9.2.4 of BS 1377-2:1990. 2) Avoid segregation of soil particles when
5.3.3 From the representative portion to be used for placing, such as by using a small scoop or a
the test, remove any particles that are larger than container fitted with a hinged base which can
one-twelfth of the diameter of the permeameter cell. be controlled by a length of wire. Tamp each
The resulting sample shall not be dried. The volume layer with a controlled number of standard
of the sample after removing the oversize material blows with the tamping rod, ensuring that the
shall be about twice that required to fill the blows are evenly distributed. Level the surface
permeameter cell. of each layer, and lightly scarify it, before
5.3.4 Take two or more representative samples from adding the next.
the prepared material for the determination of NOTE 2 Damp sandy soils should always be tamped. The
moisture content and particle density, in accordance loose density obtained by pouring only is usually unstable
when flooded with water.
with 3.2, and 8.2 or 8.3, of BS 1377-2:1990.
b) Placing under water
5.3.5 Weigh the remainder of the prepared sample
to 1 g (m1). 1) Thoroughly mix the prepared soil with
de-aerated water and place the mixture in a
5.3.6 If a number of tests are to be performed at suitable funnel fitted with a bung and length of
different densities to establish a relationship flexible tubing. Support the funnel so that the
between permeability and voids ratio, prepare tubing reaches to about 15 mm above the
several samples (one for each determination) as bottom wire gauze or porous disc.
described in 5.3.3, 5.3.4 and 5.3.5.
2) Connect the control valve on the base of the
5.4 Preparation and assembly permeameter to the de-aerated water supply
5.4.1 Initial preparation of apparatus and allow de-aerated water to enter the cell to
5.4.1.1 Measure the internal diameter of the a height of about 15 mm above the wire gauze
permeameter cell at several places and record the or porous disc material. Take care that no air
average diameter to the nearest 1 mm (D). bubbles are trapped.
5.4.1.2 Measure the distance between each 3) Release the soil and water mixture into the
manometer gland and the next along the same cell, raising the funnel so that the end of the
vertical line, to the nearest 1 mm (x1, x2, etc.). tubing is just at the water surface, which shall
(See Figure 5). be maintained at about 15 mm above the
surface of the placed material by admitting
5.4.1.3 Ensure that the permeameter cell, gauze or more water through the base valve.
porous discs, perforated plates, glands and joints
are clean and free from blockage.

12 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

4) Continue until the cell is filled to the d) Close the control valve. Connect the de-aerated
required level. This will result in a saturated water supply to the permeameter top connection,
sample of uniform density in a loose condition. and connect the control valve at the base to the
If this condition is to be maintained, do not discharge reservoir, without entrapping air.
disturb the soil or jolt the cell. If higher density e) Set the inlet reservoir at a level a little above
is required, tamp or vibrate the material the top of the permeameter cell and open the
during placement. supply valve. Open the manometer tube pinch
5.4.3 Assembly of apparatus. After placing the test cocks one by one and ensure that no air is trapped
sample by either 5.4.2 a) or 5.4.2 b) assemble the in the flexible tubing as water flows into the
permeameter cell as follows. manometer tubes. The water in all tubes shall
a) Place the upper wire gauze or porous disc on reach the level of the reservoir surface.
top of the prepared sample. Avoid any f) The permeameter cell is now ready for test
disturbance of the sample if it is of a low density. under the normal condition of downward flow.
b) Place the graded filter material on top of the g) If a test with upward flow is required, e.g. for
disc to a depth of at least 50 mm. investigating piping effects, fit the control valve,
c) Release the piston in the top plate and connected to the discharge reservoir, to the top of
the cell and connect the de-aerated water supply
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

withdraw it to its fullest extent.

to the base.
d) Fit the top plate to the permeameter cell and
tighten it down into position. 5.5 Test procedure for downward flow of
water through the sample
e) Lower the piston carefully and bed the
perforated plate on to the filter material. Hold the 5.5.1 Adjust the height of the inlet reservoir to a
piston down firmly and tighten the locking collar suitable level with regard to the hydraulic gradient
in this position. to be imposed on the sample.
5.4.4 Measurements NOTE An initial hydraulic gradient of about 0.2 is often
suitable, although a slightly higher value may be more
5.4.4.1 Determine the mean height of the test appropriate for finer-grained or more dense soil samples
sample, L1 (in mm), by measuring, to 1 mm, the 5.5.2 Open the control valve at the base to produce
distances between the upper and lower wire gauzes flow through the sample under a hydraulic gradient
or porous discs at three or more locations around the appreciably less than unity. Allow the water levels
perimeter. in the manometer tubes to become stable before
5.4.4.2 Dry the soil left over and weigh it to the starting test measurements.
nearest 1 g (m2), so that the dry mass of soil used in 5.5.3 Place a measuring cylinder of suitable capacity
the test sample can be obtained by difference. under the outlet from the discharge reservoir and
5.4.5 Saturation. Fill the permeameter cell with simultaneously start the timer.
water and saturate the sample as follows. [If placing 5.5.4 Measure the quantity of water collected in the
procedure 5.4.2 b) has been followed, start from cylinder during a given interval of time.
step d)]. Alternatively record the time required to fill the
a) Connect the control valve on the base of the cylinder up to a given volume.
permeameter to the de-aerated water supply. 5.5.5 Record the levels of water in the manometer
Open the top connection and the air bleed to tubes. If the three (or more) levels indicate
atmosphere, and close the connections to the significant non-uniformity of the hydraulic gradient
manometer tubes. remove and replace the sample.
b) Allow de-aerated water (see note to 5.2.4) to 5.5.6 Record the temperature of the water in the
enter the cell and slowly percolate upwards discharge reservoir.
through the sample until it emerges first from the 5.5.7 Repeat 5.5.2 to 5.5.6 at least four more times,
air bleed, which is then closed, and then from the or until consistent readings are obtained.
top connection.
5.5.8 If a series of tests at different hydraulic
NOTE The water level should rise slowly enough not to
cause disturbance of the sample, or piping. gradients is required, repeat 5.5.2 to 5.5.7 under
progressively increasing hydraulic gradients by
c) Check whether the perforated plate is in firm
opening the control valve further, or by increasing
contact with the filter material, and if necessary
the height of the inlet reservoir as necessary. The
re-seat it and re-tighten the locking collar, as
hydraulic gradients shall cover the range of interest
in 5.4.3 e). Measure the height of the sample
within the range of laminar flow.
again, as described in 5.4.4.1 and record the
average measurement, L (in mm), as the height of
sample as tested.

BSI 12-1998 13
 BS 1377-5:1990

NOTE Laminar flow is indicated when the relationship 5.6.6 When a range of hydraulic gradients is used
between rate of flow and hydraulic gradient (see 5.6.4) is linear. the coefficient of permeability of the sample may be
Deviation from the straight line at high gradients indicates
turbulent flow. calculated from the equation
5.5.9 If a relationship between coefficient of
permeability and voids ratio over a range of voids
ratio is required, repeat the whole test from 5.3.3 5.6.7 Calculate the dry mass, m3 (in g), of the initial
onwards using different portions of the same soil, sample from the equation
but placed and compacted to different densities.
5.6 Calculation and plotting
where
5.6.1 Calculate the rate of flow, q1, q2 etc (in mL/s),
during the period of each observation of flow from m1 is the mass of the initial sample determined
the equation. as in 5.3.5, (in g);
w is the moisture content (in %).
where 5.6.8 Calculate the dry density, rd (in Mg/m3 ), of the
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Q1, Q2, (in mL) etc is the volume of water collected test sample from the equation
from the outlet reservoir during each time
period t (in s).
Calculate the average rate of flow, q, for the set of where
readings at one hydraulic gradient.
m2 is the mass of dry soil remaining after
5.6.2 Calculate the hydraulic gradient, i, between
setting up the test sample determined as
the uppermost and lowest manometer gland points
described in 5.4.4.2, (in g);
from the equation
D is the sample diameter (in mm);
L is the overall length of sample (in mm).
where
h is the difference between the two manometer 5.6.9 Calculate the void ratio, e, of the test sample if
levels (in mm) (see Figure 6); required from the equation
y is the difference between the corresponding
gland points (in mm).
where
NOTE The intermediate manometer point is (or points are)
used to provide a check on the uniformity of the hydraulic s is the particle density (in Mg/m3).
gradient between the outer points. If there are three gland points, 5.6.10 If the coefficient of permeability is
y = x1 + x2. (See 5.4.1.2 and Figure 6).
determined at several densities, plot the calculated
5.6.3 Calculate the coefficient of permeability, values of k as ordinates, to a logarithmic scale,
k (in m/s), for one set of readings from the equation against density or voids ratio, e, as abscissae, to a
linear scale.
5.7 Reporting results
where
The test report shall affirm that the test was carried
A is the area of cross section of the sample out in accordance with clause 5 of BS 1377-5:1990
(in mm2); and shall include the following, in addition to the
relevant information listed in clause 9 of
Rt is the temperature correction factor for the
BS 1377-1:1990.
viscosity of water, derived from Figure 4, to
standardize the permeability to 20 C. a) a statement of the method used, i.e. the
constant-head permeability test in accordance
5.6.4 If tests have been carried out at different with clause 5 of BS 1377-5:1990 and whether or
hydraulic gradients, plot the calculated values of not de-aerated water was used;
rate of flow, q, against hydraulic gradient, i. b) the particle size distribution curve for the
5.6.5 Draw the straight line of best fit through the original sample, if appropriate;
plotted points and determine its slope which is c) the proportion and size of oversize material
removed before preparing the test sample;
d) the method of placing and compacting the test
sample;

14 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

e) the dimensions of the permeameter; NOTE The specified test measures the dispersibility of clay in
pure water, which is considered to be a basic property of the soil.
f) the dry density; Clays are considered to be more likely to disperse in pure water
g) the voids ratio, if required; than in water containing dissolved salts.

h) the coefficient of permeability, k (in m/s), to two The requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where
significant figures, for the condition of laminar appropriate, shall apply to this test method.
flow, corrected to 20 C; 6.2.2 Apparatus
i) the coefficient of permeability for other 6.2.2.1 Pinhole test apparatus, as shown in
conditions, if relevant; Figure 7(a), consisting essentially of the following.
j) a plot of coefficient of permeability, k(log scale) a) A rigid cylindrical body of plastics or
against density or voids ratio, e, if appropriate. corrosion-resistant metal, about 100 mm long.
b) Corrosion-resistant end plates, one fitted with
6 Determination of dispersibility water inlet and standpipe connections, the other
6.1 General with an outlet connection.
6.1.1 Principle. Certain fine-grained soils that are c) O-ring seals to make a watertight fit between
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

highly erodible are referred to as dispersive soils. the body and end plates.
Dispersive soils cannot be identified by means of d) Three discs, of appropriate diameter, of wire
conventional soil classification tests, but the mesh having apertures of 1.18 mm.
qualitative tests described below enable them to be e) Nipple of plastics or corrosion-resistant metal,
recognized. However, it does not follow that soils in the form of a truncated cone 13 mm long with
classified by these tests as non-dispersive are not a hole of 1.5 mm diameter [Figure 7(b)].
susceptible to erosion in some circumstances.
6.2.2.2 A standpipe tube of glass, or transparent
These methods are not applicable to soils with a clay plastics, of about 3 mm internal diameter and
content of less than 10 % and with a plasticity index about 1 200 mm long.
less than or equal to 4.
6.2.2.3 A scale for the standpipe tube marked in
6.1.2 Types of test. Three tests are described as millimetres.
follows.
6.2.2.4 A hypodermic needle, or similar,
a) The pinhole test, in which the flow of water about 100 mm long, with an external diameter
under a high hydraulic gradient through a cavity of 1.00 mm 0.1 mm.
in the soil is reproduced.
6.2.2.5 A burette stand for supporting the pinhole
b) The crumb test, in which the behaviour of apparatus, standpipe and scale.
crumbs of soil in a static dilute sodium hydroxide
solution is observed. 6.2.2.6 Graduated glass measuring
cylinders, 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL (at least two
c) The dispersion method (double hydrometer of each).
test), in which the extent of natural dispersion of
clay particles is compared with that obtained 6.2.2.7 A stopclock, or timer, readable to 1 s.
with the use of standard chemical and 6.2.2.8 Pea gravel, consisting of single-size particles
mechanical dispersion. of about 5 mm.
NOTE Other factors which are significant in relation to soil 6.2.2.9 A constant-head supply tank, adjustable
erodibility are as follows: between 50 mm and about 1 100 mm above the
a) swelling potential. (A test for measuring swelling
pressure is described in 4.3);
centreline of the pinhole apparatus.
b) clay mineralogy; 6.2.2.10 A supply of distilled water for the
c) chemical composition of dissolved cations in the pore constant-head tank.
water.
6.2.2.11 A test sieve, with 2 mm aperture.
6.2 Pinhole method
6.2.2.12 A flat ended tamping rod, or a spring loaded
6.2.1 General. In this test distilled water is caused hand tamper.
to flow through a 1 mm diameter hole formed in a
6.2.2.13 Apparatus for determination of moisture
specimen of recompacted clay under a controlled
content. (See 3.2 of BS 1377-2:1990.)
hydraulic head. The resistance to erosion of the clay
is judged visually by the presence or absence of 6.2.2.14 Apparatus for determining the liquid and
turbidity in the water which emerges and from plastic limits of the soil.
measurements of rates of flow and the final hole (See clauses 4 and 5 of BS 1377-2:1990).
diameter. 6.2.2.15 Apparatus for the determination of the
moisture/density relationship of the soil.
(See 3.3 of BS 1377-4:1990).

BSI 12-1998 15
 BS 1377-5:1990

6.2.3 Sample preparation and assembly 6.2.3.15 Connect the inlet on the pinhole apparatus
6.2.3.1 Do not allow the sample to dry before testing. to the supply from the reservoir, and connect the
standpipe connection to the standpipe, supported by
NOTE For many soils the results are affected by drying,
especially if the soil after rewetting is not left long enough to the burette stand. Place a glass measuring cylinder
mature in the compacted state. Maturing without compaction on a sheet of white paper under the outlet pipe.
does not generally achieve the same results.
6.2.4 Test procedure
6.2.3.2 Take a sample of about 150 g of the soil to be
tested, at its natural moisture content. Take a 6.2.4.1 Open the inlet valve to allow water from the
second similar sample for the determination of the reservoir to enter the apparatus and to flow through
liquid limit and plastic limit, to be carried out as the sample until a steady rate of flow is obtained
described in clauses 4 and 5 of BS 1377-2:1990. with H = 50 5 mm [see Figure 7(a)]. If there is no
flow, disconnect the apparatus, reform the hole, and
6.2.3.3 Remove any particles retained on a 2 mm
resume from 6.2.3.10.
test sieve from the test sample.
6.2.4.2 Within 5 min measure the rate of flow,
6.2.3.4 Increase or decrease the moisture content to
q (in mL/s), by observing the time required to fill
bring the sample to about its plastic limit. Use the
the 10 mL measuring cylinder.
thread-rolling procedure described in clause 5 of
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

BS 1377-2:1990 as an indication of the required 6.2.4.3 Observe and record the appearance,
consistency. including colour, of the water collected in the
measuring cylinder. If it is clear, record that fact.
6.2.3.5 Determine the resulting moisture content of
the sample as described in 3.2 of BS 1377-2:1990. 6.2.4.4 Observe and record the clarity and colour of
the collected water by looking through the side of
6.2.3.6 Fit the outlet end plate to the body of the
the cylinder against a sheet of white paper, and
pinhole apparatus, making a watertight joint. vertically through the water. If individual particles
6.2.3.7 Support the body of the apparatus vertically are discernible, record that fact, together with an
and place pea gravel to a depth of indication of the turbidity of the water.
approximately 50 mm in the bottom of the
A suitable form for recording the test data is shown
apparatus, taking care not to block the outlet hole.
as form 5.E in Appendix A.
Level the surface of the gravel and place two discs of
wire mesh on top. 6.2.4.5 If the collected water is substantially clear
after running for about 5 min, continue at 6.2.4.8.
6.2.3.8 Compact the test sample into the apparatus
in five equal layers, to give a total sample depth 6.2.4.6 If the water is not substantially clear and the
of 38 2 mm. Apply an equal compactive effort to rate of flow has increased to between 1.0
each layer such that the resulting dry density of the and 1.4 mL/s the test is complete. Proceed to
sample is about 95 % of the dry density 6.2.4.16.
corresponding to the optimum moisture content, NOTE The limiting rates of flow imposed by the apparatus
itself are given approximately as follows:
determined as described in 3.3 of BS 1377-4:1990.
6.2.3.9 Level the surface of the sample and push the Inlet head Limiting rate of flow qL
nipple into the soil at the centre, using finger H
pressure, until the upper face is flush with the mm mL/s
sample surface.
50 1.2 to 1.3
6.2.3.10 Insert the needle through the nipple and
through the compacted sample to form a continuous 180 about 2.7
hole. 380 about 3.7
6.2.3.11 Place a disc of wire mesh over the sample 1 020 5 or more
followed by pea gravel to the top of the body of the
apparatus. 6.2.4.7 If the rate of flow in 6.2.4.6 is less
6.2.3.12 Fit the top plate to the body, making a than 1.0 mL/s, continue the test for a further 5 min.
watertight joint. If the water is then clear or is only slightly turbid,
6.2.3.13 Support the apparatus in the burette stand and the rate of flow is between 0.4 mL/s
with its cylindrical axis horizontal. and 0.8 mL/s, continue at 6.2.4.8. If the water is
distinctly turbid stop the test and proceed
6.2.3.14 Set the constant-head reservoir of the to 6.2.4.16.
distilled water supply so that the water level can be
maintained at a height of 50 5 mm above the 6.2.4.8 Increase the head of water, H, to 180 5 mm,
centre-line of the apparatus. Close the inlet valve. and allow the flow to continue for 5 min.
Repeat 6.2.4.3 and 6.2.4.4.

16 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

6.2.4.9 If the collected water continues to be clear, or 6.2.6 Reporting results. The test report shall affirm
has only a slight trace of turbidity, and the rate of that the test was carried out in accordance with 6.2
flow is between 0.8 mL/S and 1.4 mL/s, record the of BS 1377-5:1990, and shall include the following,
fact and proceed to 6.2.4.11. in addition to the relevant information listed in
6.2.4.10 If the water is not clear and the rate of flow clause 9 of BS 1377-1:1990.
increases to about the limiting value a) a statement of the method used, i.e. the pinhole
(see note 3 to 6.2.4.6), stop the test. Proceed to test in accordance with 6.2 of BS 1377-5:1990;
6.2.4.16. b) identification details, type and source of the
6.2.4.11 Increase the head of water, H, soil sample;
to 380 5 mm, and allow the flow to continue c) the soil description, and whether any coarse
for 5 min. Repeat 6.2.4.3 and 6.2.4.4. particles were removed for the test;
6.2.4.12 If the water continues to be clear, or has d) the liquid limit, plastic limit and moisture
only a slight trace of turbidity, and the rate of flow content of the test sample;
is between 1.0 mL/s and 1.8 mL/s, record the fact
e) the density and dry density to which the
and continue at 6.2.4.14.
sample was compacted for test;
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

6.2.4.13 If the water is not clear, or the rate of flow

f) the rates of flow, duration of flow, and
has increased to between 1.4 mL/s and 2.7 mL/s
appearance of the collected water, during each
(see note 3 to 6.2.4.6), stop the test. Proceed
hydraulic head applied;
to 6.2.4.16.
g) the diameter and configuration of the hole after
6.2.4.14 Increase the head of water, H,
test;
to 1 020 5 mm and allow the flow to continue
for 5 min. Repeat 6.2.4.3 and 6.2.4.4. h) whether the soil is classified according to this
test as dispersive (categories D1, D2); moderately
6.2.4.15 Observe and record the rate of flow and
to slightly dispersive (categories ND4, ND3); or
whether the collected water continues to be clear, or
non-dispersive (categories ND2, ND1).
the extent of turbidity, then stop the test.
6.2.4.16 When the flow tests are completed 6.3 Crumb method
disconnect the distilled water supply, dismantle the 6.3.1 General. In this method, dispersive clay soils
apparatus and remove the specimen intact from the are identified by observing the behaviour of a few
body of the apparatus. crumbs of soil placed in a dilute solution of sodium
6.2.4.17 Cut the sample in half through its axis. hydroxide.
6.2.4.18 Examine the hole and estimate its The requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where
diameter, d (in mm), by comparison with the needle, appropriate, shall apply to this test method.
or measure its diameter to 0.5 mm using a steel rule. 6.3.2 Apparatus and reagent
Sketch the configuration of the hole, with 6.3.2.1 A 100 mL glass beaker
measurements, if it is not of uniform diameter.
6.3.2.2 A 0.001 M solution of sodium
(6.2.4.3 to 6.2.4.15 are illustrated as a flow chart hydroxide (1 milli-equivalent per litre).
in Figure 8). Dissolve 0.04g of anhydrous sodium hydroxide in
6.2.5 Analysis of test data.(see Form 5.E of distilled water to make 1 L of solution.
Appendix A). NOTE For many soils, distilled water provides as good an
The following test data shall be used for classifying indicator as the sodium hydroxide solution. The soil is dispersive
if a test with distilled water indicates dispersion, but many
the soil: dispersive clays do not show a dispersive reaction in distilled
a) the appearance of the collected water; water even though they do in the solution.

b) the rate of flow of water; 6.3.3 Procedure

c) the final diameter of the hole in the specimen. 6.3.3.1 Prepare a few crumbs, each about 6 mm
Classify the soil as dispersive soil (category D1 to 10 mm diameter, from representative portions of
or D2) or non-dispersive soil (categories ND1 the soil at the natural moisture content.
to ND4) in accordance with Table 2. (These 6.3.3.2 Drop the crumbs into a beaker about
categories are also indicated in Figure 8). one-third full of the sodium hydroxide solution.
The results from the test at 50 mm head of water 6.3.3.3 Observe the reaction after allowing to stand
shall be used as the principal means of for 5 min to 10 min.
differentiating dispersive from non-dispersive soils
as defined by this test.

BSI 12-1998 17
 BS 1377-5:1990

Table 2 Classification of soils from pinhole test data

Dispersive Head Test time for Final flow Cloudiness of flow at end of test Hole size after
classification given head rate through test
specimen from side from top

mm min mL/s mm
D1 50 5 1.0 to 1.4 dark very dark $ 2.0
D2 50 10 1.0 to 1.4 moderately dark dark > 1.5
ND4 50 10 0.8 to 1.0 slightly dark moderately dark # 1.5
ND3 180 5 1.4 to 2.7 barely visible slightly dark $ 1.5
380 5 1.8 to 3.2
ND2 1 020 5 > 3.0 clear barely visible < 1.5
ND1 1 020 5 # 3.0 perfectly clear perfectly clear 1.0
Extracted, with permission, from the annual book of ASTM standards. Copyright American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

6.3.4 Observations. Observe the behaviour of the 6.4 Dispersion method

crumbs in accordance with the following guidelines. 6.4.1 General. In this method a hydrometer
Grade 1: No reaction. Crumbs may slake or run sedimentation test (see 9.5 of BS 1377-2:1990) is
out to form a shallow heap on the carried out on two identical portions of the soil
bottom of the beaker, but there is no sample, one with and one without the use of a
sign of cloudiness caused by colloids in dispersant solution and mechanical shaking or
suspension. stirring. The ratio between the measured clay
Grade 2: Slight reaction. A very slight fractions provides a measure of the dispersibility of
cloudiness can be seen in the water at the clay.
the surface of a crumb. The requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where
Grade 3: Moderate reaction. There is an easily appropriate, shall apply to this test method.
recognizable cloud of colloids in 6.4.2 Apparatus. The apparatus shall be the same
suspension, usually spreading out in as specified in 9.5.2 of BS 1377-2:1990, except as
thin streaks at the bottom of the follows;
beaker. a) four 100 mL glass measuring cylinders
Grade 4: Strong reaction. A colloidal cloud (see 9.5.2.2) are required;
covers most of the bottom of the
b) because chemical pretreatment is not
beaker, usually as a thin skin. In
necessary, 9.5.2.13, 9.5.2.14, 9.5.2.20
extreme cases all the water becomes
and 9.5.2.21 are not required.
cloudy.
6.4.2.1 Sodium hexametaphosphate solution as
Grades 1 and 2 represent a non-dispersive reaction, specified in 9.5.3.2 of BS 1377-2:1990.
and grades 3 and 4 a dispersive reaction. 6.4.2.2 Apparatus shall be calibrated as specified
6.3.5 Reporting results. The test report shall affirm in 9.5.4 of BS 1377-2:1990.
that the test was carried out in accordance with 6.3 6.4.3 Sample preparation. Prepare two test
of BS 1377-5:1990, and shall include the following, specimens of equal mass from the fraction of the
in addition to the relevant information listed in undried soil passing the 2 mm sieve, as described
clause 9 of BS 1377-1:1990. in 7.3 and 7.4.5 of BS 1377-1:1990, and in 9.5.5.2
a) A statement of the method used, i.e. the crumb to 9.5.5.4 of BS 1377-2:1990.
test in accordance with 6.3 of BS 1377-5:1990. Designate the specimens as follows:
b) Identification details, type and source of the Specimen A: To be tested without chemical and
soil sample. mechanical dispersion.
c) Whether the soil is classified according to this Specimen B: To be tested by the procedure
test as non-dispersive, and the relevant group described in 9.5 of BS 1377-2:1990.
from 6.3.4.
d) Details of the reagent used.

18 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

6.4.4 Test procedure 6.4.5.3 Determine the percentage of clay-size

6.4.4.1 Specimen A. The procedure shall be as particles from the intercept of each curve with
follows. the 0.002 mm ordinate, denoted by pA and pB
(see Figure 9).
a) Add 100 mL of distilled water to the soil in the
conical flask and agitate sufficiently to bring the 6.4.5.4 Calculate the percentage dispersion, equal to
soil into suspension. Do not shake vigorously or
use mechanical shaking.
where
b) Transfer the suspension from the bottle or
flask to the 63 mm test sieve placed on the pA is the measured percentage of clay without
receiver, and wash the soil in the sieve using a jet dispersant; and
of distilled water from the wash bottle. The pB is the measured percentage of clay with
amount of water used during this operation shall dispersant.
not exceed 500 mL.
c) Transfer the suspension that has passed 6.4.6 Reporting results. The test report shall affirm
through the sieve to the 1 000 mL measuring that the test was carried out in accordance with 6.4
of BS 1377-5:1990, and shall include the following,
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

cylinder and make up to exactly 1 000 mL with

distilled water. (This suspension is used for the in addition to the relevant information listed in
sedimentation analysis as described in 9.5.6.3 clause 9 of BS 1377-1:1990.
of BS 1377-2:1990). a) a statement of the method used, i.e. the
d) Transfer the material retained on the 63 mm dispersion method (double hydrometer test) in
test sieve to an evaporating dish and dry in the accordance with 6.4 of BS 1377-5:1990;
oven maintained at 105 C to 110 C. b) identification details, type and source of the
e) When cool, resieve this material on the sieves soil sample;
down to 63 mm size, as described in 9.3.4 of c) particle size distribution curves obtained with
BS 1377-2:1990. Weigh the material retained on and without dispersion;
each sieve. d) the percentage dispersion, to the nearest whole
f) Add any material passing the 63 mm sieve to the number, as determined by this test.
measuring cylinder.
g) Insert the rubber bung into the cylinder 7 Determination of frost heave
containing the soil suspension, shake it and place 7.1 General
it in the constant temperature bath so that it is
The purpose of this test is to determine the frost
immersed in water up to the 1 000 mL graduation
heave of a soil when compacted into cylindrical
mark.
specimens at a predetermined moisture content and
h) Fill the second 1 000 mL cylinder with distilled density. The test may also be carried out on
water to the 1 000 mL mark. Insert the rubber cylindrical specimens of undisturbed soil.
bung and place this cylinder in the constant
The procedure is lengthy, and is described in
temperature bath alongside the first.
BS 812-124, to which reference is made.
i) Proceed with the hydrometer sedimentation
The requirements of Part 1 of this standard, where
test as described in 9.5.6.3.3 to 9.5.6.3.9 of
appropriate, shall apply to this test method.
BS 1377-2:1990 except that the cylinder
containing distilled water replaces the cylinder 7.2 Preparation of test specimens
containing dispersant solution 7.2.1 Preparation of soil for test on compacted soil.
in 9.5.6.3.3, 9.5.6.3.7 and 9.5.6.3.9. The minimum mass of soil required for the complete
6.4.4.2 Specimen B. Carry out the test as described test is the sum of the following. The mass of each
in 9.5.6.2 and 9.5.6.3 of BS 1377-2:1990. portion will depend on the type of soil.
6.4.5 Calculations and plotting a) The mass required for determining the particle
size distribution, as specified in Table 3 of 9.2.3 of
6.4.5.1 Calculate the particle sizes and percentages
BS 1377-2:1990.
as described in 9.5.7 of BS 1377-2:1990. (The value
of Ro relates to the hydrometer reading in distilled b) The mass required for determining the
water for specimen A, and in the dispersant solution plasticity index of the fines fraction, if
for specimen B). appropriate, as specified in 4.2
of BS 1377-2:1990.
6.4.5.2 Draw the resulting particle size distribution
curves on a semi-logarithmic chart (see form 2.N of
Appendix A of BS 1377-2:1990).

BSI 12-1998 19
 BS 1377-5:1990

c) The mass required for determining the 7.2.2 Preparation of specimens of compacted soil.
optimum moisture content and maximum dry Prepare test specimens in accordance with clause 9
density, as specified in 3.2 of BS 1377-4:1990. of BS 812-124:1989.
NOTE If the moisture content and density at which test 7.2.3 Preparation of undisturbed specimens.
specimens are to be prepared have already been specified this Prepare test specimens of undisturbed soil from
portion is not required.
undisturbed samples taken in sampling tubes or as
d) A mass which will provide 20 kg of soil passing block samples. Preparation of undisturbed
a 37.5 mm test sieve, for preparation of a trial specimens shall be in accordance with 8.3 or 8.5 of
specimen and the test specimens. BS 1377-1:1990.
Subdivide the original sample by a method which
7.3 Test procedure
ensures that each portion is a representative sample
of the whole. Carry out the test in accordance with BS 812-124.
NOTE The precision data given in Table 2 of BS 812-124:1989,
are based on aggregates, and should not be applied to soils.
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 1 Section of a typical consolidation cell

20 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 2 Laboratory consolidation curve: logarithm of time fitting method

BSI 12-1998 21
 BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 3 Laboratory consolidation curve: square root of time fitting method

22 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 4 Temperature correction curve for coefficient of consolidation and permeability

BSI 12-1998 23
 BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 5 Section of a typical constant-head permeability cell

24 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 6 Arrangement of apparatus for constant-head permeability test

BSI 12-1998 25
 BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 7 Section of pinhole test apparatus

26 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 8 Flowchart for pinhole test procedure

BSI 12-1998 27
 BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

Figure 9 Typical results from dispersion (double hydrometer) test

28 BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

Appendix A Typical test data and

calculation forms
5.A. Consolidation test specimen details
5.B Consolidation test settlement readings
5.C Consolidation test log pressure/voids ratio
curve
5.D Consolidation test calculations
5.E Dispersibility pinhole test
These forms are given as examples only; other
suitable forms may be used.
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

BSI 12-1998 29
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

30
BS 1377-5:1990

BSI 12-1998
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

BSI 12-1998
31
BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

32
BS 1377-5:1990

BSI 12-1998
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

BSI 12-1998
33
BS 1377-5:1990
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

34
BS 1377-5:1990

BSI 12-1998
 BS 1377-5:1990

Publications referred to

Normative reference

BS 812, Testing aggregates.

BS 812-124, Method for determination of frost heave.
BS 1377, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes.
BS 1377-1, General requirements and sample preparation.
BS 1377-2, Classification tests.
BS 1377-4, Compaction-related tests.
BS 1377-6, Consolidation and permeability tests on hydraulic cells and with pore pressure measurement.
BS 5930, Code of practice for site investigations.
ASTM D4647-87, Standard test method for identification and classification of dispersive clay soils by the
pinhole test.
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

BSI 12-1998
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BSI British Standards Institution
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It
|
| presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is
| incorporated by Royal Charter.
|
|
| Revisions
|
|
| British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards
|
| should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.
|
|
| It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We
|
| would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this
| British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible,
|
| the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel: 020 8996 9000.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7400.
|
|
| BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that
|
| subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.
|
|
| Buying standards
Licensed copy:Bachy Soletanche Ltd, 23/09/2009, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

|
| Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
|
| addressed to Customer Services. Tel: 020 8996 9001. Fax: 020 8996 7001.
|
|
| In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI
|
| implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless
|
| otherwise requested.
|
|
| Information on standards
|
| BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international
|
| standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various
|
| BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its
|
| products and services. Contact the Information Centre. Tel: 020 8996 7111.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7048.
|
|
| Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and
| receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of
|
| these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel: 020 8996 7002.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7001.
|
|
| Copyright
|
|
| Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of
|
| the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted
| under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced,
|
| stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic,
|
| photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission from BSI.
|
|
| This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of
|
| necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
|
| details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
| written permission of BSI must be obtained.
|
|
| If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing
|
| agreement. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager.
|
| Tel: 020 8996 7070.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BSI |
|
389 Chiswick High Road |
|
London |
|
W4 4AL |
|
|
|
|
|
|