I. Introduction Forev
I. Introduction Forev
Lesson 1
_______
INTRODUCTION
Sept-Dec 2017
Short test
Homework
Due Friday
Returned and discussed in lab
Software demonstrations
Questions/problems discussed
GRADING
Homework 20%
Midterm & Report 35%
Quizzes 15%
Final 30%
A = 90 100%
B = 80 89.9
C = 70 79.9
D = 60 69.9
F < 60
GUIDELINES
Classes
Pay attention
Computer off
Ask questions
Read the book
Labs
Opportunity to discuss problems
Review work
Report
Early start
Back up files
Printers are fickle
INTRODUCTION - WHAT IS LOGGING?
Baker-Atlas
VALUE AND LIMITATIONS
OF WELL LOG DATA
Strengths
Provides remotely sensed values of reservoir
properties and fluids
Among the most abundant reservoir data
Presentation results fairly well standardized
Allows evaluation of lateral (map) and vertical
(cross section) changes in reservoir properties
and fluids
Limitations
Indirect measurements
Vertical resolution
Depth of investigation
A FEW SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES
IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
First oil well E. L. Drake, Titusville, PA, 1859
Sequence stratigraphy (Mitchell, Vail et al., Exxon; Fisher, et al., UT), 1970s
(SEE NOTES)
From Schlumberger
EARLY SURFACE
GEOPHYSICS
Resistivity map
made by C. Schlumberger, 1912
DIEFFENBACH
NO. 2907, RIG 7
Pechelbronn, France
_______
September 5, 1927
From Schlumberger
145 m
SEGMENT OF THE
150 m FIRST WELL LOG
Schlumberger
155 m
160 m
165 m
170 m
175 m
155 m
From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE FIRST WELL LOG Schlumberger
215 m
220 m
225 m
From Schlumberger
SEGMENT OF THE FIRST WELL LOG Schlumberger
From Schlumberger
HEADER FIRST WELL LOG
Schlumberger, 1927
From Schlumberger
From Schlumberger
HENRI DOLL LOGGING OKLAHOMA
WELL, 1930
From Schlumberger
ANOTHER FUN DAY IN THE OIL PATCH
From Schlumberger
OPEN HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS
Passive
Caliper
Gamma Ray
Spontaneous
Potential (SP)
Active
Acoustic
LOGGING TOOL
- tc, ts, Ac, As
Nuclear
- b, N, Pe, 1, 2
Electromagnetic
- R, tPL, EATT
CASED HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS
Passive
Gamma Ray
Temperature
Flow Velocity
Caliper
Active
Acoustic
Nuclear
Electromagnetic
Mechanical
SOME QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY
LOG INTERPRETATION
Geophysicist / Geologist Reservoir Engineer
Are the tops as predicted? How thick is the pay zone?
Are potential zones porous? How homogeneous is the
Formation intervals? zone?
Lithology? Porosity?
Hydrocarbons? Permeability?
What type of hydrocarbons?
Production Engineer
Commercial quantities?
Which zone(s) to complete?
Drilling Engineer What production rates?
Hole volume for cementing? Any water production?
Any keyseats or doglegs? Is zone hydraulically isolated?
Packer placement for testing? Will well need stimulation?
Best place to set a whipstock? What stimulation would be
best?
WHAT DOES AN OPEN HOLE LOG COST?
IT DEPENDS ON...
Well type
Vertical/Deviated
Deep/Shallow
Hot/Normal
Measurements
Depth charge
Survey charge
Time / location / special procedures
Land/offshore
Service charge
Equipment availability
Rig time
Wireline/LWD
TYPICAL OPEN HOLE WIRELINE COSTS
Land Offshore
Service Charge $1-3K $6-10K
$12-25K/day jack-up
Rig Time $4K/day $100K+/day floater
EXAMPLE LOGGING JOB COSTS
DIL+BHC+GR DIL+BHC+GR
Land well Offshore well
Logged interval 8-10K ft. Logged interval 8-10K ft.
Misc.
Mud
7%
Trouble 20%
15%
Wireline
Logging
8% Rig Time
25%
Steel
25%
1. Rig-up
Place sonde(s) on cat-walk
Erect sheaves
Thread cable through
sheaves
Connect head to sonde
Using cable, lift sonde to rig
floor
Set 0 depth reference
2. Tool to TD
3. Repeat section 300ft/100m
4. Tool to TD
5. Full survey
6. Pull out of hole
7. Rig down
LOG PRESENTATION - THE HEADING
Well location
Depth references
Date of log
Well depth
Casing shoe depth
Bit size
Mud data
Type
Properties
Resistivities
Max. Temperature
IMPORTANCE
OF HEADERS
Note use of
Rm to
correct for
borehole
effects in
Dual
Laterolog
Tool
All tools are affected by the presence and properties of mud in the
borehole
It is necessary to record all mud properties, such as mud weight, mud
resistivity (at a given temperature) in the header
Modified from Halliburton EL-1007
LOG PRESENTATION - LINEAR GRID
Depth
Track 1 track Track 2 Track 3
LOG PRESENTATION - LOG GRID
Track 1 Depth Track 2 Track 3
track
n n+4
2x10 2x10
LOG PRESENTATION - HYBRID GRID
Depth
Track 1 track Track 2 Track 3
n
2x10
n+2
2x10
LOG PRESENTATION - COMMON DEPTH SCALES
Correlation
1:500 or 1:1000
2 in. (1:600) or 1 in. (1:1200)
Heavy lines every 100 ft. or
50m
Light lines each 10ft or 5m
Routine
1:200 or 1:240 (5 in)
Heavy lines every 50 ft. or 5 m
Medium lines each 10 ft. or 5
m
Light lines each 2 ft or 1 m
MEMORIZATION - 1 D
Multi-sensors at different
positions create two
effects
Sensor D does not see C
bottom 70 ft. of well, etc.
Measurements B, C, and B
D are delayed until A
reaches where D was
May give depth mismatch
between curves
A
STACKED LOGGING
TOOLS AND
MEMORY DISTANCES
SAND
B
All memorization is
done using a surface
computer that records
SAND data coming from a
tool and the depth of
A
the reading.
On depth
Off depth
DEPTH
SHIFTING
CORES
SHIFT
GR
(CORE)
W. Ayers, 1997
CHOOSING A LOGGING TOOL
Considerations:
Type of well ( wildcat or development )
Hole conditions ( depth, deviation, hole size, mud
type )
Examples:
Oil based mud : Induction tool
Water based salty mud : Laterolog Tool
Formation fluid content (fresh/salt connate water)
Economics (cost of the job, rig time involved)
TYPES OF LOGS TO BE RUN
Logging suites generally include one resistivity and
one porosity device
The logging string will also have other tools like the
gamma ray, SP and caliper tools
However, logging suites usually have two porosity
devices to give more information about rock type,
hydrocarbon type and porosity
Other considerations to estimate permeability or to
take fluid samples require other special tools like
the formation testers
NOMENCLATURE FOR ZONES IN
AND AROUND THE BOREHOLE
Several methods
Measurement many parameters
Provides geoscience & engineering info
Modest cost
Standard formats
Interpretation requires care
Most abundant source of reservoir data