Lecture 1. Introduction Immune System and Disorders
Lecture 1. Introduction Immune System and Disorders
and Disorders
Ketut Suryana
Phagocytosis
Abbas , 2012
Innate immunity
- The initial defense against infections / to block the entry
of various classes of microbes
(e.g; epithelial barriers, epithelial natural antibiotics)
- Eliminate microbes
(e.g; phagocytes, NK cells, & the complement system)
Killing of microbes, by :
Peptide antibiotics
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
(B lymphocytes / B-1 cells ,T lymphocytes)
Function of epithelia in innate immunity
Epithelia (physical barriers) : produce antimicrobial substance,
and harbor lymphocytes to kill microbes and infected cell.
A.NK cells
kill host cells infected
(intracellular microbes)
thus eliminating
reservoirs of infection
Signaling by
a prototypic TLR,
TLR4In response to
bacterial LPS.
An Adapter protein links
the TLR
to a kinase,
which activates
transcription factors
such as NF-B and AP-
1, TIR, Toll / IL-1
receptor domain.
Adaptive
immunity
Cellular immunity
which is responsible
for defense against
intracellular
microbes.
Humoral immunity
which is responsible
for defense against
extracellular
microbes and their
toxins.
Antigen recognition
Activation of lymphocytes
Effector phase (elimination
of antigen)
The response declines as
Antigen-stimulated
Lymphocytes die by
apoptosis.
Atigen-specific cells that
survive are responsible for
memory.
Specificity ;
Antigens X and Y
Induce the production
of different antibodies
(antibody X and Y).
Memory ;
The secondary response
to antigen X is more rapid
and larger than
the primary response.
Self-limitation ;
Antibody levels decline
with time after each
Immunization.
Produced by B-cell
Are antigen-specific
Each antibody
consists of four
polypeptides - two
heavy chains and
two light chains
connected by
disulfide bonds,
joined to form a "Y"
shaped molecule.
Function
Antibodies contribute to immunity in three ways:
they prevent pathogens from entering or damaging
cells by binding to them
they stimulate removal of pathogens by macrophages
and other cells by coating the pathogen
they trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating
other immune responses such as the complement
pathway
The Complement system
II IgG & complement IgG & complement- Cytopenia 5-15 days after start of
dependent cytotoxicity the elicting drug
III IgM or IgG and Deposition of immune Serum sickness, 7-8 days fro serum
complement or FcR complexes urticaria, sickness/urticaria
vasculitis 7-21 days after the
start of the elicting
drug for vasculities
- Sequestered Ags
(Lens protein of the eye)
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE
(IDD)
Results from a genetic or developmental defect
or acquired factors in the immune system,
and is a syndrome mostly characterized by
infection in clinic
Primary immunodeficiency diseases
Secondary immunodeficiency diseases
1. Succeed some diseases SIDD
2. Iatrogenic SIDD
3. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
1. Succeed some diseases SIDD
Viral replication in infected cells is the major mechanism by which HIV causes lysis of CD4+
T cells (death of infected cells / cytopathic effect of the virus).
Apoptosis of uninfected CD4+ T cells by binding of soluble gp120 to the CD4 molecule,
followed by activation through the T-cell receptor by antigens, cross-linking of CD4
molecules & T-cell activation leads to abberant signaling & activation of death pathways.
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes may kill uninfected CD4+ T cells that are coated with gp120
released from infected cells.