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Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person in a position of authority to gain personal benefit. It can occur on different scales, from petty corruption between a small number of people to grand corruption that affects the government on a large scale. Corruption reduces economic growth by lowering private investment and increases inequality. It also undermines democracy and political processes. Some causes of corruption include low levels of democracy, weak civil participation, lack of transparency, large bureaucracies, and low levels of education. Corruption is widespread in Pakistan and costs the country trillions in lost funds each year according to studies. A successful international anti-corruption campaign requires global cooperation and legal measures to transform attitudes and increase

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203 views

Essay

Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person in a position of authority to gain personal benefit. It can occur on different scales, from petty corruption between a small number of people to grand corruption that affects the government on a large scale. Corruption reduces economic growth by lowering private investment and increases inequality. It also undermines democracy and political processes. Some causes of corruption include low levels of democracy, weak civil participation, lack of transparency, large bureaucracies, and low levels of education. Corruption is widespread in Pakistan and costs the country trillions in lost funds each year according to studies. A successful international anti-corruption campaign requires global cooperation and legal measures to transform attitudes and increase

Uploaded by

Muhammad Imran
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Anti-corruption

Corruption is a form of dishonest or unethical conduct by a person entrusted with a position of


authority, often to acquire personal benefit. Corruption may include many activities including
bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries.
Government, or 'political', corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental
employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Corruption can occur on different scales.
Corruption ranges from small favors between a small number of people (petty corruption), to
corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is
so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society, including corruption as one of the
symptoms of organized crime.

Corruption can occur in any sector, whether they be public or private industry. Recent research by
the World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions (elected officials or bureaucrats) can be
critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers
face. Corruption in education is a worldwide phenomenon. Corruption in admissions to
universities is traditionally considered as one of the most corrupt areas of the education sector.

The history of religion includes numerous examples of religious leaders calling attention to
corruption in the religious practices and institutions of their time.

Corruption is strongly negatively associated with the share of private investment and, hence, it
lowers the rate of economic growth. Corruption creates the opportunity for increased inequality,
reduces the return of productive activities, and, hence, makes corruption activities more attractive.
This opportunity for increased inequality not only generates psychological frustration to the
underprivileged but also reduces productivity growth, investment, and job opportunities.

The crippling impact of corruption has deepened economic inequalities, undermining faith in
political processes, parties and politicians. It also feeds fundamentalism of all kinds for example,
ethnic, religious and sectarian.

According to a 2017 survey study, some of the attributes as causes of corruption are., low levels
of democracy, weak civil participation, low political transparency, higher levels of bureaucracy,
inefficient administrative structures, low press freedom, gender inequality, low degree of

ANTI CORRUPTION | Huma Akhtar MSc Math 3rd


integration in the world economy, large government size, low levels of government
decentralization, poverty, political instability, weak property rights and low levels of education.

Corruption in Pakistan is predominant, dominatingly in the administration and lower level staff.
Pakistan is being ranked constantly poor at the Transparency Internationals Corruption
Perceptions Index. It scores 2.5 in 2011. In 2010, it scored 2.3 and 2.5 in 2009 out of 10. In 2011,
Pakistan ranked 134 on the index with 42 countries ranking worse. In 2012, Pakistans standing
dropped even further from 134 to 139, lowering Pakistan the 34th most corrupted nation in the
world, joined with Azerbaijan, Kenya, Nepal, and Nigeria

The threat of corruption in Pakistan is neither government nor party centric but it is the system and
framework driven. As per figurings performed by Transparency International, Pakistan has lost
an unbelievable heightened amount just because of corruption, bad government and tax
evasion which was more than Rs. 8.5 trillion (US $94 billion), because of corruption, bad
government and tax dodging. According to an advisory of a Transparency International, Pakistan
does not require a single rupee as a foreign aid if it starts correcting it internet governance and
systems. This proves that Pakistan is pretty rich country but only because of corruption and
dishonesty it lacks in the development and growth.

During the years 1993 to 2003, corruption was at the center of the global development agenda. In
1993, Transparency International was founded. In the mid-to-late 1990s, corruption was adopted
as a key development issue by the multilateral and bilateral development institutions. This
culminated, in 2003, in the drafting and ratification by a host of countries of the United Nations
Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) (UNODC 2015). The struggle against Islamic
extremism captured the attention of policy makers in the international community. Alongside it,
unfortunately, has also come a rapid growth in the scale and complexity of corruption. So much
so, that anti-corruption work needs to be returned urgently to the heart of the global development
agenda. It needs to be part of the DNA of modern nation-states, multinational corporations, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) and even religious organizations and how they interact on the
global stage.

ANTI CORRUPTION | Huma Akhtar MSc Math 3rd


In addition to institutions such as an International Anti- Corruption Court as a further step towards
increasing transparency, strengthening enforcement and securing restitution, personalized
financial sanctions and more harmonized extradition mechanisms could actually be cheaper and
more effective in tackling corruption than prosecutions which are always tortuous. However, for
these measures to enjoy legitimacy around the world, they must be applied, and be seen to apply,
with equal force across the different regions of both the developed and developing world.

To conclude, a successful international anti-corruption campaign requires co-operation on a global


scale and specific legal measures that help transform attitudes towards corruption and the ability
to prosecute the corrupt. Although it may take longer, embedding a culture of social sanction and
censure for anyone found guilty of engaging in, facilitating or condoning corrupt activity, even to
the extent that those holding office lose public trust, would support these measures.

We as citizen, if unite, can get rid of all the corruption from our country and can contribute to
make our country a beautiful and worth living.

LETS UNITE AGAINST ANTI-CORRUPTION

ANTI CORRUPTION | Huma Akhtar MSc Math 3rd

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