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KSR Lesson 4.2 Traffic Loads 1

The document discusses traffic loads and commercial vehicles for pavement design. It defines commercial vehicles as those over 3 tons and describes different types including single and multi-unit trucks. It provides recommendations for determining traffic forecasting, including considering annual growth rates and design life periods. It also discusses lateral distribution of wheel loads and the Indian Roads Congress guidelines for determining load distribution factors for different road configurations.

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Aravind Kumar
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32 views

KSR Lesson 4.2 Traffic Loads 1

The document discusses traffic loads and commercial vehicles for pavement design. It defines commercial vehicles as those over 3 tons and describes different types including single and multi-unit trucks. It provides recommendations for determining traffic forecasting, including considering annual growth rates and design life periods. It also discusses lateral distribution of wheel loads and the Indian Roads Congress guidelines for determining load distribution factors for different road configurations.

Uploaded by

Aravind Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Traffic Loading Part 1

Dr. K. Sudhakar Reddy


Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
India
Email: [email protected]
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Traffic Loads
Different Types of vehicles
Cycles
Two-wheelers
Passenger Cars
Vans
Buses
Single Unit Trucks
Multi-unit Trucks
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

In evaluating the traffic condition of a facility


and for assessing the geometric design
requirements, it is necessary to consider all
types of vehicles using (or expected to use)
the facility.
But for pavement design, only the vehicles that
carry significantly heavy loads are important
commercial vehicles
Indian Roads Congress defines Commercial
vehicles as the vehicles having a laden weight
more than 3 Tons
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Commercial Vehicles
Trucks, Buses, Vans

Load - Gross load, Axle load, wheel load

200 kN

80 kN 120 kN
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Front Axle Load

40kN
40 kN
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Rear Axle Load

60 kN
60 kN
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Tandem Axle
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Combinations of vehicular units and axles

Commercial Vehicles - single or multiple units


Single Unit truck with 2 or more axles
Vehicle-Trailer Combinations
Semi- trailer tractor combinations
Tractor and trailer combinations
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Combination of Vehicular Units


Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Permissible Weights (tonnes) as per IRC

Vehicle Truck/Tractor Trailer


Type Gross Wt FAW RAW FAW RAW

Single Tyre 12 6 6
FA-Single, Rear-Dual 16.2 6 10.2
Type-3 25 6 19 (TA)
TYpe2-S1 26.4 6 10.2 10.2
Type 3-3 54.2 6 19(TA) 10.2 19
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Load Transfer through Wheels
Pneumatic Tyres Inflated with air
Three parameters need to be considered
Total wheel load
Shape of Contact area
Distribution of pressure over the contact area
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Load Transfer through wheels


Vertical stresses
Unidirectional surface shear stresses
Centripetal Shear stresses

Unidirectional shear
stresses
Vertical braking/acceleration
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Load Transfer through wheels


Centripetal Shear stresses
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Load Transfer through wheels

The Pressure distribution (vertical, centripetal or


unidirectional) is normally not uniform

Normally only uniformly distributed vertical surface


stress equal to tyre pressure is considered for
analysis
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Load Contact Area
Shape of contact area
depends on
Inflation pressure
Tyre age
Pavement surface

Typical Tyre Imprint


Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Shape of Contact Area

Different shapes are considered for analysis


Circular
Rectangular
Rectangular with semi-circular ends
More exact shapes for rigorous analysis
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Contact Area - Rectangle with circular ends

0.6 L

L
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Rectangular Contact Area

Area = 0.5227 L2 0.6 L

0.8712 L

Equivalent Area
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Design Loading Considerations

Traffic loads applied over several years (design life


period) traffic volumes normally increase each
year
Vehicles on a given road carry different loads
Vehicles on different facilities carry different loads
The wheel loads are applied over different portions
of the pavement and not at a single location.
The manner of transmission of load to the
pavement depends on the speed of the vehicle
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Design Traffic - Traffic Forecast
Pavement is designed to carry traffic loads
over a specified period (design life)

Thus, it is essential to have a good estimate of


the total number of vehicles expected to use
the facility during the design life period
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast

It will also help in design if the traffic volumes


during different periods (even on an yearly
basis) of the design life can be estimated

These estimates can be done from the traffic


volumes prevailing in a base year and by
selecting appropriate growth factors and
projection techniques.
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
A typical approach followed by Indian Roads
Congress (IRC:37) for projection of traffic over
design life period is

Cumulative traffic (commercial vehicles) for


design period

N = 365 x A x { (1+r)n 1 }
r
where, A = Initial design traffic in the year of completion of
construction in terms of number of commercial vehicles/ day
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
r = annual growth rate of commercial vehicles
expressed as a fraction.
n = design period (years)

The traffic in the year of completion of construction is


estimated using the expression

A = P (1+r)x
where, P = Number of commercial vehicles/day as per
last count
x = No. years between the last count and the year of
completion of construction.
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
The Cumulative traffic (commercial vehicles) for
design period, N will have to be adjusted for

directional distribution of traffic


lateral placement characteristics of wheels on
the pavement
load spectrum

to get the design traffic


Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
Example:
average two-way traffic per day on an existing 2-lane
highway counted in 2005 = 4000 commercial vehicles (P)
annual growth rate of commercial vehicles r = 7%,
n = design period = 15 years
construction of road is expected to be completed in the
year 2007
SOL:
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Lateral Distribution of wheel loads
All the commercial vehicles do not take the same
lateral position of the highway

Depending on the type of facility (two-way, multi-


lane), number of lanes, etc the paths that the wheels
of commercial vehicles tread differ

As a result all the wheels of all the commercial


vehicles utilizing the pavement during the design
period do not stress the same point on the pavement

Each part of the pavement gets different repetitions


of loads
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Lateral Distribution

Four-lane divided
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Wheel Load Placement Characteristics


Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

IRC Recommendations

Single lane roads


design based on total number of commercial
vehicles in both directions.

Two-lane Single carriageway roads


design based on 75 % of the total number of
commercial vehicles in both directions.
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

IRC Recommendations
Four-lane Single carriageway roads
design based on 40 % of the total number of
commercial vehicles in both directions.

Dual carriageway roads


design of dual two-lane carriage way roads should
be based on 75 % of the number of commercial
vehicles in each direction. For dual three-lane
carriageway and dual four-lane carriageway, the
distribution factor will be 60 % and 45 %
respectively.

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