Application ITs Why

Instrument Transformers?
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 1

Ed. 2006-03
 Instrument Transformers in general
Application and selection parameters
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 2

CT VT CVT
 What does an Instrument Transformer do?
Measure current and voltage in high voltage transmission
lines and switchgears during normal and fault conditions.

Insulate the control circuits from the network

V A
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 3

Transform the current and voltages to standardized

levels for control equipment as relays and meters
 Accuracy classes (IEC)
Metering
Current Classes Voltage Classes
0.2s, 0.2, 0.5s 0.2 Revenue metering
0.5, 1.0, 3.0 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 Instrument
Relay protection
Current Classes Voltage Classes
5P, 10P, 5PR, 10PR, 3P, 6P
PX, TPS 3PT1, 3PT2, 3PT3 (CVT)
TPX, TPY, TPZ 6PT1, 6PT2, 6PT3 (CVT)

Standardised secondary currents and voltages

1 or 5 A, 100 or 110 V
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 4
 Example of an 132/20 kV S/S
Two line bays

132 kV Single busbar

Two transformer bays

ABB PP/H/HV - Page 5

132/20 kV
 Protection system - General purpose
Detect all electrical faults and some
abnormal operating conditions.

Protect human beings and

properties around the power
network.

Protect apparatus, power lines etc

from unnecessary damage.

Disconnect minimum possible part

of the power network.
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 6

Restore normal operation

 Protection system

Fault
analysing
equipment

Instrument
Protection Transformers
relays
Power
System
Station
building Circuit
breaker

Communication
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 7

Equipment
 Different types of protections
Two line bays
Earth fault Line fault

Over current

132 kV Single busbar

Bus bar fault

Two transformer bays

Transformer fault
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 8

132/20 kV
 Lines Protection
Line fault
Lightning

132 kV

REL 511
Distance protection REL 501-531 Line protection
For longer lines. Measure of the
C

line impedance up to 3 zones.

ABB PP/H/HV - Page 9

Line differential protection REL 551

For shorter lines, cables
 Protection - Lines
Z3
Z3
Z2
Z2
Z1 Z1

Z = U/I

Z< Z<

132 kV 132 kV
Distance Protection
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 10
 Over current protection

Overload

132 kV

REL 511
Line protection
C

E
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 11
 Busbar protection

Kirchhoffs law 1
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0
I1 I2

132 kV
Single busbar

To actual Circuit Breaker

Busbar fault
RAD 55
Busbar
I3 I4
protection
C

E
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 12

132/20 kV
 Transformer protection

Differential

Signal from MV
C

E
current transformer
Example of transformer protection RADSB
Pressure guard Transformer
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 13

differential
Overload
protection
Over-current
Ground fault
Differential
 Voltage transformer on busbar
Often measurement in one phase

Synchronizing
Phase position

Over voltage protection

Under voltage protection

Voltage indication
Synchronizing
relay
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 14

E
 Metering

Wactive = U . I. cos kWh

Energy Meters
kWh
kVAr Tomorrow
Numerical
Energy calculation
Today
kWh
kVAr Electronic
VT CT
Analogue Integrator
Yesterday
kWh
kVAr

Mechanical
Ancient
Integrator
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 15

METER
Rb
Energy output
A/D conversion
Computer
 Instrument Transformers
Important parameters when selecting instrument transformers

Ambient conditions
Grid data
Standard
Insulation data (BIL)
Rated current and voltage
(Ratios)
Core/ windings data
(Accuracy classes and outputs)
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 16
 Important parameters when selecting ITs
Insulation data
Highest voltage for equipment (Um) e.g. 145 kV
Rated system voltage e.g. 132 kV
Test voltages
Lightning impulse 1.2/50 ms Simulating lightning, e.g. 650 kV
Power frequency dry/wet e.g. 275 kV
For Um > 300 kV, wet.
Switching surge 250/2500 ms
Replace power frequency test
Creepage distance Based up on Um (IEC)
Pollution, Salt spray ? I Light 16 mm/kV
Altitude above sea level II Medium 20 mm/kV
III Heavy 25 mm/kV
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 17

Over/under 1000 m IV Very Heavy 31 mm/kV

ABB standard >25 mm/kV
 High altitudes >1000m a.s.l.

Outer
insulation dielectric strength is
reduced due to:
lower air pressure
lower density of air

The outer flash-over distance must be

extended

Innerinsulation is independent of the

outer conditions
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 18
 High altitudes >1000m a.s.l.
Insulating levels for altitudes above 1000 m

System and test voltages according to IEC standard

when 1000 m a.s.l.

Actual altitude above sea level.

Test voltage at sea level will increase with factor k at
present altitude.
Power frequency test (m=1)
Switching impulse test (m=0.75)

m x (H-1000) / 8150
k= e
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 19
 Important parameters when selecting current transformers

Thermal data

Rated primary current

Rated secondary current

Rated continuous thermal current

120%, 150% and 200% of rated current (IEC)

Short time current, Ith

(e.g. 25 kA/1sek)

Dynamic current, Idyn

(2.5 x Ith at 50 Hz)
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 20

Ambient temperature -40 - +40C (IEC)

 Important parameters when selecting current transformers
Core data
Primary/secondary reconnection

Number of cores

Metering / Protection

Burden / class e.g.

20 VA cl 0.2, FS 5 (metering)
30 VA cl 5P20 (relay)
FS and ALF are valid at rated burdens
Class PX (relay)
Ekn V (knee point voltage)
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 21

Rct Ohm (secondary resistance at 75C)

I0 mA (magnetizing current)
 Important parameters when selecting voltage transformers

Type: Capacitor or inductive

Rated voltages
Primary/secondary
(e.g.: 132.000/V3:110/V3:110/3 V)

Voltage factor (Vf)

Type of system earthing
Effectively earthed - 1.5/30 sec
Not effectively earthed - 1.9/30 sec (8h)

Thermal limit output

Only necessary to specify if larger than Vf 2 x Sn
(Sn = Total rated burden)
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 22

Ambient temperature -40 - +40C (IEC)

 Voltage Transformer windings

A A A

N N N

da da da

Open delta winding for earth fault Open delta

dn dn dn
detection

a a a
Y-windings for metering
(and protection purpose) n n n
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 23

Metering
 Important parameters when selecting voltage transformers

Winding data
Number of secondary windings
Metering / protection / earth fault

Burden / class
e.g.30 VA cl 0.2
A rated burden around 1.3-1.5 times the connected
burden, will give maximum accuracy at connected
burden.
e.g.100 VA cl 3P

Simultaneous burden
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 24

Metering and protection windings are seen as

continuously loaded.
Earth fault winding is seen as loaded only at faults.
 Modern Relays and Energy meters

Consumes some few Volt-Amperes.

Typical < 5 VA
All consumption in cables
A/D conversion in relay C

Rated secondary currents from earlier

5 A towards 1 A.
kWh

ABB
ABB PP/H/HV - Page 25
 ABB PP/H/HV - Page 26