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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2

(i) Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.

(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.

Answer :

(i) Mass of one electron = 9.10939 1031 kg

Number of electrons that weigh 9.10939 1031 kg = 1

Number of electrons that will weigh 1 g = (1 103 kg)

= 0.1098 103 + 31

= 0.1098 1028

= 1.098 1027

(ii) Mass of one electron = 9.10939 1031 kg

Mass of one mole of electron = (6.022 1023) (9.10939 1031 kg)

= 5.48 107 kg

Charge on one electron = 1.6022 1019 coulomb

Charge on one mole of electron = (1.6022 1019 C) (6.022 1023)

= 9.65 104 C

Q2 :

(i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in one mole of methane.

(ii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of 14C.

(Assume that mass of a neutron = 1.675 x 10-27kg).

(iii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3at STP.

Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed?

Answer :

(i) Number of electrons present in 1 molecule of methane (CH4)

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{1(6) + 4(1)} = 10

Number of electrons present in 1 mole i.e., 6.023 1023 molecules of methane

= 6.022 1023 10 = 6.022 1024

(ii) (a) Number of atoms of 14C in 1 mole= 6.023 1023

Since 1 atom of 14C contains (14 6) i.e., 8 neutrons, the number of neutrons in 14 g of 14C is (6.023 1023) 8. Or,
14 g of 14C contains (6.022 1023 8) neutrons.

Number of neutrons in 7 mg

= 2.4092 1021

(b) Mass of one neutron = 1.67493 1027 kg

Mass of total neutrons in 7 g of 14C

= (2.4092 1021) (1.67493 1027 kg)

= 4.0352 106 kg

(iii) (a) 1 mole of NH3 = {1(14) + 3(1)} g of NH3

= 17 g of NH3

= 6.022 1023 molecules of NH3

Total number of protons present in 1 molecule of NH3

= {1(7) + 3(1)}

= 10

Number of protons in 6.023 1023 molecules of NH3

= (6.023 1023) (10)

= 6.023 1024

17 g of NH3 contains (6.023 1024) protons.

Number of protons in 34 mg of NH3

= 1.2046 1022

(b) Mass of one proton = 1.67493 1027 kg

Total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3

= (1.67493 1027 kg) (1.2046 1022)

= 2.0176 105 kg

The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom is independent of temperature and pressure conditions.
Hence, the obtained values will remain unchanged if the temperature and pressure is changed.

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Q3 :

How many neutrons and protons are there in the following nuclei?

, , , ,

Answer :
13
C:
6

Atomic mass = 13

Atomic number = Number of protons = 6

Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) (Atomic number)

= 13 6 = 7

Atomic mass = 16

Atomic number = 8

Number of protons = 8

Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) (Atomic number)

= 16 8 = 8

Atomic mass = 24

Atomic number = Number of protons = 12

Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) (Atomic number)

= 24 12 = 12

Atomic mass = 56

Atomic number = Number of protons = 26

Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) (Atomic number)

= 56 26 = 30

Atomic mass = 88

Atomic number = Number of protons = 38

Number of neutrons = (Atomic mass) (Atomic number)

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= 88 38 = 50

Q4 :

Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) andAtomic mass (A)

(i) Z = 17, A = 35

(ii) Z = 92, A = 233

(iii) Z = 4, A = 9

Answer :

(i) (ii) (iii)

Q5 :

Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength () of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency ()
and wave number ( ) of the yellow light.

Answer :

From the expression,

We get,

.. (i)

Where,

= frequency of yellow light

c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 108 m/s

= wavelength of yellow light = 580 nm = 580 109m

Substituting the values in expression (i):

Thus, frequency of yellow light emitted from the sodium lamp

= 5.17 1014 s1

Wave number of yellow light,

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Q6 :

Find energy of each of the photons which

(i) correspond to light of frequency 3 x 1015 Hz.

(ii) have wavelength of 0.50 .

Answer :

(i) Energy (E) of a photon is given by the expression,

E=

Where,

h = Planck's constant = 6.626 1034Js

= frequency of light = 3 1015Hz

Substituting the values in the given expression ofE:

E = (6.626 1034) (3 1015)

E = 1.988 1018J

(ii) Energy (E) of a photon having wavelength () is given by the expression,

h = Planck's constant = 6.626 1034Js

c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 108m/s

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

Q7 :

Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is 2.0 x 10-10s.

Answer :

Frequency () of light

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Wavelength () of light

Where,

c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3108m/s

Substituting the value in the given expression of :

Wave number of light

Q8 :

What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1 J of energy?

Answer :

Energy (E) of a photon = h

Energy (En) of 'n' photons = nh

Where,

= wavelength of light = 4000 pm = 4000 1012m

c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 108 m/s

h = Planck's constant = 6.626 1034Js

Substituting the values in the given expression of n:

Hence, the number of photons with a wavelength of 4000 pm and energy of 1 J are 2.012 1016.

Q9 :

A photon of wavelength 4 x 10-7m strikes on metal surface, the work function of the metal being 2.13 eV.
Calculate (i) the energy of the photon (eV), (ii) the kinetic energy of the emission, and (iii) the velocity of the
photoelectron (1 eV= 1.6020 x 10-19J).

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Answer :

(i) Energy (E) of a photon = h

Where,

h = Planck's constant = 6.626 1034Js

c = velocity of light in vacuum = 3 108 m/s

= wavelength of photon = 4 107m

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

Hence, the energy of the photon is 4.97 1019J.

(ii) The kinetic energy of emission Ekis given by

= (3.1020 2.13) eV

= 0.9720 eV

Hence, the kinetic energy of emission is 0.97 eV.

(iii) The velocity of a photoelectron () can be calculated by the expression,

Where, is the kinetic energy of emission in Joules and 'm' is the mass of the photoelectron. Substituting
the values in the given expression of v:

v = 5.84 105 ms1

Hence, the velocity of the photoelectron is 5.84 105ms1.

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Q10 :

Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise the sodium atom. Calculate the
ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol-1.

Answer :

Energy of sodium (E)

= 4.947 105 J mol1

= 494.7 103 J mol1

= 494 kJ mol1

Q11 :

A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0.57m. Calculate the rate of
emission of quanta per second.

Answer :

Power of bulb, P= 25 Watt = 25 Js1

Energy of one photon, E= h

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = 34.87 1020 J

Rate of emission of quanta per second

Q12 :

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Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radiation of wavelength

6800 . Calculate threshold frequency ( ) and work function (W0) of the metal.

Answer :

Threshold wavelength of radian = 6800 1010m

Threshold frequency of the metal

= 4.41 1014s1

Thus, the threshold frequency of the metal is 4.41 1014s1.

Hence, work function (W0) of the metal = h0

= (6.626 1034Js) (4.41 1014s1)

= 2.922 1019J

Q13 :

What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition from an
energy level with n = 4 to an energy level with n = 2?

Answer :

The ni= 4 to nf= 2 transition will give rise to a spectral line of the Balmer series. The energy involved in the transition is
given by the relation,

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = (4.0875 1019 J)

The negative sign indicates the energy of emission.

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Wavelength of light emitted

Substituting the values in the given expression of :

Q14 :

How much energy is required to ionise a H atom if the electron occupies n = 5 orbit? Compare your answer
with the ionization enthalpy of H atom (energy required to remove the electron from n =1 orbit).

Answer :

The expression of energy is given by,

Where,

Z = atomic number of the atom

n= principal quantum number

For ionization from n1= 5 to ,

Hence, the energy required for ionization from n= 5 to n = is 8.72 1020J.

Energy required for n1= 1 to n = ,

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Hence, less energy is required to ionize an electron in the 5thorbital of hydrogen atom as compared to that in the
ground state.

Q15 :

What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of an H atom in n = 6 drops to the
ground state?

Answer :

When the excited electron of an H atom in n= 6 drops to the ground state, the following transitions are possible:

Hence, a total number of (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1) 15 lines will be obtained in the emission spectrum.

The number of spectral lines produced when an electron in the nthlevel drops down to the ground state is given by

Given,

n= 6

Number of spectral lines = 15

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Q16 :

(i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is -2.18 x 10-18J atom-1. What is the energy
associated with the fifth orbit?

(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr's fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.

Answer :

(i) Energy associated with the fifth orbit of hydrogen atom is calculated as:

E5= 8.72 1020J

(ii) Radius of Bohr's nthorbit for hydrogen atom is given by,

rn= (0.0529 nm) n2

For,

n=5

r5= (0.0529 nm) (5)2

r5= 1.3225 nm

Q17 :

Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.

Answer :

For the Balmer series, ni = 2. Thus, the expression of wavenumber is given by,

Wave number is inversely proportional to wavelength of transition. Hence, for the longest wavelength
transition, has to be the smallest.

For to be minimum, nf should be minimum. For the Balmer series, a transition from ni = 2 to nf = 3 is allowed.
Hence, taking nf = 3, we get:

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= 1.5236 106 m1

Q18 :

What is the energy in joules, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from the first Bohr orbit to
the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron returns to the ground
state? The ground state electron energy is -2.18 x 10-11ergs.

Answer :

Energy (E) of the nthBohr orbit of an atom is given by,

Where,

Z = atomic number of the atom

Ground state energy = 2.18 1011ergs

= 2.18 1011 107J

= 2.18 1018J

Energy required to shift the electron from n= 1 to n = 5 is given as:

E = E5 E1

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Q19 :

The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by En= (-2.18 x 10-18)/n2J. Calculate the energy required to
remove an electron completely from the n= 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength of light in cm that can be
used to cause this transition?

Answer :

Given,

Energy required for ionization from n= 2 is given by,

= 0.545 1018J

E = 5.45 1019J

Here, is the longest wavelength causing the transition.

= 3647 1010m

= 3647

Q20 :

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Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 x 107 ms-1.

Answer :

According to de Broglie's equation,

Where,

= wavelength of moving particle

m = mass of particle

v = velocity of particle

h = Planck's constant

Substituting the values in the expression of :

Hence, the wavelength of the electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 107 ms1 is 3.548 1011 m.

Q21 :

The mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10-31 kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 x 10-25 J, calculate its wavelength.

Answer :

From de Broglie's equation,

Given,

Kinetic energy (K.E) of the electron = 3.0 1025 J

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Substituting the value in the expression of :

Hence, the wavelength of the electron is 8.9625 107 m.

Q22 :

Which of the following are isoelectronic species i.e., those having the same number of electrons?

Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2-, Ar

Answer :

Isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons.

Number of electrons in sodium (Na) = 11

Number of electrons in (Na+) = 10

A positive charge denotes the loss of an electron.

Similarly,

Number of electrons in K+ = 18

Number of electrons in Mg2+ = 10

Number of electrons in Ca2+ = 18

A negative charge denotes the gain of an electron by a species.

Number of electrons in sulphur (S) = 16

Number of electrons in S2- = 18

Number of electrons in argon (Ar) = 18

Hence, the following are isoelectronic species:

1) Na+ and Mg2+ (10 electrons each)

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2) K+, Ca2+, S2- and Ar (18 electrons each)

Q23 :

(i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ions: (a) H- (b) Na+ (c) O2-(d) F-

(ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented by (a) 3s1 (b)
2p3 and (c) 3p5?

(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations?

(a) [He] 2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.

Answer :

(i) (a) H-ion

The electronic configuration of H atom is 1s1.

A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.

Electronic configuration of H- = 1s2

(b) Na+ ion

The electronic configuration of Na atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.

A positive charge on the species indicates the loss of an electron by it.

Electronic configuration of Na+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s0 or 1s2 2s2 2p6

(c) O2-ion

The electronic configuration of 0 atom is 1s2 2s2 2p4.

A dinegative charge on the species indicates that two electrons are gained by it.

Electronic configuration of O2- ion = 1s2 2s2 p6

(d) F-ion

The electronic configuration of F atom is 1s2 2s2 2p5.

A negative charge on the species indicates the gain of an electron by it.

Electron configuration of F- ion = 1s2 2s2 2p6

(ii) (a) 3s1

Completing the electron configuration of the element as

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.

Number of electrons present in the atom of the element

= 2 + 2 + 6 + 1 = 11

Atomic number of the element = 11

(b) 2p3

Completing the electron configuration of the element as

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1s2 2s2 2p3.

Number of electrons present in the atom of the element = 2 + 2 + 3 = 7

Atomic number of the element = 7

(c) 3p5

Completing the electron configuration of the element as

1s2 2s2 2p5.

Number of electrons present in the atom of the element = 2 + 2 + 5 = 9

Atomic number of the element = 9

(iii) (a) [He] 2s1

The electronic configuration of the element is [He] 2s1 = 1s2 2s1.

Atomic number of the element = 3

Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [He] 2s1 is lithium (Li).

(b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3

The electronic configuration of the element is [Ne] 3s2 3p3= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.

Atomic number of the element = 15

Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p3 is phosphorus (P).

(c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1

The electronic configuration of the element is [Ar] 4s2 3d1= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1.

Atomic number of the element = 21

Hence, the element with the electronic configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d1 is scandium (Sc).

Q24 :

What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist?

Answer :

For g-orbitals, l = 4.

As for any value 'n' of principal quantum number, the Azimuthal quantum number (l) can have a value from zero to
(n - 1).

For l = 4, minimum value of n = 5

Q25 :

An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals. Give the possible values of n, l and ml for this electron.

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Answer :

For the 3d orbital:

Principal quantum number (n) = 3

Azimuthal quantum number (l) = 2

Magnetic quantum number (ml) = - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2

Q26 :

An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce (i) the number of protons and (ii) the
electronic configuration of the element.

Answer :

(i) For an atom to be neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

Number of protons in the atom of the given element = 29

(ii) The electronic configuration of the atom is

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10.

Q27 :

Give the number of electrons in the species , H2 and

Answer :

Number of electrons present in hydrogen molecule (H2) = 1 + 1 = 2

Number of electrons in = 2 1 = 1

H2:

Number of electrons in H2 = 1 + 1 = 2

Number of electrons present in oxygen molecule (O2) = 8 + 8 = 16

Number of electrons in = 16 1 = 15

Q28 :

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(i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and ml ?

(ii) List the quantum numbers (ml and l) of electrons for 3d orbital.

(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible?

1p, 2s, 2p and 3f

Answer :

(i) n = 3 (Given)

For a given value of n, l can have values from 0 to (n - 1).

For n = 3

l = 0, 1, 2

For a given value of l, ml can have (2l + 1) values.

For l = 0, m = 0

l = 1, m = - 1, 0, 1

l = 2, m = - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2

For n = 3

l = 0, 1, 2

m0 = 0

m1 = - 1, 0, 1

m2 = - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2

(ii) For 3d orbital, l = 2.

For a given value of l, mlcan have (2l + 1) values i.e., 5 values.

For l = 2

m2 = - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2

(iii) Among the given orbitals only 2s and 2p are possible. 1p and 3f cannot exist.

For p-orbital, l = 1.

For a given value of n, l can have values from zero to (n - 1).

For l is equal to 1, the minimum value of n is 2.

Similarly,

For f-orbital, l = 4.

For l = 4, the minimum value of n is 5.

Hence, 1p and 3f do not exist.

Q29 :

Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers.

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(a) n = 1, l = 0; (b) n = 3; l =1 (c) n = 4; l = 2; (d) n = 4; l =3.

Answer :

(a) n = 1, l = 0 (Given)

The orbital is 1s.

(b) For n = 3 and l = 1

The orbital is 3p.

(c) For n = 4 and l = 2

The orbital is 4d.

(d) For n = 4 and l = 3

The orbital is 4f.

Q30 :

Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not possible.

a n=0 l=0 m =0
l

b n=1 l=0 m =0
l

c n=1 l=1 m =0
l

d n=2 l=1 m =0
l

Answer :

(a) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible because the value of the principal quantum number (n) cannot
be zero.

(b) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.

(c) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible.

For a given value of n, 'l' can have values from zero to (n - 1).

For n = 1, l = 0 and not 1.

(d) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.

(e) The given set of quantum numbers is not possible.

For n = 3,

l = 0 to (3 - 1)

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l = 0 to 2 i.e., 0, 1, 2

(f) The given set of quantum numbers is possible.

Q31 :

How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers?(a)n = 4, (b) n = 3, l = 0

Answer :

(a) Total number of electrons in an atom for a value of n = 2n2

For n = 4,

Total number of electrons = 2 (4)2

= 32

The given element has a fully filled orbital as

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10.

Hence, all the electrons are paired.

Number of electrons (having n = 4 and ) = 16

(b) n = 3, l = 0 indicates that the electrons are present in the 3s orbital. Therefore, the number of electrons having n =
3 and l = 0 is 2.

Q32 :

Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of the de Broglie
wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.

Answer :

Since a hydrogen atom has only one electron, according to Bohr's postulate, the angular momentum of that electron
is given by:

Where,

n = 1, 2, 3,

According to de Broglie's equation:

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Substituting the value of 'mv' from expression (2) in expression (1):

Since '2r' represents the circumference of the Bohr orbit (r), it is proved by equation (3) that the circumference of the
Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de Broglie's wavelength associated with the electron
revolving around the orbit.

Q33 :

What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4
to n = 2 of He+ spectrum?

Answer :

For He+ ion, the wave number associated with the Balmer transition, n = 4 to n = 2 is given by:

Where,

n1 = 2

n2 = 4

Z = atomic number of helium

According to the question, the desired transition for hydrogen will have the same wavelength as that of He+.

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By hit and trail method, the equality given by equation (1) is true only when

n1 = 1and n2 = 2.

The transition for n2 = 2 to n = 1 in hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as Balmer transition n = 4
to n= 2 of He+ spectrum.

Q34 :

Calculate the energy required for the process

The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18 1018 J atom1

Answer :

Energy associated with hydrogen-like species is given by,

For ground state of hydrogen atom,

For the given process,

An electron is removed from n = 1 to n = .

The energy required for the process

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Q35 :

If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms which can be placed side
by side in a straight line across length of scale of length 20 cm long.

Answer :

1 m = 100 cm

1 cm = 102 m

Length of the scale = 20 cm

= 20 102 m

Diameter of a carbon atom = 0.15 nm

= 0.15 109 m

One carbon atom occupies 0.15 109 m.

Number of carbon atoms that can be placed in a straight line

Q36 :

2 x 108 atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon atom if the length of this
arrangement is 2.4 cm.

Answer :

Length of the given arrangement = 2.4 cm

Number of carbon atoms present = 2 108

Diameter of carbon atom

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Q37 :

The diameter of zinc atom is .Calculate (a) radius of zinc atom in pm and (b) number of atoms present
in a length of 1.6 cm if the zinc atoms are arranged side by side lengthwise.

Answer :

(a) Radius of zinc atom

(b) Length of the arrangement = 1.6 cm

= 1.6 102 m

Diameter of zinc atom = 2.6 1010 m

Number of zinc atoms present in the arrangement

Q38 :

A certain particle carries 2.5 x 10-16C of static electric charge. Calculate the number of electrons present in it.

Answer :

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Charge on one electron = 1.6022 1019 C

1.6022 1019C charge is carried by 1 electron.

Number of electrons carrying a charge of 2.5 1016 C

Q39 :

In Milikan's experiment, static electric charge on the oil drops has been obtained by shining X-rays. If the
static electric charge on the oil drop is -1.282 x 10-18C, calculate the number of electrons present on it.

Answer :

Charge on the oil drop = 1.282 1018C

Charge on one electron = 1.6022 1019C

Number of electrons present on the oil drop

Q40 :

In Rutherford's experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms, like gold, platinum etc. have been used to
be bombarded by the -particles. If the thin foil of light atoms like aluminium etc. is used, what difference
would be observed from the above results?

Answer :

A thin foil of lighter atoms will not give the same results as given with the foil of heavier atoms.

Lighter atoms would be able to carry very little positive charge. Hence, they will not cause enough deflection of -
particles (positively charged).

Q41 :

Symbols can be written, whereas symbols are not acceptable. Answer

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Answer :

The general convention of representing an element along with its atomic mass (A) and atomic number (Z) is

Hence, is acceptable but is not acceptable.

can be written but cannot be written because the atomic number of an element is constant, but the
atomic mass of an element depends upon the relative abundance of its isotopes. Hence, it is necessary to mention
the atomic mass of an element

Q42 :

An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign the atomic
symbol.

Answer :

Let the number of protons in the element be x.

Number of neutrons in the element

= x + 31.7% of x

= x + 0.317 x

= 1.317 x

According to the question,

Mass number of the element = 81

(Number of protons + number of neutrons) = 81

Hence, the number of protons in the element i.e., x is 35.

Since the atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons present in its nucleus, the atomic number of
the given element is 35.

The atomic symbol of the element is .

Q43 :

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An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign the atomic
symbol.

Answer :

Let the number of protons in the element be x.

Number of neutrons in the element

= x + 31.7% of x

= x + 0.317 x

= 1.317 x

According to the question,

Mass number of the element = 81

(Number of protons + number of neutrons) = 81

Hence, the number of protons in the element i.e., x is 35.

Since the atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons present in its nucleus, the atomic number of
the given element is 35.

The atomic symbol of the element is .

Q44 :

An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons than electrons.
Assign the symbol to this ion.

Answer :

Let the number of electrons present in ion

Number of neutrons in it = x + 30.4% of x = 1.304 x

Since the ion is tripositive,

Number of electrons in neutral atom = x + 3

Number of protons in neutral atom = x + 3

Given,

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Mass number of the ion = 56

Number of protons = x + 3 = 23 + 3 = 26

The symbol of the ion

Q45 :

Arrange the following type of radiations in increasing order of frequency: (a) radiation from microwave oven
(b) amber light from traffic signal (c) radiation from FM radio (d) cosmic rays from outer space and (e) X-rays.

Answer :

The increasing order of frequency is as follows:

Radiation from FM radio < amber light < radiation from microwave oven < X- rays < cosmic rays

The increasing order of wavelength is as follows:

Cosmic rays < X-rays < radiation from microwave ovens < amber light < radiation of FM radio

Q46 :

Nitrogen laser produces a radiation at a wavelength of 337.1 nm. If the number of photons emitted is 5.6 x
1024, calculate the power of this laser.

Answer :

Power of laser = Energy with which it emits photons

Power

Where,

N = number of photons emitted

h = Planck's constant

c = velocity of radiation

= wavelength of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of Energy (E):

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= 0.3302 107 J

= 3.33 106 J

Hence, the power of the laser is 3.33 106 J.

Q47 :

Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it emits strongly at 616 nm, calculate (a) the frequency of
emission, (b) distance traveled by this radiation in 30 s (c) energy of quantum and (d) number of quanta
present if it produces 2 J of energy.

Answer :

Wavelength of radiation emitted = 616 nm = 616 109 m (Given)

(a) Frequency of emission

Where,

c = velocity of radiation

= wavelength of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of :

= 4.87 108 109 103 s1

= 4.87 1014 s1

Frequency of emission () = 4.87 1014 s1

(b) Velocity of radiation, (c) = 3.0 108 ms1

Distance travelled by this radiation in 30 s

= (3.0 108 ms1) (30 s)

= 9.0 109 m

(c) Energy of quantum (E) = h

(6.626 1034 Js) (4.87 1014 s1)

Energy of quantum (E) = 32.27 1020 J

(d) Energy of one photon (quantum) = 32.27 1020 J

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Therefore, 32.27 1020 J of energy is present in 1 quantum.

Number of quanta in 2 J of energy

= 6.19 1018

= 6.2 1018

Q48 :

In astronomical observations, signals observed from the distant stars are generally weak. If the photon
detector receives a total of 3.15 x 10-18J from the radiations of 600 nm, calculate the number of photons
received by the detector.

Answer :

From the expression of energy of one photon (E),

Where,

= wavelength of radiation

h = Planck's constant

c = velocity of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = 3.313 1019 J

Energy of one photon = 3.313 1019 J

Number of photons received with 3.15 1018 J energy

= 9.5

10

Q49 :

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Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited states are often measured by using pulsed radiation source of
duration nearly in the nano second range. If the radiation source has the duration of 2 ns and the number of
photons emitted during the pulse source is 2.5 x 1015, calculate the energy of the source.

Answer :

Frequency of radiation (),

= 5.0 108 s1

Energy (E) of source = Nh

Where,

N = number of photons emitted

h = Planck's constant

= frequency of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of (E):

E = (2.5 1015) (6.626 1034 Js) (5.0 108 s1)

E = 8.282 1010 J

Hence, the energy of the source (E) is 8.282 1010 J.

Q50 :

The longest wavelength doublet absorption transition is observed at 589 and 589.6 nm. Calculate the
frequency of each transition and energy difference between two excited states.

Answer :

For 1 = 589 nm

Frequency of transition

Frequency of transition (1) = 5.093 1014 s1

Similarly, for 2 = 589.6 nm

Frequency of transition

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Frequency of transition (2) = 5.088 1014 s1

Energy difference (E) between excited states = E1 E2

Where,

E2 = energy associated with 2

E1 = energy associated with 1

E= h1 h2

= h(1 2)

= (6.626 1034 Js) (5.093 1014 5.088 1014)s1

= (6.626 1034 J) (5.0 103 1014)

E = 3.31 1022J

Q51 :

The work function for caesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (a) the threshold wavelength and (b) the threshold
frequency of the radiation. If the caesium element is irradiated with a wavelength 500 nm, calculate the
kinetic energy and the velocity of the ejected photoelectron.

Answer :

It is given that the work function (W 0) for caesium atom is 1.9 eV.

(a) From the expression, , we get:

Where,

0 = threshold wavelength

h = Planck's constant

c = velocity of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of (0):

6.53 107 m

Hence, the threshold wavelength is 653 nm.

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(b) From the expression, , we get:

Where,

0= threshold frequency

h = Planck's constant

Substituting the values in the given expression of 0:

(1 eV = 1.602 1019J)

0= 4.593 1014s1

Hence, the threshold frequency of radiation (0) is 4.593 1014s1.

(c) According to the question:

Wavelength used in irradiation () = 500 nm

Kinetic energy = h ( 0)

= 9.3149 1020 J

Kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron = 9.3149 1020J

Since K.E

v = 4.52 105 ms1

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Hence, the velocity of the ejected photoelectron (v) is 4.52 105 ms1.

Q52 :

Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with different wavelengths. Calculate (a)
threshold wavelength and, (b) Planck's constant.

(nm) 500 450 400

Answer :

(a) Assuming the threshold wavelength to be , the kinetic energy of the radiation is given
as:

Three different equalities can be formed by the given value as:

Similarly,

Dividing equation (3) by equation (1):

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Threshold wavelength = 540 nm

Note:part (b) of the question is not done due to the incorrect values of velocity given in the question.

Q53 :

The ejection of the photoelectron from the silver metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can be stopped
by applying the voltage of 0.35 V when the radiation 256.7 nm is used. Calculate the work function for silver
metal.

Answer :

From the principle of conservation of energy, the energy of an incident photon (E) is equal to the sum of the work
function (W 0) of radiation and its kinetic energy (K.E) i.e.,

E = W 0 + K.E

W0= E K.E

Energy of incident photon (E)

Where,

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c= velocity of radiation

h= Planck's constant

= wavelength of radiation

Substituting the values in the given expression of E:

E = 4.83 eV

The potential applied to silver metal changes to kinetic energy (K.E) of the photoelectron. Hence,

K.E = 0.35 V

K.E = 0.35 eV

Work function, W 0= E K.E

= 4.83 eV 0.35 eV

= 4.48 eV

Q54 :

If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom and one of its inner bound electrons is ejected out
with a velocity of 1.5 x 107ms-1, calculate the energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.

Answer :

Energy of incident photon (E) is given by,

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Energy of the electron ejected (K.E)

= 10.2480 1017 J

= 1.025 1016J

Hence, the energy with which the electron is bound to the nucleus can be obtained as:

= E K.E

= 13.252 1016J 1.025 1016J

= 12.227 1016J

Q55 :

Emission transitions in the Paschen series end at orbit n= 3 and start from orbit n and can be represented
as v = 3.29 x 1015(Hz) [1/32- 1/n2]

Calculate the value of nif the transition is observed at 1285 nm. Find the region of the spectrum.

Answer :

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Wavelength of transition = 1285 nm

= 1285 109m (Given)

(Given)

Since

= 2.33 1014 s1

Substituting the value of in the given expression,

n= 4.98

n 5

Hence, for the transition to be observed at 1285 nm, n= 5.

The spectrum lies in the infra-red region.

Q56 :

Calculate the wavelength for the emission transition if it starts from the orbit having radius 1.3225 nm and
ends at 211.6 pm. Name the series to which this transition belongs and the region of the spectrum.

Answer :

The radius of the nth orbit of hydrogen-like particles is given by,

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For radius (r1) = 1.3225 nm

= 1.32225 109 m

= 1322.25 1012 m

= 1322.25 pm

Similarly,

n1 = 5 and n2 = 2

Thus, the transition is from the 5th orbit to the 2nd orbit. It belongs to the Balmer series.

Wave number for the transition is given by,

1.097 107 m1

= 2.303 106 m1

Wavelength () associated with the emission transition is given by,

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= 0.434 106 m

= 434 nm
This transition belongs to Balmer series and comes in the visible region of the spectrum.

Q57 :

Dual behaviour of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery of electron microscope often used for
the highly magnified images of biological molecules and other type of material. If the velocity of the electron
in this microscope is 1.6 x 106ms-1, calculate de Broglie wavelength associated with this electron.

Answer :

From de Broglie's equation,

= 4.55 1010m

= 455 pm

de Broglie's wavelength associated with the electron is 455 pm.

Q58 :

Similar to electron diffraction, neutron diffraction microscope is also used for the determination of the
structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800 pm, calculate the characteristic velocity
associated with the neutron.

Answer :

From de Broglie's equation,

Where,

v = velocity of particle (neutron)

h = Planck's constant

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m = mass of particle (neutron)

= wavelength

Substituting the values in the expression of velocity (v),

= 4.94 102ms1

v= 494 ms1

Velocity associated with the neutron = 494 ms1

Q59 :

If the velocity of the electron in Bohr's first orbit is 2.19 x 106ms-1, calculate the de Broglie wavelength
associated with it.

Answer :

According to de Broglie's equation,

Where,

= wavelength associated with the electron

h= Planck's constant

m= mass of electron

v= velocity of electron

Substituting the values in the expression of :

= 332 pm

Wavelength associated with the electron = 332 pm

Q60 :

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The velocity associated with a proton moving in a potential difference of 1000 V is 4.37 x 105ms-1. If the
hockey ball of mass 0.1 kg is moving with this velocity, calculate the wavelength associated with this
velocity.

Answer :

According to de Broglie's expression,

Substituting the values in the expression,

Q61 :

If the position of the electron is measured within an accuracy of + 0.002 nm, calculate the uncertainty in the
momentum of the electron. Suppose the momentum of the electron is h/4m x 0.05 nm, is there any
problem in defining this value.

Answer :

From Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,

Where,

x = uncertainty in position of the electron

p = uncertainty in momentum of the electron

Substituting the values in the expression of p:

= 2.637 1023 Jsm1

p = 2.637 1023 kgms1 (1 J = 1 kgms2s1)

Uncertainty in the momentum of the electron = 2.637 1023 kgms1.

Actual momentum

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= 1.055 1024 kgms1

Since the magnitude of the actual momentum is smaller than the uncertainty, the value cannot be defined.

Q62 :

The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of increasing energies. If any
of these combination(s) has/have the same energy lists:

1. n= 4, l = 2, ml= -2 , ms= -1/2

2. n= 3, l = 2, ml= 1 , ms= +1/2

3. n= 4, l = 1, ml= 0 , ms= +1/2

4. n = 3, l= 2, ml= -2 , ms= -1/2

5. n = 3, l= 1, ml= -1 , ms= +1/2

6. n = 4, l= 1, ml= 0 , ms= +1/2

Answer :

For n = 4 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 4d.

For n = 3 and l = 2, the orbital occupied is 3d.

For n = 4 and l = 1, the orbital occupied is 4p.

Hence, the six electrons i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are present in the 4d, 3d, 4p, 3d, 3p, and 4p orbitals respectively.

Therefore, the increasing order of energies is 5(3p) < 2(3d) = 4(3d) < 3(4p) = 6(4p) < 1 (4d).

Q63 :

The bromine atom possesses 35 electrons. It contains 6 electrons in 2porbital, 6 electrons in 3porbital and 5
electrons in 4porbital. Which of these electron experiences the lowest effective nuclear charge?

Answer :

Nuclear charge experienced by an electron (present in a multi-electron atom) is dependant upon the distance
between the nucleus and the orbital, in which the electron is present. As the distance increases, the effective nuclear
charge also decreases.

Among p-orbitals, 4p orbitals are farthest from the nucleus of bromine atom with (+35) charge. Hence, the electrons
in the 4p orbital will experience the lowest effective nuclear charge. These electrons are shielded by electrons
present in the 2pand 3p orbitals along with the s-orbitals. Therefore, they will experience the lowest nuclear charge.

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Q64 :

Among the following pairs of orbitals which orbital will experience the larger effective nuclear charge? (i)
2s and 3s, (ii) 4d and 4f, (iii) 3d and 3p

Answer :

Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in the orbital of a multi-electron
atom. The closer the orbital, the greater is the nuclear charge experienced by the electron (s) in it.

(i) The electron(s) present in the 2s orbital will experience greater nuclear charge (being closer to the nucleus) than
the electron(s) in the 3s orbital.

(ii) 4d will experience greater nuclear charge than 4f since 4d is closer to the nucleus.

(iii) 3p will experience greater nuclear charge since it is closer to the nucleus than 3f.

Q65 :

The unpaired electrons in Al and Si are present in 3p orbital. Which electrons will experience more effective
nuclear charge from the nucleus?

Answer :

Nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom.

The higher the atomic number, the higher is the nuclear charge. Silicon has 14 protons while aluminium has 13
protons. Hence, silicon has a larger nuclear charge of (+14) than aluminium, which has a nuclear charge of (+13).
Thus, the electrons in the 3p orbital of silicon will experience a more effective nuclear charge than aluminium.

Q66 :

Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in: (a) P, (b) Si, (c) Cr, (d) Fe and (e) Kr.

Answer :

(a) Phosphorus (P):

Atomic number = 15

The electronic configuration of P is:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3

The orbital picture of P can be represented as:

From the orbital picture, phosphorus has three unpaired electrons.

(b) Silicon (Si):

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Atomic number = 14

The electronic configuration of Si is:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

The orbital picture of Si can be represented as:

From the orbital picture, silicon has two unpaired electrons.

(c) Chromium (Cr):

Atomic number = 24

The electronic configuration of Cr is:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

The orbital picture of chromium is:

From the orbital picture, chromium has six unpaired electrons.

(d) Iron (Fe):

Atomic number = 26

The electronic configuration is:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

The orbital picture of chromium is:

From the orbital picture, iron has four unpaired electrons.

(e) Krypton (Kr):

Atomic number = 36

The electronic configuration is:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

The orbital picture of krypton is:

Since all orbitals are fully occupied, there are no unpaired electrons in krypton.

Q67 :

(a) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4? (b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells
having ms value of -1/2 for n = 4?

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Answer :

(a) n = 4 (Given)

For a given value of 'n', 'l' can have values from zero to (n 1).

l = 0, 1, 2, 3

Thus, four sub-shells are associated with n = 4, which are s, p, d and f.

(b) Number of orbitals in the nth shell = n2

For n = 4

Number of orbitals = 16

If each orbital is taken fully, then it will have 1 electron with msvalue of .

Number of electrons with ms value of is 16.

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