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The Perception Process:: I. How Our Perceptions Affect Our Communication With Others. We Are

1. Our perceptions affect how we communicate with others as we are only aware of a small part of what is happening around us. We determine meaning through a four step process of selection, organization, interpretation, and negotiation. 2. A variety of factors influence how we perceive others, including physiological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. Physiological influences include age, health, and biological cycles. Psychological influences include emotions and self-concept. Social influences include roles based on gender, occupation, and relationships. 3. When attaching meaning to behaviors, perceptual tendencies can lead to inaccurate attributions such as making snap judgments based on stereotypes, clinging to first impressions, and assuming others are like us. Checking

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50 views

The Perception Process:: I. How Our Perceptions Affect Our Communication With Others. We Are

1. Our perceptions affect how we communicate with others as we are only aware of a small part of what is happening around us. We determine meaning through a four step process of selection, organization, interpretation, and negotiation. 2. A variety of factors influence how we perceive others, including physiological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. Physiological influences include age, health, and biological cycles. Psychological influences include emotions and self-concept. Social influences include roles based on gender, occupation, and relationships. 3. When attaching meaning to behaviors, perceptual tendencies can lead to inaccurate attributions such as making snap judgments based on stereotypes, clinging to first impressions, and assuming others are like us. Checking

Uploaded by

ah
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I.ThePerceptionProcess:howourperceptionsaffectourcommunicationwithothers.

weare

awareofonlyasmallpartofwhatisgoingonaroundus

1. Realityiscreatedbycommunicatingwithothers.

A. Firstorderrealitiesarephysicallyobservablequalitiesofthingsorsituations.

B. Secondorderrealitiesinvolveattachingmeaningtofirstorderthingsorsituations.

2. Thereare4stepstoourperceptionprocess(howwedeterminesthemeaningofthings)

A. Selection:weprioritizeintense,powerfulstimulithatusuallyattract.ourattentionfirst.

B. Organization:wearrangeselectedinformationtomakesenseoftheworld,thisinvolves

classifyinginformationandpunctuation,anddeterminingcausesandeffects.

Physicalconstructs:classifyingusingphysicalappearances.

Roleconstructs:usingsocialpositions.

Interactionconstructs:usingobservedsocialbehavior.

Psychologicalconstructs:indicatinginternalpersonalitiesandbiases.

C. Interpretation:howwechoosetounderstandinterpersonalactsafterwehaveselectedand

organizedourperceptions.Severalfactorsaretakenintoconsiderations:

Relationalsatisfaction.

Expectations.

Assumption.

4. Negotiationistheprocessbywhichweinfluenceeachothersperceptionsasweexchange

words,thoughts,andinformation.Negotiationcanbeexplainedinregardtointerpersonal

communication.
II. Howweselect,organize,interpret,andnegotiateinformationaboutothersisinfluencedbya

varietyoffactors.

1. Physiologicalinfluencescomefromthephysicalenvironmentandthewaysthatour

bodiesdifferfromothers.

A. Thedifferencesinhoweachpersonreceivessensoryinformationcanaffect

interpersonalrelationships.

B. Ageallowsforagreaterscopeandnumberofexperiences,and

developmentaldifferencesshapeperceptions.

C. Healthandfatiguecanhaveastrongimpactonhowonerelatestoothers.

D. Hungercanaffectperceptionandcommunication.

E. Biologicalcycles,includingvariationsinbodytemperature,sexualdrive,

alertness,tolerancetostress,andmood,affectthewaywerelatetoeach

other.

F. Neurobehavioralchallengesrefertodifferencesinperceptionthatarerootedin

neurology,andsuchconditionsasADHDandbipolardisorderinfluence

perceptions.

2. Psychologicalinfluencesaffectthewayweperceiveothers.

A. Ouremotionalstate,ormood,stronglyinfluenceshowweviewpeopleand

eventsandthereforehowwecommunicate.

B. Ourselfconcept,orthewaywethinkandfeelaboutourselves,strongly

influenceshowweinterpretthebehaviorofothers.
3. Socialinfluencesaredescribedinthestandpointtheory,whichstatesthataperson's

positioninasocietyshapesherorhisviewofsocietyingeneralandofspecific

individuals.

A. Sexandgenderrolestheoreticallydescribehowaperson,regardlessofhisor

herbiologicalsex,canactinamasculineorfemininemannerorcanexhibit

bothtypesofcharacteristics.Thesearereferredtoaspsychologicalsex

types.Theandrogynoustypecombinesmasculineandfemininetraits,and

genderisashorthandtermforpsychologicalsextype.

B. Ouroccupationalrole,orthekindofweworkwedo,alsogovernsourviewof

theworld.

C. Relationalrolessuchasdaughter,spouse,andfrienddefinewhoweare.

Theserolesalsoaffectperception.

4. Culturalinfluencessuchasculturalselection,organization,interpretation,and

negotiationexertapowerfulinfluenceonthewayweviewcommunicationofothers.

III. Attributiondescribestheprocessofattachingmeaningtobehaviorseveralperceptual

tendenciesmayleadtoinaccurateattributions.

1. Wemakesnapjudgments,whichcanbecomeproblematicwhentheyarebasedon

stereotypingorexaggeratedbeliefsassociatedwithacategorizingsystem.

2. Weclingtofirstimpressions,becauseonceweformanopinionofsomeonewetend

tohangontoitandmakeanyconflictinginformationfitourimage.

A. Thehaloeffectdescribesthetendencytoformanoverallpositiveimpression

ofapersononthebasisofonepositivecharacteristic.
B. Theconfirmationbiasisthetermtodescribetheprocessofseekingoutand

organizingourimpressionstosupportourinitialopinion.

3. Wejudgeourselvesmorecharitablythanwedoothers,whichisatendencycalled

selfservingbias.

4. Weareinfluencedbyourexpectations,andthisinformationisimportantwhenmaking

decisionsaboutothers.

5. Weareinfluencedbytheobvious,whichcanbeproblematicwhenthemostobvious

factorisnotnecessarilytheonlycause.

6. Weassumeothersarelikeuswefrequentlymistakenlyassumethatothers'views

aresimilartoourown.

IV. Mismatchedperceptionshinderinterpersonalcommunications,causeconflictandharm

relationships.Wehaveaneedtosynchronizeperceptionswitheachothertopromoteharmony

andunderstanding.

1. Perceptioncheckingprovidesmethodtocheckandshareinterpretations.

2. Empathy:understandingothersviewpoint,recreatinganotherpersonsperspective,and

tryingtomakedecisionsbaseonhisorheropinion.

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