> 5.15 Biaxial Bending 274 Faun ® Poin® FIGURE 5.48, P Py ta Fie a oon Fuacyers Cowl ‘ fit. aoe teks | A ma (eee Jenne co bethple of equal forces acting at each flange. As an. oli od each flange ‘ean bcon- * Siena cach ofthe ees ndepedeny.cose en, rel | .of bending of two shapes shear center, | inch of eto stuns depen Figur 3 on sbut nal cs se 1 toma conned oe eet wih npc ity ti tee hen con Siering te eng of sgl Mage, whl th ablated ale of 2 for te thelo Chaptor 5 Beams ( FIGURE 549 ®, ie 4 a= Loanme #( ye >| \ eo Son 42 ttre a oo Ory © a Design of Roof Purlins Roof putns that ae pat ofa sloping oof system can be subjected to bial bending of ( the type just deserted. For the oo prin shown in Figure 50, te load is vertical, but . the axes of bending inlined. This conto conesponds othe loading of Figure 5.4%. \ shen 7 he "27/b VEN 446 - CLASS NUMBER DATE este /ene/eeo PAGE ian jis {NEXT PAGE Example 6.19 A roof system consists of wuss ofthe type shown in Figure 5.51 spaced 15 feet apart, Putin ae to be placed atthe joints and at the midpoint ofeach top chord ‘member, Sag ods willbe located atthe centr ofeach puri. The total gravity load, including an estimated purin weight, i542 psf of roof surface, with & live load Ves Chamnda. — FIGURE S51 sais. {LRFD Solution Forthe given loading condition, dead load plus a oot live load with no wind o load combination 3 wll coawol Wy" 12np# L6L,=1221)+1.6021)=S880 ps The with of rot surface wibuary to each pun is C Armes Hegcgy EF Te 3P ie/ IP tn = 588007908) = 4649 oma sapoont=-#-(48)=4810/R (Kap) x Panel component = 7 (4649)= 1470 b/t (Y= Yaya) We sed 15] Me = Hoss? =m eam ‘Wit sag rods placed at he mio of each prt, he pts ie won contin os beams wih expect to weak xis bending. rom Table 222," Convo Beamsg 3-204 ‘eatinan omen atop onan wiht pane eine 53 Sopot ty Top Cace|3-212) meat2swe hag where Coud = uniform load intensity = span lengthB-ziZ] : Table 3-22¢ Ceaatid ‘onti linuous Beams Moments and Shear Coefficients - ual Spans, Equally Loaded Wat Uniform Load ear rd : "i: oO 3 CU FIGURE 5.56, Good x peus sera | ‘The width of rof surface tributary to each putin is 150 506 ths Z ‘Then Purlin load = 58,80(7.906) = 464.9 16/8 compen = 254s) = e108 rods placed atthe midpoint of each purlin, the pul uous beams with respect to weak axis bending. From Table ZA) “Shears, Moment, ‘and Deflection,” in Par-3of the Manual, the bending moment at the interior support ‘with only one span loaded is rr ok Ga] = uniform load intensity L = span length (wo equal spans) ‘With hoth spans lode, the moment can be obtained by superposition: ae ele ee ae 1 May = 4 (USTONASIDY = 1.084 84 oo —_—_ a eT CT et. Sheena ee where of 5 = 7.5 try a C10 x 153. For C, = 1.0,05Myr = 3322 Figure 5.15b, C, is 1.20 forthe load |. salar epponconons of his eam, Therefore, iy eee‘Toselect atrial shape use the beam design chars and choose a shape wih relatively ith eapet msgs eplng Torso obaced rin eyREIWENSELS “rood LA ELE, genes SKILL fa 330 fips. From Figure 5155, Gis 30 forthe load ands ner oppor condos of is bam Theo, eg, ce SOM = 130030) = 42.90 ips TB gehen ae (211 §) [3-24 omnes ns wie ars eae a My =430 f-ing >)'2.90 0p. sdzqaegt © Lida ee Use OMe 429 fekine > pe Xople supply, Ti sine ime 0 fot ens nt 20 ag= tly = 2, = 09006234) = 75.82 n-kpe 6318 fips mw 08: Fy Sy. gl-27]2712) 2 yf bly AMF y Sa) ee BERLIN een oe bye * Tala com, -nasss -esnsnenis = 41D 6 owe Cioe ApsDebtediicL rch annapsessttaim 7 fhOeehy) Because the load is applied tothe tp flange, use only bil his capacity to account forthe torsional effect, From Equation 5.22, ou See NeBtabtn br ee ee Rewer! v= MCE args SS ZTN4, & ‘From the uniform load tables, 0 LE 2 __— Ob Fy Surrey, A246 kgs > 331 tgs (0K) ___ tan _nscnniss [Lyfe chen abobly spat — es (~~ n80 Satton $e ea ond laa ot ive yt ond combition 3 wil ong” CS Fcgerapnntegrorer(27H) [ee] cso orate “Table 1 Values of Cp for Simply Supported Beams (Lateral Bracing| ‘Along Span Co { a al f | At load point ral Teale! pebetey Ea f } | Attoad points a = ee Lareracy ae Fscassaasr aoe. | Ss Atmidpoint (“FARE . [ fe et I TIVTTT |) atthird points | FLEETS ‘At quarter ee Se acta ponte | FE a aya aR aE RT ‘vane Int: ote. CorRveNtek seinen Bal Gig) Table 3-11 (continued) Channels TE _ Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length -Araaie Moment H,/ (5 Kip nerement) $M, (75 K-ras)DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES ZUR Table 1-5 C Shapes Dimensions ™187| 404| 600) 8 foatt| she | Aw 29¢| ae Joaeo| a4 | wu) ov| M48 Jarra] 7 ‘i15| 881| 00) & [022] Ye | ve |22| 2% loaeo| a | wu) evi] Jars] 71 acer! 433| 200) 7 Joaro| he | {220| av |nsea| ae | me | sv] 110 | ara oso) ‘i22) 3e4| 700) 7 [0a%e| in| Y|200| av [ages] aa | Ye | sh] sue \a7zi) 6s) ‘8 | 28"| 70 cena | a8] sao ° 3 a 4 5 5 7 7 702i) | w | 200] 2% [ose] % | | on | rie |oe0e| acs 6 ‘0s 308| 600] 6 6 5 5 4 4 a a 3 vu |2re| 2m |aaes| se] os] an | tose) se 3h |20a| 2 ams) Soe] sa) ae [ous se | 182] 4% [oats ate| | ae] rt [ose] ses cog | 284] san] ‘ye | a8 ae | rv |astz| 4s sar | $2" 840] ww 175 se | — |assa| ca coe | 2] 400 ww. 2e|w |05es| 370 aa | 153] 400 wis 2e| — |asas| a7] sas | 123] 400 a 158 Ye — ose) a7 as | i5| a0 34 |160| 5% |aare| tu | Swe) ste) — ost) 273} vs | tar| sao th |10| 1m [aara| % | Hhe| ate) — lass) 27a] vas | 123] sa0 th [tat] 6 [ozra| ie | me] ste — Joa] 273 vas | 105] si0| the rar | ogra] ve | oye] | — [ous] ara ‘ih s a, cmb rien a amp ul a DO Tae Awenca ere Ses. CoasRUCTON,Table 1-5 (continued) C Shapes Properties SHAPES Tana prin inex ev - Pe et ee wel Tae fin me | | rar’ los te Jazrens [v0 [ar7 Jaws vee_|ssfoan} la faes |saslsrs | or [soe [aay ‘a0 |snlase, fs fez |Sesna | aur |30>|asoy ores asse var |sse | Sat om tex leno jaolana | sx2 [20s |a7ea| ar aseloser|oae |1s1 || or fac faen laolan | 44s sa? [077] aer| aa [osolosm [1m | 2] va fats leslasa alsa foassfoans | 12 [saan jon fur [aces velar fown|ize | mas |aso|aax| i fis? |aselany or|avefoar|ase | eas |arelaac ‘as |isa {aoe ig | 200 |% osc] omc] 27a foanelase | $60 | 303 aan 73 {ins |aerQ OO 27 (aor a 24am | ¥65_| 41a aam cos [iss |azalea | 20 [sar Josufosts|2us foss|acar| see [aceon Sa |i [seals | tot {tor osalasse|ant foat|oase | S10 [ase oan| ‘aa |i [aealzs | 175 |e oselagn|tatJaztolane | ze2 | aralaan| 4s |iua laszlo | sar {101 loseloss| ar” Jost azn | 251. | 08am 231 | alana ito | te lous osalass iz ozs one | tez | aaH|oar £25 | lari] aso| tat |oarsosalasn tar [ozone | 165. |aeiloan| 2 | z7o2s1| 275] 137 |ozzaosifosa ua jose ozs | 121. |275| a2 22 | 2200] eae] 118 laos osa|osa a2 ozo ase | 132. [205 aa 22 | ear|ara| 739] ae] aar7 osra|ase 126 [ozs acm) ‘ns | 303084 12a | sza|zsa| 725] 108 loss osauosie as josie azar | 210 |257| 088 41 | soe{aza Gre| cas] ose osa/osa) i [oa aras| sor |2aalo8e| 431 | 4&s[2sq Sie| ast] aa ose ost oat os acre] 470 |2ot|o8z| | e129 0] osc at oa] awraosia oa aoe | 2502 on 4a 255s] 5] aero ose oun oaaora|ozs|aase] azz [eas| are 4a) 2237] 204 08/0307 044704 oea| oz] acer] 12t|1.7s| are 2) $56] 220] o3t2oz7 oat oasfoss|oze| ogee] oge|e3| are 3} 160] 22] 0200/02 oas|oaslosn]oze [acne] ogn|200|are 2a} +302] 14] 00/028 ous}ous|osts|oz| aor) oa 140] a 4s] 2] 212) act oz ous ouo|oue|ozc|a0cs) oan taser 15] | ts7| te] ose oe ose oasr|oseozealaceea_oar| tsa 15] Laz] 424) oe ot os oacoser|oze|anea) oz ter aseBB-ae] maornmssoaas | a5)" 74 ! Table 3-8 (continued) | Maximum Total ! ’ i, = 36 ksi || Uniform Load, kips } = E we } = = ” | 76 aA 76 2 (ome ee (sas [aos sou | 157 a Paes pay ie aziz] | 4 | et | su | eee | tas fas | ots a | ra | ms | ess | sos war|r2| | |e | oa | 553 | aso 8 | 60 a | sue | es | aa | 2 as | 523 | ao | m2 | ata | es a | 7 S| ar 2 | ea | se ma | 07 wo | 4 | Sra ‘aa 2a | 3s a | og | 22s | ans | 2 a | sss 2 | a20 | a: | ze | as ‘3 | aos 13 | me | ate | as | saa fa | 2s ia | as | a3 | Zr | ase wa | 281 18 | ae | oes | 21 | 2 wea || 15 | a0 | 6s | zor | a ss2| 20 | | i | 22s | aa | jos | ais | ya | as] | wo | aa | 1 | toe) a v3 | as | | io | do2 | 04 | 74 | m2 ‘as | 105 wm | ia2 | 2 | 108 | 2 a2 | 103, a | wa | as | ase | 2x7 | 103 | 199 | 1061 %s | ne | ve] | zm | is | aa | sss | 26 | ter | tom [ree] de | aa | tos am [ver | ar | ia | a 5 a | tao | 241 | saa | a wm | ioe | 2a | saa | fa 1 a a | a | aa | as ‘ao | mi | a | Se iio | i | a | See 7 Br 73 C In on an 7 ( = a : - Tofu me by su na et Na oes ei tay wa td a ar oe Nog 5 pvc su oF Sr CaNeTRvCTON BE iC 2 Chapter Beams FIGURE 5.50, EXAMPLE 5 FIGURE 551 Design of Roof Purlins Roof purinsthat ae part ofa sloping roof sytem can be subjected to biaxial bending of the type just described. Forth roof purin shown in Figure S50, the Ind is vertical, but the axes of bending are inlined. This condition coresponds tothe loadig of Figure 5 49a. ‘The component of load norma tothe roo wil ease bending about hex axis, andthe parallel component bends the beam abou i yaks Ifthe purlins ae simply supported atthe trusses (or rigid frame rafter), the maximum beading moment bot each ais is wL3/8, wher ws the appropiate component of oad. I sag rods are wsed, they wil pro- ‘ide lateral support wit respect to x-axis bending and will ct as tansverse supp for »-axs bending, requiring tha the pln be treated as continuous bean, For uniform s3g- ‘od spacings, the formulas for continuous beams in Pur 3 of the Manual can be use. {A roof system consists of trusses ofthe type shown in Figure 5.81 spaced 15 feet apart. Purlins ae to be placed at the joints and a the nidpoit of each top-chord member. Sag rods will be located atthe centr ofeach pain, The total gravity load, including an estimated pain weight, is 42 psf of roof surface, witha live-load— ‘o-dead-load ratio of 1.0. Assuming hat thi the rte loading condition, use ASE. steel and select achannel shape forthe purl = s@is0 = oor"LRFD SOLUTION 5.15. Bioxil Bending For the given loading condition, dead load plus a roof live load with no wind or snow, load combination 3 wil control: ‘The width of oot surface tebutary to eath pains 2ap + 1.6L, = 1.221) + 1.6(21) = 58.80 pat 15.0 ate Then Puttin load = 58.80(7.906) = 464.9 Ib/ft md conn = (eh) 80/8 iG H p= 4)=Ie0 8/8 hia ft ws ig =Haauogs? 12404 ‘With sag rods placed atthe midpoint ofeach postin, the pins ane tvo-span coatin- uous beams wih respect to weak axis bending Hom Table 322c, “Continous Beams," the maximum moment in ato span coninoas beam with equal spans is at the inti suport ands given by M= 012508 where ‘= uniform load intensity ‘=n eagth ‘The maximum moment about hey axis therfore My =0.125(0.1470)15/2) = 1.034 fips ‘To select a trial shape, use the beam design charts and choose a shape with re tively large margin of strength with respect to major axis bending. Foran unbraced Sf try a C10 x183. 1.0, Mg, = 33.0 ftkips. From Figure 5.15, Cy i 1.30 for the load and lateral support conditions of this beam. Therefore, May = 1033.0) = 42.90 fips From the uniform load table fr C shapes, Mpg = 42.9 fUkips 5. Use GyMay = 42.9 fkHe omnes wan x ANSWER, ASD SOLUTION ‘This shape is compact (no footnote inthe uniform load tables), so May = My = QF, Z, = 0.90(36)2.38) =75.82 inckips = 6318 f-kips But 34 15 (.6F,S,) =0.90(1.6(36)0.15) = 59.62 in-kips = 4.968 f-kips 203>1.6 ‘Because the lod is aplie to the tp flange, use only half his eapacity to account forte torsional effects, From Equation 5.22, Mu, Mo 1240, 1.034 Felis olig B * Foggy 5 TO MSSLO (OR) ‘The shear is 0.441005) nacea I kips From the uniform toad tables, Yq=46.7kips >331 kips (OK) Use actox 153. For dead load plus a roof live load, load combination 3 will contol: = dot Gu. = 42 pst ‘The width of roof surface tributary t each purlin is 10 BaP =7.906 8 Then Purtin toadrespect to weak axis bending. From Table 3-22c, “Continuous Beats,” the maximum moment in atwo-span continuous beam with equal spans is atthe interior support and is given by M=0.125w0 where w= uniform load intensity ‘€= span length ‘The maximum moment about the y axis is therefore ‘Mg, =0.125(0.1050\15/2)?= 0.7383 fips ‘To select a tral shape, use the beam design charts and choose a shape with a rel tively large margin of strength with respect to majr axis bending. For an unbraced length of 15/2=7.5f, try a C10 x 18.3 For Cy=1.0, My,/, = 22.0 t-kips. Prom Figure S.15b, C,=1.30 forthe lod and lateral support conditions ofthis beam. There‘are, Ml From the uniform load tables, My/%s = 286 fekips 8 Use Mu/Qy= 28.6 fekips. 30(22.0) = 28.60 f-kips ‘This shape is compact (no footnote inthe uniform load tables), so Mg/9y~My/ = FZ, (0, 360.38).61 = 5044 inks = 4.203 fis But 2,234 22H 2016 + Muy/2 = LOF,S,/Qy = 1.6(36\1.15)/1.67 = 39.66 in.-kips = 3.300 ft-kips Because the load is applied to the top flange, wse only half ofthis capacity to account forthe torsional effects. From Equation 523, Mu, My _ 8862, 0.7383 MI, yD, 286 *3.30/2 =0757<10 (OK)276 chapters Beams mnt yr 318109 936 pe From the uniform load tables, Yestonmeaicie 08) ANSWER theaCi0x183 xe 5.16 BENDING STRENGTH OF VARIOUS SHAPES ,S.MandC saps ar thems commonly seo old snes for beams, fer beding sung hasbeen covered inthe preceding seion. Othe apes a= ( sommes ed sexual members, bev, nth ston provides Sumer efsome ofthe evan AISC provisos lliations rom Chapel he Spee Hcaon (The widho-tickess is ae ftom Chapter E) Nomina sengh i fen for compact and noncompact htrlled shapes, But nt or send shaps Shapes built from pate clement No mmeial examples even ints section. but Example 6.11 fede he computation ofthe flexural eng of suc tape 1. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box Shaped Member(AISCF 4. Witho bikes parameter (oe Figure 552) iE nate fe a-sn0fE ie actual dimensions band hare not known, they may be estimated asthe & total width or depth minas three times the thickness The design thickness, whichis 0.93 times the nominal thickness, shouldbe weed. (ba he raios for HSS ae givea in the Manual in Pat 1, “Dimensions andl Properties”)5.46 Bending Strength of Various Shapes 277 i [FIGURE 5.52 f-»—| »b, Bending about the major axis loaded in the plane of symmetry) i. Compact shapes: For compact shapes, the strength willbe based on the limit state of yielding. M,=M,=BZ (AISC Equation F7-D) (Because of the high torsional sistance of closed cross-se:tional shapes, Tateral-torsional buckling of HSS need not be considered, even for rectan- gular shapes bent about the strong axis.) fi, Noncompact shapes: The nominal strength M, will be the smaller value computed from th limit states of ange local buckling (FB) and web Jocal buckling (WLB). For FLB, sooty 42508 Eo) su, (AISC Equation F7-2) For WLB, p-tay-nsoss -onem, (AISC Equation 7-5) . Bending about the minor axis: The provisions are the came at fr bending about the major axis, Round HSS (AISC F8) 1, Width-to:thickness parameters278 apr. eaame > '. Nomina bending strength: There is no LTB Lmit state for circular (or square) stapes. The strength is limited by local bucking. —- ee Loa ae wa -(OEn) (icin IL Tees Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry (AISC F9) |. Width-to-thickness parameters i, Flange: abt a aol wet yeaa saofE i, Web (sem: E E anos hata fe '. Compact shapes: The strength will be smaller values for the Limit states of yielding and LTB, For yielding, (AISC Equation F9-1) for stems in tension (AISC Equation F2-2) for stems in compression (AISC Equation F9-3) where M, ForLTB, My = My (ATSC Equation F9-4) where pas(t\ J (AISC Equation £95) 2232) \5 au ‘The positive sig is used for B when the ster isin tension, and the negative sign is used when the stem isin compressoc anywhere along te unbraced length5.16 Bending Strength of Various Shapes 279 «. Noncompaet shapes: The strength willbe the lower vale obtained for flange local bucking, web local bucking, and LTB. For FLB, eae o7rs.( 2) s19, (AISC Equation 9.6) (AISC Equation F9-8) (AISC Equation F-9) «amie tame (ATSC Equation F9.10) For ITB, see AISC Equations FO-4 and P9-S given previously TV, Double Angles Loaded inthe Plane of Symmetry (AISC F9 and F10) , Widthv-to-thickness parameters: Use the limiting ratios for single angles from Table Bb: E E a fE =z aaasfE — -00fE vere isthe leg length nthe hikes ‘Compact sings: The seth wil be the smal vale forthe imi states of Yildng and LT, This th tame afr eomput es , Noncompac shapes The strength wile the smile vale fr th imi states ‘of LTR (same a fr tees) and local buckling ofthe angle leg that is in com pression For local buckling (see user notes in ATSC F8), M, w(20-in(2)|EJorse, csscemiann YV.. Soli Rectangular Bas (AISC F11): Te applicable limit states are yielding and LTB for major axis bending; local buckling is nota limit state for either major cor minor axis bonding280 chapters Beams 4, Bending about the major ax foe Bi ORE Mom, =725 16M, where M,= yield moment For S088 laf ABE m,=ciso-ozn( 42) |, ca, Bs For Hoty 1B. er My=FeS,5M, where po BEG, bedi X (AISC Equation F11-1) (AISC Equation F11-2) {(AISC Equation F11-3) (AISC Equation F11-4) {= width of bar (dimension parallel to axis of bending) d= depth of bar ». Bending about the minor axis M,=My=P,ZS1.6M, ‘Vi, Solid Cireular Bars (AISC FL) My=M,=FZS 16M, (AISC Equation F11-1) (AISC Equation FLI-1) (Por circle, Z/S = 1.7> 1.6, 80 the upper limit always controls) For flexural members not covered in this summary (single angles, slender shapes, lunsymmetzical shapes, and shapes built up from plate elements), refer to Chaper of the AISC Specification, (Shapes but up from plate elements ae also covered in Chapter 10 of this book)oppor simple bem can exc ison th ering the bam aged, ndng alain we atv lod te pple. In this pacar owe, however, the secondary effec ar wuelly sal al canbe neglect Many colvmns canbe tet ar pre compreson members With Degli ‘error Ite coun i coe sory member and can be Weated as pinned a bath es the only bending wil ret from minor cident sce ofthe od or many stv rember, however, tere wil be signin anoon of effects and such member ar clled bean columns, Consider rigid ame (SY Fis ert ge on dng Sdiioe WSDSTE omer AP mnt oay ‘por he vera nfor ed but mass anit he vera embers ine ing he concentrated lateral load P. Member CD i mor crite ease, breast init est he loa P+, with ay since fom he vera! memes. The ‘ean stat he xracing deat by dashed tines, prevent sdevay inthe Tower ‘ory. For the Gecon of town, member ED wi be in eson and member CF will black, provided tat he acing ments have bee desig tort ony ter Sion Forth eonton ceo, however member CD must tana loed , + , fiom Cw. "Te vercl mashes fis ame mals be tetas beacons in the per sry, members AC and BD wl end under te efsence oP In aon, at ‘Ato 2 ending moments ae tansmited fom the horizontal member tough he ‘iid jon Tistnsnsion of monet as aes place a Cand D ad i tein any rig tame alough the meets ae cally eller than thos ring fom ine loas Mot columas ing ames ae actully bean-columms nd te ets ofteding shold not be fgncet. Hower many alae oe sty cluascan be seals ese as aily ded Compression members300 Chapters Beam-Columne FIGURE 6.1 62 Ht ny Another example of beam-coluimas can sometimes be found in roof trusses. Although te top chordie normaly treated as an axially londed compression member, Sf prlns ae placed between tho joints, their eactions will cause bending, wich emus, ‘be accounted for. We discuss methods for handling this problem Isterin ths chapter, INTERACTION FORMULAS ‘The relationship between required and availabe strengths may be expresses equindetength