CHAPTER 1 FLUID STATICS AND VISCOSITY FLUID STATICS @ PROBLEM 1-1 Find the absolute and gage pressure at the bottom of a large open container (see fig.) having oil at the top, and water at the bottom. The height of the vessel is 3.66 m (12.0 ft). The water level is 0.61 m (2.0 ft) measured from the bottom. The remaining portion is filled with the oil having a density of 917 kg/m* (0.917 g/m’). Also calculate the pressure at a dis- tance of 3.05 m from the top. Make any relevant assump- tions. OPEN TANK Solution: Assume the atmospheric pressure as = 14.696 psia = 1,01325 x 10° PaDensity of water is given by = 3 water 62.43 lbf/ft 1000 kg/m? and that of oil is © oil 0.917 x 62.43 57.248 1lbf/ft® Acceleration due to gravity is, g = 32.2 ft/sec? = 9.8066 m/sec? Let the pressure at a depth of 10 ft be Py. Therefore, P, is given by, 2: gy 1 Po + ophy ql) c where 8, = gravitational conversion factor 5g lbm-ft = 32.2 Tpe-seot * kg:m = 1.0 ber Substituting all the values in equation (1) we get 1 Py = 14.696 + (57.248) 7) = 18.67 psia and in SI units, al P, = 1.0132 x 10° + (1000) 058) (3 05) ime POO) Te Ts0a) fo = 1.312 x 10° Pa. Similarly, let Py be the pressure at the bottom = Sy fee. Py = Py * Pwater gone Again, substituting all the values, we get p, = 18.67 + (2.43) (55-3) (2.09 (rz = 19.55 psiaand in SI units, = 1.312 x 10° + (1000) 2 = 1.372 x 10° Pa. Finally, the gage pressure is given by B= FP eg” Pap ~ Pa tm’ = 19.55 - 14.696 = 4.85 psig. ae: Ih 2a ou bh Ge uy Pept ate Be Be oe he hy © PROBLEM 1-2 f 3 : 4. A large open tank contains oil 3 ft (0.91 m) deep from the top and the rest is filled with water. The tank is 10 ft (3.05 m) deep and the specific gravity of the oil is 0.8. Calculate the pressure exerted by the oil and the water at the bottom of the tank. 3ft (0-91m) 7£t (2.13m) Solution: Applying the Bernoulli's equation between (1) and See fig) P. 1 7* *2 Here P, = 0 pstg 2, = 10 ft. Zo = 7 ft. and the specific weight of oil y = 0.8 x 62.4 lbf/ft® 3Therefore, Py = (10 - 7) x 0.80 x 62.4 = 150 psig Next, applying the Bernoulli's equation between (2) and (3) (see fig.) 2 y * 72 the specific weight of water, i.e. y = 62.4 1bf/ft® and Ze, = O ft. _ 150 Therefore, P, = 62.4 Gg +7 = 587 psfg. @ PROBLEM 1-3 Obtain a relationship for the pressure in a tank open to the atmosphere and filled with an isothermal, ideal gas, as a function of the height. Solution: In the fluid statics of gases, a relation between the pressure and density is integrated, i.e., the equation YP = pg. (1) The simplest case is that of the isothermal ideal gas, where P = oRT/M. Selecting the y axis parallel to g, eq. (1) be- comes a ie ay 7 7G - Separating variables, the above differential equation becomes or©@ PROBLEM 1-4 Find the volumetric flow rate in the pipe shown in the figure. The differential manometer reads 1 ft. Assume one dimensional ideal flow. PIPE CONTRACTION Solution: Since the flow is frictionless (ideal), the fol- Towing relation is obtained by the Bernoulli's equation 2 2 v v A B hy + aga t ae am hy - hg = 1 ft. (given) Applying the continuity equation, Px %a Aa = 95 YB Ap Assuming constant density, i.e. » Pq = Op we have mois LEED. n{4\? Yaa \q] ~ YB 4\12, or avy = Vp (2) From (1) and (2) we have Vg = 2.07 ft/sec 5Therefore, the flow rate is " > < 4 °o ola 2 s " @ PROBLEM 1-5 One end of the manometer B is open to atmosphere and the other end is connected to another manometer A by means of an inverted U-tube. The left end of the ma- nometer A is connected to a pipe line having a pres- sure of 1.7 psi below atmospheric pressure. The ma- nometric heights in A and B are 1.5 ft. and 1.25 ft. respectively. If the specific gravity of the liquid in A is 1.6, what is the specific gravity of the li- quid in B? Neglect the densities of the gas in the pipe and the air trapped in the tubes. = h_=1.25£t B Solution: Let p, be the pressure in the connecting tube and p be the atmospheric pressure. Applying Bernoulli's equation to the tubes A and B, yields P, p- 4p = ty PAT Yq q) and for the tube B Pp =e =2 13 + hy tp (2)Eliminating p, from eq. 1 and 2, we get p- bpyg =P - Ap + bary ie. p ap = Bava hg .7)(144) = (1.5)(1.6)(62.4 mae vg = GDA) = (4,5)(4.6)(62.4) 76 lb.wt/ft? Now the specific gravity of the liquid in tube B, = density of the liquid density of water 76.0 © PROBLEM 1-6 Two ducts A and B containing water are connected to an inclined manometer as shown in the fig. Duct B is at a constant pressure of 6 psi. Calculate the new mano- meter reading along the inclined tube if the pressure in duct A is increased by 10 psi. Duct B Merciry MERCURY MANOMETER Solution: Initially, 62.4 pat 2 qa)when the pressure in duct A is increased by 10 psi the above equation becomes, (oq + 10) + (Bef ake +x) 26+ 13.6 (Bt i) oo) 62.4 + (#4) (5 - 3) (2) Eliminating p, from equations 1 and 2, yields 2. 62.4 62.4 S24 (5 ) + S4 co yy 10 = 19.0 (2) F- 0 Solving, x = 1.22 ft. Therefore, the new reading along the inclined tube is = 1.22 + 2 (1,22) = 3.67 ft. © PROBLEM 1-7 Oil is flowing at the varying cross section. 6 in and the pressure B, the diameter is 16 sections A and B to be 6 ft of oil. sure at B. rate of 3.14 cfs in a pipe of At section A, the diameter is is 12 psig. At another section in. Assume the heat loss between Calculate the pres- Specific gravity of oil may be taken as 0.85. Solution: Applying Bernoulli's equation between A and B, 2 2 pew pee A A = _B B yi + Ze, + Zy = ve + 2g, + 2B + hy where, hy = head loss between sections A and B = 6.0 ft, 80.85 X Water 0.85 x 62.4 1bf/ft® py = 12 x 144 pst in psi PB To find vy and v, apply continuity equation, Q=Axyv i.e. vy = 4h, = 16 ft/sec. "14 (Gy) Similarly, vy = str = 2.25 ft/sec. 1/4(35) Substituting the values of v, and v, in the Bernoulli's equation gives AD edie cr gor? Dp Radsd (2.25)? (O.B5)Oz.4) * TAVCSEB) ~ TO.BSV(EE-) * TEE BT + 20.0 + 6.0. Solving, = 3.86 psig @ PROBLEM 1-8 Find the specific gravity of the liquid in the double U-tube water manometer in terms of the various column heights as shown in the fig. Solution: In the figure the liquid is shown above the water Because its density is less than that of water. Since there is not much difference in atmospheric pressure between points "a" and "d", Pa - Pg = 0 Also, p, - Pg is equal to the sum of the pressure differen- ces across each fluid column. i.e. Py - Pg = 0 = (Pg - Py) + (Py - Py) + (PQ - Py)Applying p = pgh to each of the above terms, Bare Seb fas Pots PH0 884 28a? Py - Pg = Py ~ Por = PB(Ay - hg) and Pe - Pa = Pon ~ Pa = Oxo @(hg - By) | “open to atmosphere WATER MANOMETER Substituting and omitting "g" O= PHO (hy - hy) + p(hy - hg) + °u,0 (hg - hy) or OF 1,0 fin, - hy) + (hy - hy) + p(y - hg) i.e. ° _ (hy - By) + (hg - hy) to Chg By) 20 2 SHEAR STRESS AND VISCOSITY @ PROBLEM 1-9 Determine the force required to move a thin plate of 30 x 60 cm* size through a liquid of viscosity » = 0.05 kg/ms at a velocity of 0.40 m/sec. The liquid is filled between two long parallel plates as shown in Fig. 1. 10fig. 1 Liquid t<<1.0-7| fig. 2 Solution: Total force, Fp = Frop * Fporrou 0 where F, ‘top = (Shear stress) (area) UV /Bupper) (4) (0.05)(0.4/0.005)(0.3)(0.6) = 0.72 N Similarly, Fgortom ~ (0.05)(0.4/0.01)(0.3)(0.6) = 0.36 N Therefore, FroraL = 0.72 + 0.36 = 1.08 N @ PROBLEM 1-10 The space between two parallel plates 0.001 ft. apart is filled with oil of viscosity u = 0.7 cp., Calculate the steady-state momentum flux t,, in 1b,/ft* when the lower plate velocity is 1 ft/sec in the x-direction as shown in the fig. itUpper plate is at rest u=0 o.001ft FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW uslft/sec Solution: Since the velocity profile is a linear function of only y, then du, du _ Au dy dy sol du _ (1.0 ~ 0) dy — (0 - 0.001) = -1000 sec” du yx * “May where v= 0.7 ep = (0.7 cp)(2.0886 x 10° Ibs sec/ft?cp) = 1.46 x 107° lb, sec/ft* Substituting, T= - (1.46 x 107*)(-1000) yx = 1.46 x 107? 1b,/ft? @ PROBLEM 1-11 Referring to the fig., compute the stress on each plate when the lower plate velocity is 10 ft/min. in the posi- ‘tive x-direction and the upper plate velocity is 35 ft/ min. in the negative x-direction. The plates are placed 2 in, apart and the fluid viscosity between the plates remains constant at 150 cp. Also calculate the fluid velocity at every 0.5 in. interval. —— 9 ,97358t/min Vj 7Loft/min, ___ 12Solution: Writing the general equation for the shear stress, Vy va (A) { Be [ wav ° Yo where » and A are constants. Therefore, 1, Oy - 0) =- uv s. Vo) y . (vy - VQ) i which gives ty = “GSO (1) Substituting, vg = 10 ft/min = ft/sec. vy =~ 35 ft/min = ~ $8 #t/sec = 2 i * Dp ft = 150 x 2.0886 x 107° Ib, sec/tt? Substituting in eq. (1) gives ae 35 10 2/12 = 0.0141 lb, /tt? Velocity at 4 in, 1 in. and 14 in. distance from the lower plate can be calculated as follows. Rewriting the equation (1) (vy = YQ) t sl Gate Oy. ¥ Vy 0 (v4 - Vo) t or ty=- W ¥1 (2) “y 2 (3) 13From (2) and (3), (vy - v) or (vg - v) = (vq - WG or Vq - (Vy - "WG =v or v= Vp - (Vg - GD or v=10- (10 - (-35)) ( or v = 10 - 45($) at x= din v= 10 - 45(4) =-1.25 ft/min at x= lin v= - 12,5 ft/min at x = 14 in < 0 -23.75 ft/min © PROBLEM 1-12 Two parallel flat plates are spaced 0,3 mm apart. The upper plate having a shear area 1.0 m* is moving at a velocity of 1.0 m/sec. If the viscosity of the lubri- cating oil between the plates is 9.6 x 10~2N-s/m*, find the surface resistance of the upper plate. Assume a linear velocity profile as shown in the fig. Lower plate is at rest 14Solution: The surface resistance, F = t(area) where T = ae (9.6 x 107?) 4 (iea0 = 320 N/m? Substituting the value of t in the relation for surface re- sistance F = 320 (1) 320 N © PROBLEM 1-13 Two parallel flat plates, area 1 ft?, are spaced 0.1 ft. apart. The lower plate is moving with a velocity of 0.1 ft/sec while the top plate is at rest. If the force required to move the plate is 0.002 poundals, find the viscosity of fluid between the plates. Stationary plate +t Moving plate ce av © u ay Also, FORCE _ 0,002 SHEAR AREA ~ “1.0 0.002 poundals/ft? Since the velocity profile is linear, dv 2 Av _ -0 dy ty” 0-01 = -1.0 sect 15Substituting the value of the velocity gradient in the ex- pression for t and solving for q v= Zav7ayy 0.002 T.0” 0.002 Poundals x sec. ae = Pf02, = 0.0298 poise or 2.98 cp. 16