PATTERNS IN THE LOTTERY GAME

Norbert Becser1
e-mail: [email protected]

Zita Zoltay-Paprika
e-mail: [email protected]

Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary

1
Corresponding author.

Abstract. The present study is based on the analysis and results of a close to 5
years study in the frame which we used a Lottery Game in the Decision Making
Skills subject taught at Corvinus Business School, Corvinus University of Buda-
pest. In the frame of the game, the students (Hungarians (n=231) and foreign-
ers (n=267) alike) have to mark 6 numbers on a 7x7 lottery ticket. The winner is
the student whose numbers differ the most from those of all the other students.
Upon analyzing the results (irrespectively of nationality) the authors have noted
something notable: the winning combinations - rather than being located randomly
on the ticket, characteristically resemble a geometric form. In our study we want-
ed to detect the relevance of geometry in this kind of choices. It is hypothesized
that in such games (lottery type, related to numeric combination choice), where
the players decide upon their strategy (choice of numbers) by also taking into
consideration others expected choices, the winning strategy is characteristically
some consciously chosen scheme or pattern as opposed to a random one. The study
presents the results of the available samples (Hungarian students: n=231, foreign
students: n=267), the winning combinations, the most often designated numbers,
as well as the least popular numbers and their presentation on a heat map.
In the case of the majority of the winning tickets we found the use of conscious
strategic choice to be more useful. These conscious strategic decisions were reflect-
ed in identifiable geometric forms. Based on the results, we hypothesize that in the
hidden lottery game in contrast with random choice the most effective strategy
of choice is the conscious ordered one in which the player marks the numbers on the
lottery ticket in some modified geometric pattern. The goal of the paper is to propose
further research on the field.

Key words: lottery game, patterns, students.

Introduction
The modified lottery game was elaborated by Lszl Mr, a Hungarian
mathematician and psychologist to provide empirical support for his theory of
collective rationality (Mr 2007). In the frame of the game, players have to
mark 6 out of a total of 49 numbers on a 7x7 symmetrical lottery ticket. In con-
trast with the traditional lottery, the players play not against chance, but against
 Forum Scientiae Oeconomia Volume 4 (2016) No. 1

other, consciously thinking players. While in the traditional version, the winner
is the one who is most successful in guessing the randomly selected (either
mechanically or by hand) numbers, in the modified game the winner is the
person whose numbers least resemble those of the other players (Mr 2007:
287)1. The administration of the game is as follows: When all the participants
have chosen their numbers, the lottery tickets and the choices are evaluated.
In the case of each single number (1 to 49), we determine the exact number of
players who chose the given number. After this for each and every player we
check, how many other participants had marked the numbers that he/she specif-
ically had chosen. The winner is the one, whose overall sum is the smallest (i.e.
whose numbers overall had the least number of other choosers).
Mr has shown that in the hidden lottery game random choice is the
so-called evolutionarily stable strategy, as if it spreads amongst the players,
no other strategy can be more effective. In short, the most rational solution is
random choice. Based on the 236 person sample studied by Mr, he indicated
that the numbers chosen by the players (i.e. showing all the choices on a 7x7
ticket) really do indicate a more random frequency. At the same time based
on further research it has become evident that the choices of the individual
players are very rarely truly random. The choices for the major part correlate
to some sort of logical thinking: avoiding the well-known lucky numbers (e.g.
dates of birth) or those in outstanding positions (i.e. at the corners), or marking
these precisely because others would think the same way. In short, while the
majority of the individual choices were based more or less on some sort of
logical rather than random choice, and were thus irrational from the point of
view of evolutionary stable strategy, together with the results deduced from the
common choices, they can be considered to be rational (Mr 2007).
In this paper we not only present the results of the experiments conducted
and the conclusions, but also share propositions which require further future
studies. After presenting the theoretical and practical aspects of the modified
Lottery Game used, we briefly review the literature on lottery games and the
players choices highlighting the results relevant to our study. Furthermore, we
also present the methodology and the results of our study together with our
conclusions and hypotheses. The paper ends with a summary of the proposed
further research to be conducted.

1
It is important to know that in keeping with the structure of the different lottery games (such as the
Hungarian lottery), the prize money for a given number of successfully chosen numbers is divided
between all the winners who have achieved the same given number of hits. This means that the players
are playing not only against luck, but also against all the other players, as well, i.e. in order to maxi-
mize the prize money, their choice of numbers must not only coincide with those drawn, but at the same
time these numbers must be ones that hopefully only they themselves will have marked from amongst
all the players.

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Patterns in the Lottery Game

1. Theoretical background strategies of choice: random vs.

conscious choice
People have always been interested in random events. Our forefathers con-
sidered coincidence to be more or less destiny, while later on the term also
became connected to games of fortune (e.g. dice games). Naturally men have
always tried and continue to try to unravel and explain the nature of random
events. Random events occur in an anomalous way without method or con-
scious choice (Oxford Dictionaries 2015). At the same time, further to the in-
dividual, random, and unforeseeable events we can also describe the random
outcome of repeatedly conducted studies. As a result based on an appropriate-
ly large number of trials we must study the frequency of the various random
outcomes (e.g. the random heads or tails result of flipping a coin), based on
which the probability of the possible outcomes can be determined (as Ber-
noulli recognized in the law of large numbers). In keeping with the above,
randomness can be interpreted as the index of uncertainty, and as such, also as
its probability.
The concept of uncertainty (and together with this, that of probability and
risk) is closely related to games of chance. It is sufficient to refer to the prob-
lem of points game, which first appeared in 14942 and in the case of which the
solution for the fair distribution of the bets was elaborated in Pascal and Fer-
mats correspondence (1654), thus laying down the basis of the modern mathe-
matical theory of probability.
Lottery, like all games of chance, relies on randomness. In this oldest and
most widespread game all numbers have an equal chance to be drawn, all have
an equal chance to be winners. It is the players aim to choose as many as pos-
sible of the winning numbers to win the largest possible prize, which, in case
of a full hit, can even be a fortune. As a result, consciously or not, the players
apply different strategies of choice from random marking to what appears to
be a logical choice.
People usually find it hard or impossible to interpret randomness and
together with this the probability of the occurrence of certain events. They
use heuristics to make understanding easier, which in effect simplify and
speed up decision making, but which, as has been proven, lead to decision
traps (Tversky and Kahnemann 1974). A number of papers on the choice
of lottery numbers deal with the study and description of the phenomena of
gamblers fallacy and hot hand fallacy which belong to the heuristics of
representativeness (Clotfelter and Cook 1991, 1993; Terrel 1994; Papachris-
tou 2004; Jorgensen et al. 2011). In the case of gamblers fallacy people
believe that the probability of a random event is affected by the outcome of

2
The game was first described in Lucas Pacioli: Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni et
proportionalit.

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 Forum Scientiae Oeconomia Volume 4 (2016) No. 1

a similar (but otherwise independent) event, in fact, that the probability of the
occurrence of these events is in negative correlation with each other. The effect
seen in the case of gamblers fallacy is opposite to that of the hot hand falla-
cy. In a study conducted by Gilovich and Vallone (Gilovich et al. 1985), people
perceive a positive correlation between the occurrences of independent random
events (the authors show the cognitive illusion of hot hand fallacy through
the perception of the randomness of successful shots in basketball). While the
two events are theoretically contradictory, there are a number of correlations
between them.
According to some both fallacy illusions originate from the law of small
numbers, in other words a trap of insensitivity to the sample number: based on
the characteristics of the small sample people expect to be able to deduce the
characteristics of the whole sequence (whole population) (Rabin 2002; Rabin
s Vyanos 2010). Studying the choices of lottery players, a number of authors
(Clotfelter at al. 1993; Kendall 2010; Jorgensen et al. 2011) have proven that the
two events often go hand-in-hand, i.e. the length of the streaks influences the
perception of randomness. In general in the case of short winning streaks
the illusion of gamblers fallacy is stronger (the players are less apt to choose
the winning lottery numbers of previous weeks), while as the streaks strength-
en, the phenomenon of hot hand fallacy gains dominance (the players are
more inclined to choose the numbers that had won in longer streaks previously)
(Jorgensen et al. 2011). Based on an in-depth study of the Dutch lottery system,
other authors have confirmed that those who play the lottery frequently avoid
the previous winning numbers, while the occasional players are more inclined
to choose them (Potter van Loon et al. 2015). Further studies show that the illu-
sion of gamblers fallacy or hot hand fallacy is determined by whether the
draw is achieved electronically or by hand in the case of the former people
perceive a negative correlation, in the case of the latter a positive correlation
(Kong et al. 2013).
In studying the lottery, a number of researchers have shown that players
usually apply a conscious selection rather than simply marking the numbers
randomly3. Players believe that with conscious choice, they can influence
random output (Goodman and Irwing 2006). The structures of the lottery
games are unique in that the players are gambling not only against chance, but
also against each other: by having the prize money designated for a winning
class divided between the winners within that class, in addition to chance, the
players are also affected by the choices of the other players.
It has been proven through various lottery systems (e.g. Hauser-Rethaller
and Knig (2002) the Austrian), Henze (1997) the German, Roger and Broi-

3
The results of the lottery related studies are reviewed in detail in the papers of Perez (2009) and
Grote et al. 2011.

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Patterns in the Lottery Game

hanne (2007) the French, Walker et al. (1998) and Ayton et al. (2015) the
British, Potter van Loon et al. (2015) the Dutch lottery) that players like to
choose lucky numbers, such as dates of birth, favorite numbers (e.g. 3, 7 or
their multiples), zip codes or prime numbers. Players are also inclined to mark
numbers that they can easily remember, such as the date the lottery ticket was
filled in, the draw date or the lottery tickets number (Potter van Loon et al.
2015).
Geometric patterns often play a role in the applied strategies of choice. It is
possible to note that the numbers located in the middle of the lottery ticket are
usually preferred, while those on the edge or close to each other are avoided
(i.e. edge aversion and proximity aversion, respectively). In their choices,
the players tend to choose symmetric and aesthetic forms and patterns, often
looking at the whole range of available numbers (i.e. based on a misperception
of chance, in the 6/45 game the six numbers are usually strewn across the 1 to
45 range, rather than marking ones closer to each other, or ones located in the
lower, middle, or upper part of the ticket) (Potter van Loon et al. 2015; Ayton
et al. 2015).

2. Hidden lottery game: a case study

Decision Making Skills is a compulsory elective course for students in the
master programs of Corvinus Business School, Corvinus University of Buda-
pest. Each semester 150 to 200 students with a sound knowledge in business
and economic foundation subjects take the course. In the frame of the seminars,
when covering the material on the psychology of decision making, students
are usually asked whether they play the lottery. Naturally, everyone knows the
game. They know the various types of lotteries available in Hungary and their
respective rules: the most popular lotteries are the 5/90 (marking 5 numbers
out of a possible 90) and the 6/45 one (marking 6 numbers out of a possible 45).
They all know that in order to win in these games, the player must have as many
hits as possible (in the case of the 5/90 min. 2 hits, in the case of the 6/45 min. 3)
of the numbers drawn. The draw can take place electronically with a machine
or by hand, randomly choosing from all the possible numbers.
As to the question on whether or not they play the lottery, the students
mostly with self-satisfied smiles and relaxed that they will not walk into a trap
set by the professor all reply: of course not. No, playing the lottery makes
no sense, they think, seeing the excellent business and economics students that
they are, i.e. practically homo economicus. To support their view, they take
into consideration all the possible outcomes (benefits), the related probabilities
and simply calculate the profit to be expected from the game. When taking a
decision, they compare the expected profit with the cost incurred (the price of
the lottery ticket) and conclude (unless the expected prize is enormous) that in
general it is not worthwhile, thus, they do not play.

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This reply is comforting on the one hand, but is, on the other hand, also
thought provoking. What is fascinating is that knowing that games of chance
(lottery, gambling, etc.) provide a significant income countries budgets, and
that hundreds of thousands await the draw with the lottery tickets in their hand
of the close to 500 students interviewed to date is it really true that not one
of them is enticed to forget the formal, rational way of thinking in hope of
a prize whether it be small or large? At the same time it is nice to see that the
university students apply the basic theories of economics so well and avoid the
heuristic traps related to estimations and feelings of probability. It appears that
they see the advertisements related to lottery promising easily acquired wealth,
the news on lottery millionaires, and are aware of the role of chance and the
notion of probability. They do not take part in a game where they have to play
against the laws of nature (fate), against an opponent, whose steps and laws
are known and can be described, but who is at the same time unpredictable and
where the prize (profit) to be expected is smaller than the actual investment (the
price of the lottery ticket).
We accepted the students decision, i.e. not to participate in a traditional
lottery game, however, we asked them to play a lottery, albeit a modified one
a hidden lottery game with us. Our aim was twofold: first that at least once
in their life they fill in a lottery ticket, and second to determine their logical
thinking, their problem-solving abilities, their affinity to fortuitousness and
probability by analyzing the decision making strategies primarily those of
the winners and the reasons behind them through the modified lottery game.

3. Methodology
The study was conducted with the Hungarian and foreign students partic-
ipating in the Hungarian and English programs of the Corvinus University of
Budapest. The students were all taking the Decision Making Skills master
level subject at Corvinus Business School. Since 2010, twice a year (in the fall
and spring semesters, respectively), we ask the students to fill in a hidden
lottery ticket.
No changes have been made to the strategic game elaborated by Lszl
Mr, i.e. in contrast to the traditional lottery game where players must choose
the randomly draw winning numbers and their prize depends on the number
of choices that were successful4, in the hidden lottery, players are playing
against consciously thinking competitors, where their success depends basical-
ly on the choice and strategy of the other players.

4
In the case of some lottery games the prize also depends on how many players have the same number
of hits, as the prize money designated for that many hits is divided between them. Based on this, play-
ers are not merely playing a game of chance, but also to some extent a game of strategy, whose logic
resembles that of the hidden lottery they need to mark numbers that are drawn, but which were not
marked by other players.

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Patterns in the Lottery Game

In the frame of the study we used the 7x7 matrix with numbers ranging
from 1 to 49 and gave the following instructions:
In the frame of the game you must fill in a lottery ticket. You have to mark 6
numbers in the range of 1 to 49, located in the 7x7 quadrant lottery ticket. The
winner will be the person whose chosen numbers least resemble those of the
other players. For of each and every student we shall individually determine
exactly how many players marked his/her numbers and the player whose aggre-
gated sum is the lowest will be the winner.
The students had to fill in the lottery ticket during class within the same
amount of time, but independently of each other, by clearly marking the chosen
6 numbers on their lottery ticket. Independent choice was assured by the
fact that in general, the students did not know each other. The foreign students
(aged: 21 to 25 years) usually represented 8-10 different countries, while the
Hungarian students (aged: 22 to 24 years) usually came from different pro-
grams. In general, they were not aware of the game or its logic, thus we were
able to ensure that they did not have any previously conceived concept of the
strategic choice to be made. Proper participation was further motivated by the
fact that we awarded some extra study points to the winner as a prize in
addition to the overall points achieved throughout the semester.
The filled in lottery tickets were collected after each game and the total
number of times each numeric value from 1 to 49 was marked was noted on an
empty ticket. The overall points of the individual players were determined by
adding together the number of times each of the individual numbers marked by
the player had been also marked by others. The winner was the person whose
overall points was the lowest, i.e. his/her numbers had been marked the least by
the other players. The results were shown to the students.
We hypothesized that in such games (lottery type, related to numeric combi-
nation choice), where the players decide upon their strategy (choice of numbers)
by also taking into consideration others expected choices, the winning strate-
gy is characteristically some consciously chosen scheme or pattern as opposed
to a random one.
In the frame of our study, we analyzed and evaluated (with special attention
paid to the winning choices) the results of the 18 individual games jointly. We
have determined the hot-numbers (most often marked) and the cold-num-
bers (least marked) both on a per game basis, as well as, on an overall basis.
The two extremes were marked on a 7x7 matrix with color coding to enable
an easier determination of the characteristics and distribution of the choices.
We displayed the winning combinations on the summary tables, thus ensuring
that we be able to differentiate between random and conscious strategic choic-
es. The hot and cold numbers of the Hungarian and foreign students were
analyzed both separately and jointly which provided us with the possibility of
identifying possible culture-based differences.

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4. Results
The number of participants in the study varied from semester to semester.
In the case of the Hungarian students the lowest number of participants in the
lottery game was 14 (Fall 2014), the highest 50 (Fall 2013), while as regards
foreign students the lowest number of participants was 10 (Spring 2010) and the
highest 37 (Fall 2011). Since 2010, we have conducted the lottery game study
in a total of 18 courses with an overall participation of 498 students (average:
27 students per semester). The distribution of players was: 231 Hungarians (7
studies, average 33 students per study) and 267 foreigners (11 studies, average
24 students per study).

4.1. Study of the frequency of the markings

Figure 1 shows the aggregated results of the 18 studies conducted with Hun-
garian and foreign students (n=498) as regards the 6 choices made 1 to 49 num-
ber range in the hidden lottery. In the lower left-hand corner of each cell on
the 7x7 ticket, we have given the number of times the given number was chosen
(i.e. number 1 was chosen a total of 139 times). The color coding facilitates the
visual identification of the frequently and less frequently chosen numbers. The
cells marked with different shades of red indicate, the more frequently, while
those marked with different shades of green indicate, the less frequently chosen
numbers. The darker the shade, the more or less frequently the given number
was chosen.
Figure 1. Aggregated frequency of choices (n=498)

The table shows that considering the overall results of the 18 studies, 1 was
chosen most often (139 times), while 42 was chosen the least (32 times). The
numbers situated in the corners of the lottery ticket were the most popular (1
139x, 43 91x, 49 90x, 7 85x), while the non-corner numbers of the
last column were the least popular (42 32x, 35 33x, 28 35x, 21 40x).
Overall, students marked numbers most frequently in the corners, the lot-
tery tickets upper and lower rows, and the diagonal numbers, while the central

62
Patterns in the Lottery Game

numbers of the tickets furthest left and right columns and those located on the
right side of the ticket were chosen the least. The frequent marking of the com-
bination of neighboring numbers (whole rows, whole columns) is striking. The
frequency of the patterns of the hot and cold numbers on the lottery ticket
are more easily determined in Figure 2.
Figure 2. T he distribution of the hot and cold numbers on the lottery ticket (n=498)

Looking at the Hungarian and international samples individually, we can

safely say that there is no difference in the frequency of the choices of the two
large players groups. Figure 3 shows side by side the frequency with which
given numbers were chosen by the two individual groups.
In the case of the foreign students (n=267), the most frequently chosen lot-
tery number was 1 (83x), the least frequently chosen was 42 (13x). In the case
of Hungarian students (n=231) the most popular lottery number was 1 (56x),
while the least chosen one (16x) was 12. In both samples the corner numbers
were the most popularly marked ones: in the foreign sample 1 83x, 7 41x,
43 46x, 49 50x, while in the Hungarian sample these same numbers were
marked 56, 44, 45, and 40 times, respectively.

Figure 3. T he frequency of choices made by Hungarian (n=231) and international (n=267)

students

Based on the number of times the individual numbers were marked and
their geometric positions, we presume that in choosing their strategy, the play-
ers relied less on mere chance and more on conscious strategies, applying
cognitive patterns of choice. While in analyzing traditional lottery games the

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researchers (Potter van Loon et al. 2015; Ayton et al. 2015) defined as char-
acteristic, conscious strategy the avoidance of choosing the corner numbers
(edge-aversion) and neighboring numbers proximity-aversion, in the case
of the hidden lottery it is exactly these combinations that are the most pop-
ular. While the results appear to be contradictory, considering the structure of
the two types of games, this contradiction can be easily resolved knowing the
conscious strategy applied by players in the hidden lottery game. Students
reason that as lottery players usually avoid the corner numbers, those in the
first and last rows and those close to each other (as they calculate that these
have a lower probability of being drawn), it is worthwhile to choose these. At
the same time, as a number of players think similarly, these numbers are chosen
frequently all the same. The same situation applies to the numbers in proximity
to each other, which, as most players think that they will be chosen by few oth-
ers at most, are marked rather frequently.
The relatively less frequent choice of the numbers on the right-side of the
lottery ticket reflects cognitive patterns, schemes of choice. The learnt autom-
atism of reading and writing (left to right and up to down) can be seen in the
choice of the six numbers as shown by the Figures. The player looks at the
lottery ticket from left to right, and unless he/she already has a specific strat-
egy will be apt to choose from the most easily accessible numbers, thus, not
reaching the higher numbers located on the right-hand side of the ticket. This is
true even if the players attempt to think in terms of the whole range of numbers
given on the ticket.
The conscious choice of the favorite numbers is also visible in the Figures.
The conscious choice of dates of birth may play a role in the fact that numbers
in the lower right-hand corner are marked less frequently. As months range
from 1 to 12 and days of the month from 1 to 31, players applying this strategy
rarely, if ever, reach the numbers in the 32-49 range. Prime numbers though
in the present study these often coincide with one of the more frequently cho-
sen geometrical forms (first row, diagonal row) are also chosen frequently. All
the prime numbers in the 1 to 49 range (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,
41, 43) are amongst the more frequently chosen lottery numbers.

4.2. Evaluation of the winning tickets

The winning tickets were evaluated separately for the Hungarian and for-
eign samples. In the winning combinations we sought to find the strategies
and patterns used by the traditional lottery players as described by the studies
covered under Theoretical Background. We presumed that based on the
previously determined geometric characteristics observed during the evalua-
tion of the results we would be able to identify in the winning combinations
either (geometric) patterns, or the characteristics of conscious choice, rather
than random ones.

64
Patterns in the Lottery Game

Analyzing the Hungarian sample, a geometric pattern was identifiable in 5

of the 7 studies. These are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Winning combinations (patterns) in the Hungarian samples5

In addition to the whole row (No. 4) and column (No. 2) patterns, we also
identified the H-pattern (No. 1), and the modified whole patterns, i.e. partial
patterns (No. 3 and No. 5). In the case of the Hungarian participants the mini-
mum expected total score (sum of the overall number of points achieved based
on the total number of times the six choices of a given player were also chosen
by others) was 15.23.
In the case of the foreign samples we identified geometrical patterns in 9 of
the 11 studies (5 of these are shown in Figure 5) which are very similar to those
used by the Hungarian students. Here, too, we found the H-pattern (No. 4),
the modified and the partial patterns (e.g. offset diagonal No. 3., the mirrored
diagonal No. 5, the broken row/column combination No. 2). In the case of
the foreign participants the minimum expected total score (sum of the overall
number of points achieved based on the total number of times the six choices of
a given player were also chosen by others) was 13.96.

5
TS Total Score (the overall number of points of the winning combination), HUN Hungarian
students.
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Figure 5. Winning combinations (patterns) in the foreign samples6

5. Discussion and hypotheses evaluation

It seems that all the winning combinations reflecting geometric patterns are
the outcome of conscious choice. The students filling in the winning tickets all
used number combinations which reflects thinking outside of the average: con-
scious avoidance of the corners, marking of the inner numbers, uncharacteristic
patters (e.g. broken rows). Interestingly enough, on the majority of the winning
tickets (HUN No. 3 is an exception) neighboring numbers or ones located rath-
er close to each other were chosen. It can be presumed that in the case of the
winning combinations the choice of the appropriate geometric pattern played a
greater role than disregarding the strategy of edge- or proximity-aversion.
In short, from the point of view of winning the game the way the special ge-
ometric pattern used by the player when marking the numbers is more impor-
tant than avoiding the numbers on the edge of the ticket or in close proximity to
each other (combinations and positions often marked by other players).
In determining their strategy, the winning players apparently took into con-
sideration two important factors: First, they presumed that the other players
would mark random numbers (in which case the probability of the others num-
6
INT international students.

66
Patterns in the Lottery Game

bers coinciding with those in geometric patterns is rather small). Second, if

all the other players also mark their numbers in geometric patterns, then the
probability of them applying the similarly modified (broken) patterns is mini-
mal. Thus we can deduce that in their minds, the probability of other students
choosing their numbers based on the same geometric pattern was lower than
the probability of the overlapping of randomly chosen numbers.
Based on the results we can assume that the role of the numbers and the
location of their combinations play an important role. Some of the losing
players told us in the course of the evaluation of the results that they had con-
centrated more on the numbers themselves than on their actual location. In con-
trast, the owners of the winning tickets placed a larger emphasis on the pattern
and place of the numbers marked on the lottery ticket.
We presume therefore that in the case of the hidden lottery playing
against intelligent, consciously thinking competitors, in keeping with the pre-
defined rules of the game and in the frame of the symmetrical layout of the
7x7 lottery ticket the most effective strategy is that of the conscious, ordered
choice in which the player marks the numbers in some sort of modified geomet-
ric pattern as opposed to simple random choice.
Our hypotheses are based on the results of the evaluation of the 18 hidden
lottery games played to date, thus at this stage they are hunches, the results of
more than interesting coincidences. Of the millions of possible combinations7
in the 6/49 type game, the almost 500 person sample is still too small to enable
us to draw significant deductions from the winning strategies. In addition to
determining the correctness of our presumptions, further data and analysis can
also be used to decide whether the identified geometric patterns especially
the modified (broken) patterns are present in addition to otherwise random
choice or whether they are really the results of conscious decisions. A further
question to be posed is whether the symmetrical structure of the lottery ticket
used (7x7 layout) attracts the geometric patterns, i.e. whether or not the ordered
pattern influences the strategy chosen.
We shall conduct further research to prove our presumptions and hypothe-
ses. Future participants shall be asked after having filled in the lottery tick-
et to explain (in writing or orally) the thought process that resulted in the
choice of the numbers marked. We also plan to change the layout of the lottery
ticket (e.g. by using an asymmetrical layout) and the order of the numbers to
obtain further answers to the question whether players concentrate more on
the numbers themselves or rather their position, i.e. whether it is the pattern or
the number that is more important. By removing the geometric frame, we wish
to determine to what extent the strategy applied in choosing the numbers is
influenced by the ticket as a structuring principle. In order to study this, in the

7
In the 6/49 lottery game, the total number of possible combinations is 13,983,816.

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case of one team of participating students we shall simplify the game: we will
not use the ticket, but will simply ask them to choose six numbers from 1 to 49
and shall note these down.
Of course, we must also study all the other tickets, primarily those of the
loser participants (those who received the highest overall score). In the case
of the losing combination we must determine whether there is any sign of
conscious choice and/or whether we can identify any geometrical patterns on
these, as well.
Conclusions
Lottery as one of the oldest and most popular game of chance throughout
the world serves as an excellent instrument in studying random and con-
scious strategies of choice. We know that the winning lottery numbers cannot
be predicted, at the same time there are not so successful sure theories on
the marking of the winning numbers. In our study, we merged the character-
istics of the traditional lottery game with the elements of strategic games and
using a modified lottery game the hidden lottery we studied and analyzed
the strategies of choice applied by the players with a special emphasis on the
winning combinations.
Students participating in the game had to mark 6 numbers from 1 to 49 on a
7x7 lottery ticket. The winner was the student whose chosen numbers were the
least in accord with those chosen by other players. In contrast to the traditional
lottery, players of the hidden lottery must hit not randomly chosen numbers,
but rather, they have to play against other, consciously thinking and intelligent
players.
Analyzing the results of Hungarian and foreign students we found an inter-
esting phenomenon. In contrast with our expectations that students are best off
with a random choice of numbers, in the case of the majority of the winning
tickets we found the use of conscious strategic choice to be more useful. These
conscious strategic decisions were reflected in identifiable geometric forms.
Based on the results, we hypothesize that in the hidden lottery game in
contrast with random choice the most effective strategy of choice is the con-
scious ordered one in which the player marks the numbers on the lottery ticket
in some modified geometric pattern.
The number of studies performed and the number of samples at this stage is
still too low to enable us to prove our hypotheses without doubt. We shall ex-
tend the study, increase the sample number, expand the applied research meth-
ods to test our hypotheses and answer further research questions.
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