'.*.)-.' .

Jo 7

BRAZIL GOLD91

The magmatic model for the origin of Archean Au-quartz vein ore systems:
An assessment of the evidence

E.T.C.Spooner
University of Toronto, Ont., Canada

ABSTRACT:|The magmatic model for the origin of Archean Au-quanz vein ore systems suggests that Au was
derived by partition between silicate (+ sulphide) melts of certain compositions and H2O-CO2-NaCl magmatic
fluids (c-porphyry systemst-skam-systems). Supporting evidence includes spatial/structural geological
relationships (e^rTT&terram hosted,-igneoasock-hosted and dyke swan associated systems), timing
relationships (c^^&yn^mafic-^ftfoittte-dyke swarm Au.quartz vein mineralization, Kerr AddiroiyQK.MUVlIIe.
N. Ontario;Smith and Spoonerrl990), H and C isotope geochemistry, probable primary Au enrichment in the
Lamaque stocks, and fluid inclusion volatile geocherrristryj(Spooner and Bray, 1990). Geochemical data
indicate shoshonitic/calc-alkane and TTG genetic associaacns-^Evidence is currently negative with respea to
various within- and sub-greenstone belt metamorphic/deep crustal fluid models for primary Au mineralization;
however, a U-Pb age for vein stage #3 sphene from the Camflo deposit, Quebec which is ~55-60 Ma younger
than the host stock at 2685-2680 Ma (Zweng and Mortensen, 1989; Jemielita et al., 1989) indicates
d; soluuon/reprecipitacion of Au by late, (?) upper crustal saline fluids. Evidence is accumulating that
enthenmal-mesothermal Au-Ag mineralization in island arc and cordilleran settings may also have been
magmatically derived high level fluid mixing from calc-alkaline, shoshonitic and other igneous compositions^]
(e.g. geological relationships; stable isotope geochemistry; fluid volatile geochemistry). Hence, by comparison^
witli the Archean, a possibility exists for a unification of genetic interpretations reflecting common, or similar,
genetic processes.

1. INTRODUCTION (-41 tonnes Au; Callan and Spooner, 1989), which

can be placed in a Superior Province Archean crustal
In simplest terms, the magmatic model for the origin context through its occurrence in the greenstone
of Archean Au-quartz vein ore systems suggests that belt/TTG laycr/granulite-anonhosite sequence
Au was derived by partition between silicate exposed in the Kapuskasing section; Zimbabwe;
(sulphide) melts of certain compositions and H2O- Novo Astro/Salamangonc Hill, N.E. Brazil; and the
CCb-NaCl magmaric fluids, transported in solution Arcadia Bay property, Slave Province, N.W.T., in
with or without fluid mixing, and deposited The which a large Au-quanz vein system (1-4x6 km)
magmatic model is plausible in general terms occurs within the -12x25 km granodiorite/tonalite
because of the occurrence of proximal Au skarns Anialik bathoiith with some veins located as much as
(e.g. Mcinert, 1989), porphyry Cu-Au deposits (e.g. - 5 km into the bathoiith from the contact (e.g.
Solomon, 1990) and Au mineralization in intrusion- Abraham and Spooner, 1989).
centred systems (e.g. Sillitoe and Bonham, 1990); in (b) Igneous stock hosted systems: Examples include
these deposit types there is significant geological and the Lamaque system, Val d'Or, N.W. Quebec in
geochemical evidence for magmatic Au derivation. which 94% of the total production of 138 tonnes Au
(5.4 g/tonne) was derived from bulk mineable
2. EVIDENCE stockworks and quartz-tourmaline vein systems
contained within three late, undeformed, vertically
2.1 Spatial/structural geological relationships elongate plugs. 82% of the total production was
derived from stopes within a relatively small (-100 x
(a) TTG terrain/batholith hosted systems: A number 250 m), zoned granodiorite plug over -1,100 vertical
of Archean Au-quartz vein ore systems occur outside metres (e.g. Burrows and Spooner, 1990).
ilie confines of greenstone belts in TTG terrains and (c) Dyke associated systems: Examples include the
batholiths. Examples include Renabie, N. Ontario large Kerr Addison/Chesterville system, N. Ontario

313
(-340 tonnes Au) in which green carbonate Steamboat Springs and Coso Range thermal areas; -
mineralization/altenMM is spatially and structurally 8.2 to -4.0 per mil; Taylor and Geriach, 1984:
related in detail to a mafic "albitite" dyke magmatic liquid CO2 from a maar volcano, S.
(~5000)/plug system {Smith and Spooner, 1990; Australia; -4.3 to -3.7 per mil; Chivas et al., 1987),
Smith et al. 1990), (lie Arcadia Bay property, but different from metamorphic, granulite CO2
N.W.T., 1990 (e.g. Sidewalk- 6m wide x - 2 km values which are compatible with variable oxidized
vein/dyke swarm association), and several deposits organic carbon/carbonate mixtures (e.g. cordierite
in the Yilgam block, W. Australia (e.g. M L Percy, channel CO2 from 9 metamorphic terranes; -34.9 to
Sautcr et al., 1988; Hampton-Boulder, Cullen and -6.9 per mil, n=20; Vry et al., 1988: fluid inclusion
Norris, 1988;Norscmn>, Johnson, 1988; pers. CO2, Bamble area, S. Norway; -21.9 to -4.5 per mil,
obs.,1988). n=10; Hoefs and Touret, 1975.
(c) Intrusion Au geochemistry: The Lamaque plugs
2.2 Relative/absolute liming relationships (3), which host the Lsmaque stockwork Au-quartz
vein mineralization, appear to show a primary Au
Examples include (a) Kerr Addison/Chesterville in enrichment (G=7+24/-7 ppb; n=32) compared with
which there is completely clear, observational cross- other analyzed intrusions in the Val d'Or and
cutting evidence for bom intra-mafic "albitite" dyke Timmins areas (G=l2/-1 ppb; n=47) with, in many
main stage Au-quam vein mineralization and the cases, equal proximities to Au mineralization
converse, intra-main stage Au dyke intrusion, and (Burrows and Spooner, 1989).
the dykes show no discontinuities in primary
geochemistry (Smith and Spooner, pers. obs., 1987- 3. FLUID INCLUSION VOLATILE
1990; Sm* JI and Spooner, 1990; Smith et al., 1990) GEOCHEMISTRY
and (b) '!ie Fairview deposit, Barberton greenstone
belt. South Africa for which de Ronde et al.
A widely accepted result regarding Archean Au-
(Precambrian Research, in press) have shown that
quartz vein systems is that the ore fluid was H2O-
Au-quartz vein mineralization was time bracketed
C02-Na>wi, low/moderate salinity in composition
between a single zircon U-Pb age of 3126+21 Ma
(e.g. Superior Province: Yilgam block; Barberton
(2a) for a cross-cut porphyry dyke 1,400m below
greenstone belt). We (Spooner and Bray, 1990)
surface and a green nmle minimum age of 3084+18
have recently shown using heated (~105C)
Ma; these constraints almost overlap within 2 o
crushing/gas chromatography on 1-2 g samples (11
uncertainties, but are younger than the adjacent Kaap
Valley tonalite at 3229+5 Ma. analyzed species) that Barberton Archean Au-quartz
vein ore fluids (e.g. de Ronde et al., 1991) and Mink
Lake stock Au/W enriched M0S2 Archean
2.3 Geochemical evidence
magmatic fluids (i) show definite compositional
similarities to each other in terms of H2O-CO2-N2-
(a)8D values: The hydrogen isotope composition of
CH4, C2-C4 hydrocarbons and COS contents, (ii)
hydrothermal ore fluids is a reasonable source tracer
are distinctly different in composition from an
because it is relatively little affected by water/rock
externally derived H2O-CH4-CO2-C2H6-N2,
interaction compared with, for example, oxygen
higher salinity (-10-20 equiv. wt. % NaCl(?)
isotope compositions. Fluid inclusion 5D values for
metamorphic fluid from the Border Unit of die
the Lamaque system of -50.8+13.9 per mil (n=10;
Tanco pegmatite, S.E. Manitoba (Thomas and
Burrows, 1991) are quite compatible with a
Spooner, 1990) and (iii), in terms of H2O/CO2/N2
magmatic derivation since they significantly overlap
and C/O/H/ atomic proportions, are very similar to
the general range of -50 to -85 per mil estimated for
volcanic gas/magmatic fluid compositions from the
magmatic fluids (Taylor, 1979) and also overlap ( l a
White Island volcano (New Zealand), Mt. St. Helens
level) the SD values of independently identified
(U.S.) and the Tanco zoned granitic pegmatite (S.E.
Archean magmatic fluids in the Mink Lake
Manitoba). Hence, the H2O-CO2-N2-CH4 and
granodiorite stock, N.W. Ontario (-73+14 per mil;
COS compositions of Barberton Archean Au fluids
n=10; Burrows and Spooner, 1987).
have been found to be similar to analyzed volcanic
(b) 8 1 3 C values: Carbonate 5 1 3 C values for
gas compositions. The volatile species used for this
Archean Au-quartz vein ore systems reflecting the
work are relatively unaffected by water/rock
8 I 3 C values of the high fluid CO2 contents are
interaction (cf.SD).
relatively restricted giving means typically in the 6
to-2 per mil range. These values are quite
compatible with a magmatic derivation (e.g. volcanic
CO2 from the White Island andesite/dacite volcano,
New Zealand; -6.0 to -2.5 per mil; Giggenbach,
1982): magmatic CO2 in the Long Valley,

314
4. GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AGAINST area, and the sub-structure of the Abitibi belt appears
METAMORPHIC MODELS FOR ARCHEAN to be similar to the sequence exposed in the
Au FLUID GENERATION IN THE WAWA Kapuskasing section (Green et al., 1990).
AND ABITIBI SUB-PROVINCES, SUPERIOR
PROVINCE, CANADA 4.2 Contra sub-greenstone belt metamorphic Au
fluid generation
In the central Superior Province a discussion of
possible Archcan Au fluid sources can take (a) Greenstone belts with contained or marginal Au-
advantage of the unusual, oblique cross-section quartz vein ore deposits in the Wawa/Abitibi area
through Archcan greenstone belt crust exposed in the occur above a TTG igneous intrusive substrate which
Kapuskasing section. This section, see also below, separates them from the high grade
specifically defines a restricted set of lithologies granulite/anorthosite layer by -10-15 km in the case
. relevant to the origin of Archean Au fluids in this of the Kapuskasing section, and -3-9 km in the
particular area, and at the appropriate scale (e.g. the Larder Lake area, (b) The Renabie area Au-quartz
Renabie main ore zone is 40xl40m on the 3,265 ft. vein structures, which are quite small, appear to
level and is known to a depth of -1,300m). It shows "root" in TTG layer tonalite (e.g. Nudulama; C zone;
the Michipicoten greenstone belt underlain, with Braminco #21 zone), (c) There are no observed
igneous intrusive contacts, by the -10-lSkm thick channelways in the Kapuskasing section through the
igneous Wawa Domal Gneiss (TTG) Terrain, in turn -10-15 km thick TTG layer from the
underlain by a high grade granulite/anorthosite granulite/anorthosite layer, (d) Au enrichments have
complex at the top of the lower crust (e.g. Percival et not been observed in the granulite-anorthosite layer.
al., 1989); "subcreted" sediments (e.g. Kerrich,
1989) are rot conspicuously apparent A key point 4.3 Au/intrusion relationships
is that recent deep seismic reflection data indicate that
a similar crustal section occurs beneath the Abitibi The close spatial, structural and timing relationships
greenstone belt in the Larder Lake area near the Kerr between Au-quartz vein mineralization and igneous
Addison/Chesterville Au-quartz vein ore system intrusions discussed above (e.g. smaJ, elongate
(Green et al., 1990). Hence, observations on the stock-hosted ore bodies, Lamaque; coincident
Kapuskasing section are applicable to the sub- space/structure/time mafic "albin'te" dyke/main stage
structure of the Abitibi belt Au mineralizationrelationships,Kerr
Addison/Chesterville) do not disprove a possible
4.1 Contra within-greenstone belt metamorphic Au metamoiphic origin for Archean Au fluids, but are
fluid generation. definitely more indicative of magmatic genetic links
which are supported by, for example, S^C and fluid
(a) Archean Au-quartz vein systems with inclusion volatile data (see above). Both of the latter
representative geochemistries can occur outside the data sets are currently negative withrespectto
confines of greenstone belts suggesting that metamorphic fluid origins; however, it is important
greenstone belt lithologies may not actually be very to define the volatile, cation/anion and isotope
relevant to Archean Au ore fluid generation (see geochemical characteristics ofrelevantArchean
above: e.g. Renabie; Novo Astro; Arcadia Bay), (b) metamorphic fluids for further discriminatory
Amphibolite facies material which could have been testing.
produced, but not necessarily (? coeval with
grecnschist facies metamorphism) by 5. ASPECTS NOT ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE
metamorphism of pre-existing greenschist/sub- MAGMATIC MODEL, AND DISCUSSION OF
greenschist facies assemblages with fluid release CONTRADICTORY EVIDENCE
(e.g. Carmichael, 1990) is limited in volume, and
occurs quite specifically only around large intrusions 5.1 Clustered Au-quartz vein deposits
in the Abitibi belt (e.g. Fig. 4 of Jolly, 1978);
however, Archean Au-quartz vein ore deposits Major and minor Archean Au-quartz vein ore
neither show analogous arcuate distributions nor systems occur highly clustered in specific areas (e.g.
obvious spatial relationships to these Timmins, N. Ontario; Kalgoorlie) and, as is well
greenschist/amphibolite facies transitions. The basal known, related to major structures (e.g.~300 km
contact of the Michipicoten greenstone belt with the long Larder Lake-Cadillac Break, Ontario-Quebec;
underlying TTG layer, which was well exposed in Bouldcr-Lefroy shear W. Australia). Clearly
the Renabie mine on the 3105 ft. level, shows no Archean terrains have dense distributions of major
significam differences in character, (c) Within structures; however, only some contain
greenstone belt amphiboliie/granulite or granulite mineralization whereas many have the potential to act
metamorphic processes would not appear to be as structural controls on fluids and/or igneous
relevant since granulite facies rocks do not occur at intrusions. Hence, a possibility is that only a certain
the bases of greenstone bells in the Wawa/Abitibi range of intrusion compositions may produce

315
Archean Au fluids, andfardiat certain intrusive Ma: Renabie rutile, ca. 2580 Ma; Kerr Addison
compositions may be particularly significant sources nitile, ca. 2580 Ma; Camflo rutile, ca. 2625-2620
of Au fluids relative to other compositions. For Ma.; Lamaque nitile, ca. 2630 Ma; Sigma rutile, ca.
example, the association of Archean Au-quara vein 2600 Ma (Jemielita et al., 1990). However, the
mineralization with enched calc- rutile U-Pb ages are considered to be minimum not
alkaline/shoshonitic, sabduction-related actual, dates for primary Au-quanz vein
compositions in the Vai <fOr (Lamaque; Pascalis mineralization (Spooner, 1990) for die following
Nord). Timmins (HoUnger-McIntyre "albitites") and reasons: (a) Primary Au-quartz vein mineralization
Virginiatown (Kerr Addison/Chesterville "albitites") in the Kerr Addison-ChestervUle system is definitely
areas, rather than with TTG (e.g. Renabie) or other syn-"albitite" dyke intrusion in relative age (Smith
igneous compositions, m y be the basis for and Spooner, 1990; Smith et al., 1990) and therefore,
providing an explanation for the unusual amount of according to currently available data, highly unlikely
Archean Au in the Tuonans-Val d'Or area, to be younger than -2673 Ma in absolute age.
specifically (-3,700 tomes Au; Burrows and However, the Kerr Addison rutile date at ca. 2580
Spooner, 1989; Spooner, 1990). The common, but Ma is -90 Ma younger, and therefore, with a high
not exclusive (e.g. Kerr Addison/Chesterville), degree of probability, a minimum, not actual,
association with second and third order structures estimate for the age of primary Au-quartz vein
may reflect specific timing relationships. mineralization, (b) Mezger at al. (1989) have shown
that the U-Pb diffusive thermal retention
5.2 Au vein sphene U-Pbdate-55-60 Ma younger characteristics of fine grained, prograde rutile are
than the host Intrusive stock, Camflo deposit, N.W. similar to 40 Ar/^Ar retention characteristics
Quebec intermediate between biotite and hornblende
tmuscovite), thus explaining the similarity between
U-Pb dates on coarse sphene from coarse Au rutile U-Pb and muscovite ^Ar/^Ar plateau ages at
bearing vein stage #3 in the Camflo deposit, N.W. the Sigma Mine (2592+2 Ma [U-Pb] for rutile cf.
Quebec of -2625 Ma have been found to be -55-60 25793 Ma [^Ar/^Ar] for muscovite; Wong et
Ma younger than zircon U-Pb dates for the host aL, 1989). Hence, U-Pb dates for fine grained rutile
stock at-2685-2680 Ma(Zweng and Mortensen, have to be interpreted as minima in the same way as
1989; Jemielita et al., 1989). This age difference has muscovite ^Ar/^Ar plateau ages, (c) The latter
been interpreted as reflecting
deduction is confirmed by Heaman and Tarney
dissolution/reprecipitation (c.f. Butte, Montana:
(1989) who conclude that 'It is evident that rutile
secondary Au mineralization, Chibougamau,
was either formed, or the U-Pb systematics reset,
Quebec; Guha and Kanwar, 1987) by later, upper
crustal, saline, low CO2 (sphene not nitile) fluids after emplacement of even the youngest known
which interacted with a primary Au concentration, Scourie dyke at 1,921 Myr. In either case, the -1700
since the entire stock is geochernically anomalous at Ma rutile age is clearly the result of a later Laxfordian
-250 ppb Au down to l-10m apophyses (Chainey, metamorphic overprint".
1983; Spooner, 1990). N.B. Excellent observational
evidence from mafic "albitite" dyke/main stage Au In summary, the nitile U-Pb dates have not been
cross-cutting relationships indicates synchronous shown to be other than minima.
Au-quartz vein mineralization and igneous intrusive
activity in the Kerr Addison/Chesterville Au system 5.4 Contradictory evidence
(Smith and Spooner, 1990; Smith et al., 1990).
However, no igneous intrusive age younger than General evidence which has been suggested to be
2673+6Z-5 Ma, for a Hollinger-Mclnryre "albitite" contradictory to a magmatic model for the origin of
dyke, is yet known in the southern Abitibi Archean Au-quartz vein mineralization will be
greenstone belt indicating that a -2625 Ma age discussed and evaluated.
(Camflo sphene) for primary Au mineralization is
highly unlikely. 6. COMPARISON WITH
MESOZOIC/TERTIARY Au-Ag
5.3 Au related nitile U-Pb dates (-2630-2580 Ma) MINERALIZATION IN ISLAND ARC AND
-40-90 Ma younger than the youngest dated igneous CORDILLERAN SETTINGS
intrusive event in the Abitibi Sub-province (2673 +
6/-5Ma). Evidence is accumulating that epithermal-
mesothermal Au-Ag mineralization in island arc and
U-Pb dates for fine grained nitile associated with cordilleran settings may also have been magmatically
Au-quartz vein systems in or near the Abitibi Sub- derived high level fluid mixing (e.g. SiUitoe,1983;
province are consistently younger than the youngest Ahmad et al., 1987; Henley and Hoffman, 1987; "
dated igneous intrusive event for the Hollinger- Sillitoe and Bonham, 1990; Spooner, 1990). The
Mclntyre Au system "albitite" dyke at 2673 +67-5 associated igneous rocks are principally calc-alkaline

316
and shbshonitic in composition (e.g. Emperor Au- intrusion-hosted, stockwork Au-quartz vein
Ag-Tc deposit related to shoshonitic magmatism, mineralization, Lamaque mine, Val d'Or,
Fiji). By comparison with the Archean, therefore, a Quebec: Parti. Geologic and fluid
possibility exists for a unification of genetic characteristics. NUNA Research Conference
interpretations reflecting common, or similar, genetic on Greenstone Gold and Crustal Evolution,
processes. Val d'Or, Quebec; Abstract Volume: 20-21.
Callan, N J. and Spooner, E.T.C. 1989. Archean
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Au-quartz vein mineralization hosted in a
tonalite-trondhjemite tenane, Renabie mine
This abstract is based on a presentation at the NUNA area, Wawa North Ontario, Canada.
Research Conference on Greenstone Gold and Economic Geology Monograph #6: 9-18.
Crustal Evolution, Val d'Or, Quebec (May 24-27. Camrichael, D.M. 1990. Gold and the greenschist
1990), and I thank the organizers, especially Francois fades. NUNA Research Conference on
Robert, for providing a very good forum for Greenstone Gold and Crustal Evolution, Val
discussion. I would also particularly like to thank the d'Or, Quebec, Abstract Volume: 22
following grad. students and post-docs, for all their Chainey, D. 1983. Paramtres ptrographiques et
research contributions and for very helpful gochimiques du gisement d'or de la mine
discussions in the last few years: Andy Abraham. Camflo, Quebec, Canada. These de maitrise,
Tucker Barrie, Colin Bray, Dave Burrows, Nick Ecle Polytechnique: 215 p.
Callan, Dominic Channer, Come! de Ronde, Dick Chivas, A.R., Barnes, I., Evans, W.C., Lupton, J.E.
Jemielita, Justin Smith, Anne Thomas and Pete and Stone, J.O. 1987. Liquid carbon dioxide
Wood. This research has been funded by NSERC of magmatic origin and its role in volcanic
strategic grant #G1862, particularly by Geoscience eruptions. Nature 326: 587-589.
Research Grants #236, #288 and #364 from the Cullen, I. and Norris, N. 1988. Gold deposits of the
Ontario Geological Survey (Ministry of Northern New Celebration gold mine. Bicentennial Gold
Development and Mines) and by NSERC operating 88, Excursion No. 6 Guide, Pan HI: 87-90.
grant #A6114, all of which are acknowledged with de Ronde, C.E.J., Kamo, S., Davis, D.W., de Wit,
appreciation. MJ. and Spooner, E.T.C. In press. Field,
geochemical and U/Pb isotopic constraints
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