The Structure of Matter.

Bohrs Atom

Lecturer Viorica TONU

Department of
Human physiology and biophysics
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 The Matter. Atomic models.

Thomsons Plum Pudding Model

In 1897, the English scientist

J.J. Thomson provided the first hint
that an atom is made of even smaller
particles.

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 The Matter. Atomic models.
Thomsons Plum Pudding Model

He proposed a model of the atom that is

sometimes called the Plum Pudding model.
Atoms were made from a positively charged
substance with negatively charged electrons
scattered about, like
raisins in a pudding.

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 The Matter. Atomic models.
Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment

In 1908, the English physicist

Ernest Rutherford was hard at
work on an experiment that
seemed to have little to do with
unraveling the mysteries of the
atomic structure.

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 The Matter. Atomic models.
Rutherfords experiment involved firing a
stream of tiny positively charged particles at a
thin sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms thick).

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The Matter. Atomic models.

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 The Matter. Atomic models.
Rutherford interpreted the experimental
results in a famous 1911 paper.
He reasoned that all of an atoms
positively charged particles were contained in
the nucleus. The negatively charged particles
were scattered outside the nucleus around the
atoms edge.
 The Matter. Atomic models.

In 1913, the Danish

scientist Niels Bohr
proposed an improvement. In
his model, he placed each
electron in a specific energy
level.

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 The Matter.
Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom.

According to Bohrs atomic model, electrons move in definite orbits around the
nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. These orbits, or energy levels, are located at certain
distances from the nucleus.

Bohrs atomic model

First concept: Electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus. The electrons can only orbit stably, without
radiating, in certain orbits (called by Bohr the "stationary orbits") at a certain discrete set of
distances from the nucleus. These orbits are called energy shells or energy levels.

Second concept: Electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to
another, absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation with a frequency determined by the
energy difference of the levels according to the Planck relation:
E = E2 E1 = h, 9
 The Matter.
Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom.

where h=6.621034 Js is Planck's constant, =h/2 reduced Plank constant. The

frequency of the radiation emitted at an orbit of period T is as it would be in classical mechanics;
it is the reciprocal of the classical orbit period:
=1/T
With his model, Bohr explained how electrons could jump from one orbit to another
only by emitting or absorbing energy in fixed quanta.

Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

In 1913 Niels Bohr developed a theoretical explanation for
a phenomenon known as line spectra.

Lasers emit radiation which is composed of a single

wavelength.

However, most common sources of emitted radiation

(i.e. the sun, a lightbulb) produce radiation containing
many different wavelengths.

When the different wavelengths of radiation are

separated from such a source a spectrum is produced. 10
 The Matter.
Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

When the spectrum emitted by hydrogen gas was

passed through a prism and separated into its constituent
wavelengths four lines appeared at characteristic
wavelengths:

If the orbits of the electron are restricted, the energies

that the electron can possess are likewise restricted and
are defined by the equation:
1 1 1 1
= 2 2 = 2 2 = =

where
RH is a constant called the Rydberg energy and has
the value 2.18 x 10-18 J or R=1.0973107m-1 Rydberg constant.
is Plancks constant (6.626 1034 )
is wavelength frequency (in 1 or ). R=1.0973107m-1

'n' is an integer, called the principle quantum number and corresponds to the different
allowed orbits for the electron. Thus, an electron in the first allowed orbit (closest to the
nucleus) has n=1, an electron in the next allowed orbit further from the nuclei has n=2, and so
on.
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 The Matter.
Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

Since, for a wave, the frequency and wavelength are related by the equation
=
where
is the wavelength of the light
is the speed of light in a vacuum ( = 3 108 /)

When an electron "falls" from a higher orbit to a lower one the energy difference is a defined
amount and results in emitted electromagnetic radiation of a defined energy ()
1 1
= 2 2 =

Note:
is positive when is greater than , this occurs when energy is absorbed and an
electron moves up to a higher energy level (i.e. orbit).
When E is negative, radiant energy is emitted and an electron has fallen down to a lower
energy state

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 The Matter.
Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGqjRjcrqhI

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 The Matter.
Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

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 The Matter. Quantum numbers.

The energy of a charged particle, was associated with the energy of the electromagnetic wave
itself.

Electron rotation on the circular orbit was explained with de Broglie hypothesis: each moved
particle is described by a wave and a whole number of wavelengths must fit along the
circumference of the electron's orbit:
2r=n
n=1 this gives a smallest possible orbital radius of 0.0529 nm known as the Bohr radius.

The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is given by

= h/p, where p = mv.

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 The Matter. Quantum numbers.

The orbital momentum of electron or the quantification of kinetic momentum: L

L=mp= n
Electron's total energy at any radius:
E=-Z kee2(2rn),
where Z is the atom's atomic number and ke is
Coulombs constant.
Orbital radius at any n:
rn=n22(Zkee2me).

Each stationary state of the atom corresponds to an energetic state!

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 The Matter. Quantum numbers.

Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation

Spectral emission occurs when an electron
transits, from a higher energy state to
a lower energy state.
Hydrogen spectrum:
The wavelengths of emitted/absorbed
photons, is given by the Rydberg
formula:

R=1.0973107m-1

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 The Matter. Quantum numbers.

Quantum numbers
Bohr Model is the simplest model of the atom structure: one nucleus and one electron. This
model explain perfectly the hydrogen atomic spectrum!!!!
In case of many electrons this model can not describe properly the absorption or emission effect,
due to the electron-electron interaction.
For nuclei with Z protons, the energy levels are

, where - Rydberg energy

RE=2.171018J.

1. Principal quantum numbers (n) describes

the principal energy level of electron of the atom:
n=1,2,3.
Electron in Cs (caesium) atom can have an
n value from 1 to 6.

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 The Matter. Quantum numbers.

Quantum numbers

2. Angular (azimuthal) quantum number or orbital quantum number (l) describes the sub-
levels energy (sub-shell), and gives the shape of the electrons orbital.
Orbital angular momentum L2 = 2 ( + 1).
= 0, 1, 2, 3,..., n 1
s p d f orbitals

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 The Matter. Quantum numbers.

Quantum numbers The maximum number # of electrons that can be

placed in a subshell is given by 2(2l+1)
This gives 2e in an s subshell, 6e in a p subshell,
10e in a d subshell and 14e in an f subshell.

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The Matter. Quantum numbers.

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 The Matter. Quantum numbers.

3. Magnetic quantum number (m) describes the specific orbital of sub-levels energy and
yields the projection of the orbital angular momentum (L2) along a specified axis:
Lz = m .
m : - to
= 0; contains only one orbital
= 1; contains three orbital 1, 0, 1
= 2; -2, 1, 0, 1,2

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 The Matter. Quantum numbers.

4. Spin quantum number (s) describes the angular momentum of an electron.

Electron spins around an axis and has both angular momentum (L) and orbital angular
momentum (L2).
Angular momentum is a vector, the Spin Quantum Number (s) has both a magnitude (1/2) and
direction (+ or -). This vector is called the magnetic spin quantum number (ms).
Sz = ms .
ms = s, s + 1, s + 2, ... , s 2, s 1 , s.
An electron has spin s = , consequently ms will be .

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The Matter. Quantum numbers.

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Thanks for attention.

Lecturer Viorica TONU

Department of
Human physiology and biophysics
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