Exper

imentNo:1
Ai
m:Tounder
standconst
ruct
ionandwor
kingofI
.CEngi
nes
I
ntr
oduction
In1876f ourst r
okeengi nebasedonOt tocy cl
ewasdev elopedbyaGer man
engi neer Nikolous Otto,Whi ch r evol
utioni
zed the dev elopment of int
er nal
combust i
onengi nesandar eev enusedt il
ldate.Dieselenginewasdev elopedby
anot herGer manengineerRudol fDi eselintheyear1892.
Engi nereferstoadev i
cewhi cht ransformsonef orm ofenergyi nt
otheotherform.
Heatengi neisamodi f
iedf or
m ofengi neusedf ortransfor
mi ngchemicalener gy
off uelintothermalenergyandsubsequent l
yforproducingwor k."
Heatengi nesmaybecl assif
iedbasedonwher et hecombust i
onoff ueltakes
place.i.e.whetheroutsi
det hewor ki
ngcy l
inderorinsidethewor ki
ngcyl
inder.
(
a)Ext
ernal
Combust
ionEngi
nes(
E.C.Engi
nes)
(
b) I
nter
nal
Combust
ionEngi
nes(
I.
C.Engi
nes)

Compar
isonofI
.C.Engi
nesandE.
C.Engi
nes

Sr
.N0 I
.C.Engi
ne E.
C.Engi
ne

Combust
ionoff
uel
tak
espl
acei
nsi
det
he Combust
ionoffuel
takes
1.
cyl
i
nder
. pl
aceout
sidet
hecy l
i
nder
Worki
ngfl
uidmaybePet r
ol,
Diesel
&
2. Wor
kingf
lui
disst
eam
Var
ioust
ypesofgases.
3. Requi
rel
essspace Requi
rel
argespace
4. Capi
tal
costi
srel
ati
vel
ylow. Capit
alcostisrelat
ivel
y
hi
gh.
5. St
art
ingoft
hisengi
nei
seasy&qui
ck Star
ti
ngofthisenginer equi
res
ti
me.
6. Ther
mal
eff
ici
encyi
shi
gh. ThermalEff
iciencyislow.
Powerdevelopedperuni
twei
ghtof PowerDevel
opedperuni
twei
ght
7.
theseengi
nesishigh. oft
heseenginesi
slow
8. Fuel
costi
srel
ati
vel
yhi
gh. Fuel
costi
srel
ati
vel
ylow.
Cl
assif
icat i
onofI .C.Engines
Enginesmaybecl assi
fi
edaccordi
ngt
o,
a)Typeoft hef uelusedas:
(1)Pet rol engine
(2)Di esel
engi ne( 3)Gas
engi ne
(4)Bi -f
uel engine(Twof uelengi
ne)

b)Nat
ureoft hermodynamiccycl
eas:
(
1)Ottocy cl
eengine
(
2)Dieselcycleengi
ne
(
3)Duel ormixedcycleengi
ne

c
)Numberofst r
okespercy
cleas:
(
1)Fourst
rokeengi
ne
(
2)Twostrokeengi
ne

d)Met hodofigniti
onas:
(1)Sparkignit
ionengine(S.I
.engi
ne)
Mixtureofairandf ueli
signi
tedbyelect
ri
cspar
k.
(2)Compr essi
oni gni
ti
onengine(C.I
.engi
ne)
Thef ueli
signitedasitcomesi ncont
actwit
hhotcompr
essedai
r.

e)Met
hodofcoolingas:
(
1)Ai
rcooledengine
(
2)Watercool
edengine

f
) Speedoft heengi
neas:
(1)Lowspeed
(2)Medium speed
(3)Highspeed

g)Numberofcyli
nderas:
(
1)Si
nglecyl
inderengine
(
2)Mult
icyl
inderengine

h)Posit
ionofthecy li
nderas:
(1)I
nli
neengines
(2)Vengines
(3)Radi
alengines
(4)Opposedcy l
inderengi
ne
(5)Opposedpistonengine
 Engi
nedet
ail
s
Thev
ari
ousi
mpor
tantpar
tsofanI
.C.engi
near
eshowni
nfi
gur
e.

Cy
li
nder
Itist heheartoft heengineinwhi cht hefueli
sbur ntandt hepoweri sdevel
oped.
Cy l
inderhas t o withst
and very high pressure and temper ature because the
combust i
onoff ueliscarri
edoutwi t
hinthecy l
i
nder .Therefor
ecy l
i
ndermustbe
cool ed.Thei nsi
dedi ameteriscalledbore.Topr eventthewear ingoft hecyl
inder
block,asl eev ewillbefit
tedtight
lyint hecyli
nder.Thepi stonreciprocat
esinside
thecy l
i
nder.
Cyl
inderhead
Cy l
inderheadcov erstopendofcy l
i
nder.Itprovi
desspacef orv al
vemechani sm,
spar kplug,fueli
njectoretc.
Pi
ston
 Thepistonisaclosefit
ti
nghollow cyl
indr
icalpl
ungerreci
procati
nginsi
det
he
cyl
i
nder.Thepowerdevel
opedbyt hecombust i
onofthef
uelistransmi
tt
edbyt
he
pi
stontothecr
ankshaf
tthroughconnect
ingrod.

Pi
st onRi ngs
Thepi stonr i
ngsar ethemet alli
cr i
ngsi nsertedi ntot heci rcumf erent ialgr oov es
prov i
dedatt het opendoft hepi st on.Theser ingsmai nt ainagas- ti
ghtj oint
bet weent hepi st onandt hecy l
inderwhi let hepi stonisr eciprocat ingi nt hecy li
nder.
Pi
st onpi norGudgeonpi n
Itist hepi njoi ningsmal lendoft heconnect ingr odandpi st on.Thi si smadeof
steel byf orgingpr ocess.
Connect i
ngRod
Itist hememberconnect ingpi st
ont hr oughpi stonpi nandcr ankshaf tt hrough
crankpi n.Itconv ertst her eciprocatingmot ionoft hepi stoni nt or otarymot ionof
thecr ankshaf t.Iti smadeofst eelbyf or gingpr ocess.
CrankandCr ankshaf t
Thecr anki sal ev ert hati sconnect edt ot hebi gendoft heconnect ingr odbyapi n
j
ointwi t
hi tsot herendconnect edr i
gi dlyt oashaf t,calledcr ankshaf t.Itr otates
aboutt heaxi soft hecr ankshaf tandcausest heconnect ingr odt oosci ll
at e.
Valves
Engi nehasbot hi ntakeandexhaustt ypeofv alveswhi char eoper atedbyv alve
oper atingmechani sm ( Ref erFi g.).Thev alvesar ethedev icewhi chcont rolst he
fl
owoft hei ntakeandt heexhaustgasest oandf r
om t heengi necy li
nder .
Fl
y wheel
Itisaheav ywheelmount edont hecr ankshaf toft heengi ne.I tmi nimi zescy cli
c
variationi nspeedbyst oringt heener gydur i
ngpowerst roke,andsamei sr eleased
dur i
ngot herst roke.
Crankcase
I
ti st hel owerpar toft heengi ne,ser vingasanencl osureoft hecr ankshaf tand
alsoasasumpf orthel ubr icat i
ngoi l
.
Carbur etor
Car bur etorisusedi npet rol enginef orpr opermi xi
ngofai randpet r
ol .
Fuelpump
Fuelpumpi susedi ndi eselenginef ori ncreasingpressureandcontroll
i
ngt he
quantit
yoff uelsuppli
edtot heinject
or.
Fuelinj
ector
Fuelinject
orisusedt oinjectdieselfuelinthef orm offi
neatomizedsprayunder
pressureattheendofcompr essi
onst roke.
Sparkplug
Sparkpl ugisusedi npetrolenginetopr oduceahi ghintensi
tyspar
kforigni
tion
ofairfuelmixtureinthecy l
i
nder .
 Engi
neTer
minol
ogi
es

Bor
e:Thei
nnerdi
amet
eroft
heengi
necy
li
nderi
scal
l
edabor
e.

St
roke:I
tistheli
neardi
stancetr
avel
edbythepi
stonwhenitmovesfrom oneendof
thecy l
indert
otheotherend.Iti
sequalt
otwi
cetheradi
usofthecrank.

DeadCent ers:I
nthevert
icalengines,topmostposit
ionofthepist
oniscall
edTopDead
Cent r
e( TDC).Whenthepistoni satbott
om mostposit
ion,i
tiscall
edBottom Dead
Cent r
e( BDC).
Inhor i
zontalengi
ne,theext remepositionofthepi
stonneart ocyl
inderheadi s
call
edI nnerDeadCent r
e( I
.D.C.)andtheextr
emeposi ti
onofthepistonneart he
crankiscalledOut
erDeadCent re(O.D.
C.).
Cl
earanceVol
ume(Vc):I
tist
hev ol
umecont ai
nedbetweent
hepi
stont
opandcy
li
nder
headwhenthepi
stonisattoporinnerdeadcent
re.

St
rokevolume(sweptvol
ume):I
tisv
olumedispl
acedbyt
hepi
stoni
nonest
rokei
s
knownasstrokevol
umeorsweptvol
ume.
Let,
Vs=str
okev ol
ume,L=str
okel
ength,
d=bor e

Vs=pi
/4*
d^2L
CompressionRati
o:
Therati
ooftotal
cyli
nderv
olumet
ocl
ear
ancev
olumei
scal
l
edt
hecompr
essi
on
rat
io(r
)oftheengine.
Total
cy l
i
ndervol
ume=
Compr
essi
on Rat
io,

Forpet
rol
engi
ne
r
var
iesf
rom 6t
o10andf
orDi
esel
engi
nerv
ari
esf
rom 14t
o20.

Pi
stonspeed:
Iti
saveragespeedofpi
ston.
i
sI
tequal
to2LN,wher seedofcr
eNi ankshaf
tin
rev/
sec. sp
2

Wher
e,
L=Str
okel
engt
h,m
N=Speedofcr
ankshaf
t,RPM
FourSt
rokePet
rolEngi
ne:
Thecycleofoper
ationinaf ourst
rokepetr
olengineiscompletedintwo
revoluti
onsofcr ankshaftorf ourst r
okesofpiston.Strokeisdefinedast he
distancetravel
edbyt hepist
onf rom oneoft hedeadcent er
stotheot herdead
cent r
e.Itisalsoequaltot wot i
mest hecrankradi
us.Hencei naf ourstr
oke
enginewor ki sobtai
nedonlydur ingonest r
okeoutoft hef ourstr
okesoft he
pistonrequiredto completeonecy cle.Thi
senginewor ksonOt toorconst ant
volumecy cle.

1.Suctionst roke:Tost ar
twiththepist onisatorverynearT.D.C.andthei nl
et
valveisopenandexhaustv al
veiscl osed.Asthepist
onmov esfrom T.D.C.to
B.D.C.rarefacti
onisf or
medi nthecy li
nderwhichcausesthechargetorushi n
andf i
llthespacev acatedbythepi ston.Thechargeconsist
sofami xtur
eof
airandpet rolpreparedbythecar buretor.Theadmissi
onofchar gei
nsidet he
enginecy l
indercont i
nuesunti
ltheinletvalvecl
osesatB.D.
C.

2.Compr essionstroke:Boththev al
vesarecl
osedandthepi
stonmovesfr
om
B.D.C.t o
T.D.C.Thechar geiscompr essedupt oacompressi
onrati
oof5:1to9:
1and
pressureandt emper atur
eatt heendofcompr essi
onareabout6to12bar
and250Ct o300Cr espect
ively
.

3.Wor king,PowerorExpansi onst r

oke:Whent hepi stonr eachesT. D.C.posi t
ion,
orjustatt heendofcompr essionst roke,thechar gei si gni
tedbycausi ngan
electr
icspar kbetweent heel ectr
odesofaspar kpl ug,whi chislocat edsome
wher eint hewal lsofcy l
inderhead.Dur i
ngcombust i
ont hechemi calener gyof
fuelisr el
easedandt her eisr i
sei nt emper atureandpr essureofgases.The
temper atureofgasesi ncr easestoabout1800Ct o2000Candt hepr essur e
reaches30t o 40bar .Upt il
lnow t hev olumeofgasesf ormedhowev er
remains al mostconst antwi t
h bot hv al
ves cl osed.Now t he combust ion
productsexpandandpusht hepi stondownt hecy l
inder.Ther eciprocating
pistonmot ionisconv er tedintor otarymot ionofcr ankshaftbyaconnect ing
rodandcr ank.Dur i
ngexpansi ont hepr essuredr opsduet oi ncreasei nt he
volumeofgasesandabsor pti
onofheatbycy linderwal l
s.

4.Exhauststroke:Theor etical
lyexhaustv alveopensatt heendofwor ki
ng
strokewhenthepistoni satB. D.C.position.Butact uall
yexhaustvalvebegins
toopenwhenabout85%oft hewor ki
ngst rokei scompleted.Apressureof4
to5baratt hi
sinstantf orcesabout60%oft heburntgasesi nt
otheexhaust
mani f
oldathi
ghspeed.Ther emai ningbur ntgasesar eclearedofftheswept
volumewhent hepistonmov esf r
om B. D.C.to
T.D.C.Duri
ngthi
sst r
oket hepr essureinsi dethecy l
inderissli
ghtl
yabovet he
atmosphericval
ue.Someoft hebur ntgasesar ehowev erlefti
ntheclearance
space.Theexhaustv al
v eclosesshor t
lyaf t
ert hepistonreachesT.D.C.The
i
nletv al
veopenssl ightlybef oret heendofexhaustst rokeandt hecy cl
e
repeats.
 Fi
g:4-St
rokePet
rolEngi
ne

FourSt
rokeDi
eselEngi
ne:
Thecy cl
eofoper ati
oninaf ourst
rokedi
eselengi
nei
scompl et
edintwo
rev
ol ut
ions ofcr
ankshaftorf
ourstr
okesofpi
stonusi
ngdi
eseloi
lasfuel
.Thi
s
engineworksondieselcycl
e.

.Suct
1 i
onStroke:Starti
ngofengineisdonebyanel ectr
icmotorormanuall
y.In
bothcasest heenergyissuppli
edt otheengine.I
nthisst
roketheinletv
alve
opensandtheout letval
veremainsclosed.Pi
stonmovesfr
om T.D.C.toB.
D.C.
andinthi
swayav acuum iscreatedi
nt hecyl
inder
.Thi
svacuum isfi
ll
edbyair
al
oneandpi stonreachestoB.D.C.
.Compr
2 essionSt r
oke:Bothv alvesarecl osed.Thisti
mepi st
onmov esfr
om
B.D.C. to
T.D.C.Airiscompr essedi
nt hisstrokeupt oacompr essi
onr at
ioof15:1to
22:1andav eryhightemperatureisproducedduet ohi ghpressure.Thehi
gh
temperatureistheonlycauseofcombust ionofthefuel.Thepistontakest
he
poweri nthi
sstrokefrom
thef l
ywheel.Duringthisstr
oket hepr essureandt emper at
ureat t
ainahigh
valueof40 to60barand600Ct o700C.

.Wor
3 king Stroke:Att he end ofcompr ession stroke orwhen t he pi ston
reachest he
T.D.C.positi
on,afinespr ayofdieseli
sinject
edi nthecy l
inderthroughi njector.
Thef uelburnsbyt heheatofcompr essedairandduet oitsburningt hepower
i
spr oduced.Thi spowerpushest hepist
ondownwar di.e.fr
om T.D. C.t oB.D.C.
Theexcessener gyoft hepistonisstoredint hefly
wheeloft heengine, whi ch
i
sf urther used f or the remai ni
ng three strokes of t he engi ne.The
reci
procatingmot ionoft hepistonisconv ert
edi ntother otarymot i
onoft he
crankshaftbyconnect i
ngr odandcr ank.Duringexpansi onthepr essur edr ops
duet oincreaseinv ol
umeofgasesandabsor pti
onofheatbycy l
i
nderwal ls.

.ExhaustSt
4 roke:Theexhaustval vebegi
nst oopenwhenabout85% oft he
wor ki
ngst rokeiscompleted.Theforceofpistoncomingf r
om B. D.
C.toT.D.
C.
forcest hebur ntgasesintot heexhaustmani fold.Someoft hegasesar e
forcedoutduet ohigherpressureinthecyl
inderandt heremaininggasesare
forcedoutbyt hepist
on.Someoft heburntgasesar ehowev erlefti
nsi
dethe
clearancespace.Theexhaustv alv
eclosesshor t
lyaft
erT.D.C.Thei nl
etval
ve
openssl ightlybef
oretheendofexhaustandi nthiswayt hecyclerepeat
s.
Fi
g:4-
Str
okeDi
eselEngi
ne
TWOSTROKEPETROL(
S.I
.)ENGI
NE-

I
ntwostrokecyclep et
rolengine,t
herea r
etwos t
rokeso ft
h e
pist
ona ndo nerevolut
iono ft
hec rankshaftt
oc omp l
eteo ne
cycl
e.Intwos tr
o keenginesportsareus edinst
eado fva l
vei.
e.
sucti
onp or
t,transferpor
t andexhaust port
.Thesep ortsare
coveredandu ncoveredby t
heu pandd ownmo veme ntofthe
pist
on.Thet opof t
hep i
stonisd ef
lectedtoa voi
dmi xi
n go f
fr
eshc hargewithe xhaustgases.Thee xhaustga sesare
expell
edou tf
romt hee ngi
nec yl
inderbythefreshcha r
geo f
fuelent
eri
n gthec yl
i
n der
.Themi xtur
eo fairandp et
roli
s
igni
tedbya nsp ar
kp roducedatthes par
kp l
ug.T hetwos t
roke
oftheenginea r
e-

Fi
rstSt
roke-Assumi
ngt
hepi
stont
obeatt
heBDCposi
ti
on.The
i
nletporti
sc onvertedb ythepist
o nwh ereasthetransferport
andexha ustportareu ncovered.Thep i
stonmo vesf r
o mB DCt o
TDC.Th eairpetrolmixtureenter
st hecyli
nder.Ont heu pwa r
d
moveme nto fthep i
ston,fi
rstofallt
het r
ans f
erp or
tis
conver
teda ndt henimme di
ately
,thee xhaustportisc over
ed.
Si
mu l
taneo usl
yth esuctionportalsoge t
su ncovered,the
upwardmo v eme ntofthep i
stonhe l
pstoc omp ressthea i
rfuel
mixt
urea tthetopa ndc reat
esp art
ialvacuuma t t
heb ottomin
t
hec r
a nkcasewh ichge t
sf i
l
ledwitha i
rfuelmi xt
ureb ythe
at
mo sphericp r
essure.A tt
hee ndo fthes t
roke,thepiston
r
eachest heT DCp osit
ionc omp l
eti
ngt hecomp ressionstroke
ass howninF ig.(
a)a nd(b).

SecondSt
rok
e -Justbef
oret
hecompl
eti
onoft
hecompr
essi
on
st
roke,thec omp ressedch ar
geisignitedinthec omb ust
ion
chamber,byme an sof anelect
ri
cs p ar
kp roducedb ythesp ar
k
pl
ug.Comb us t
iono fairf
uelmi xt
urep ushesthep i
stoninthe
downwa r
dd i
recti
o n,onthep ower st
rokep r
o duci
ngu sefulwork.
Themo veme ntof t
hep owe ract
ioniso ver
,thee xhaustportis
uncover
ed.T heex haustgasese scapetoth eatmo sphere.
Fur
thermo veme ntof t
hep i
stonc over
st heinl
et portandthe
f
reshchargeisc omp ressedinthec r
an kcase.Simultaneously
t
hetransferportisa l
sou ncover
ed .Theco mp r
essedmi xtureof
ai
rfuelent
e r
st hec omb usti
onc hamb er
.Th edeflect
eds hapeo f
t
hep i
stonavo i
dsin t
er-mixi
ngo fthefreshc har
g eande xhaust
gasesi.
e.thefreshc hargeri
sest othetopo fthec y
linderand
pushesoutmo st ofthee xhaustgases.Thu sthethreeacti
o ns,
power,exhaustandi nducti
ona r
ec omp l
etedfromT DCtoB DC
posi
ti
onc omp l
etingo necyclei.
e.twos tr
okeo fthep i
stona nd
onerevol
uti
o nof t
h ecrankshaftassh owninF i
g .(
c)a nd(d).