Junior Problems

J427. ind all complex numbers x, y, z which satisfy simultaneously the equations:

x + y + z = 1, x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 1, x2 + 2yz = 4.

Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, University of Bucharest, Romania

J428. Solve the equation

2x[x] + 2{x} = 2017,
where [a] denotes the greatest integer not greater than a and {a} is the fractional part of a.

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, Dallas, Texas

J429. Let x, y be positive real numbers such that x + y ≤ 1. Prove that

  
1 1
1− 3 1 − 3 ≥ 49.
x y

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

√
J430. In triangle ABC, ∠C > 90◦ and 3a + 15ab + 5b = 7c. Prove that ∠C ≤ 120◦ .

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J431. Let a, b, c, d, e be real numbers in the interval [1, 2]. Prove that

a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + e2 − 3abcde ≤ 2.

Proposed by An Zhenping, Xianyang Normal University, China

J432. Let m and n be integers greater than 1. Prove that

(m3 − 1)(n3 − 1) ≥ 3m2 n2 + 1

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Mathematical Reflections 6 (2017) 1

 Senior Problems

S427. Solve in complex numbers the system of equations:

2017
z+ =4−i
w
2018
w+ = 4 + i.
z

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA.

S428. Let a, b, c be nonnegative real numbers, not all zero, such that ab + bc + ca = a + b + c. Prove
that
1 1 1 5
+ + ≤
1+a 1+b 1+c 3

Proposed by An Zenping, Xianyang Normal University, China

S429. Let ABC be a triangle and let M be a point in its plane. Prove that for all positive real
numbers x, y, z the following inequality holds
yz zx xy
xM A2 + yM B 2 + zM C 2 > a2 + b2 + c2 .
2(y + z) 2(z + x) 2(x + y)

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

S430. Prove that

π 1
sin ≥ ,
2n n
for all positive integers n.

Proposed by Florin Rotaru, Focşani, Romania

S431. Let a, b, c be positive numbers such that ab + bc + ca = 3. Prove that

1 1 1 3
2
+ 2
+ 2
≥
(1 + a) (1 + b) (1 + c) 4

Proposed by Konstantinos Metaxas, Athens, Greece

S432. Let d be an open half-disk of diameter AB and h be the half-plane defined by the line AB
and containing d. Let X be a point on d and let Y and Z be points in h on the semicircles of
diameters AX and BX, respectively. Prove that

AY · BZ + XY · XZ ≤ AX 2 − AX · BX + BX 2 .

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Mathematical Reflections 6 (2017) 2

 Undergraduate Problems

U427. Let f : R2 → R be the function defined by

f (x, y) = 1(0,1/y) (x) · 1(0,1) (y) · y,

where 1 is the characteristic function. Evaluate

Z
f (x, y) dx dy.
R2

Proposed by Alessandro Ventulo, Milan, Italy

U428. Let a, b, c positive real numbers such that a + b + c = 1. Prove that

(1 + a2 b2 )c (1 + b2 c2 )a (1 + c2 a2 )b ≥ 1 + 9a2 b2 c2 .

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

U429. Let n ≥ 2 be an integer and let A be an n × n real matrix in which exactly (n − 1)2 entries
are zero. Prove that if B is an n × n matrix with all entries nonzero numbers, then BA can
not be a nonsingular diagonal matrix.

Proposed by Alessandro Ventullo, Milan, Italy

U430. Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices with complex numbers entries, such that

(AB − BA)2 = AB − BA.

Prove that AB = BA.

Proposed by Florin Stănescu, Găeşti, Romania

U431. Evaluate Z t√ Z t
1 1 x
lim 1 + ex dx and lim ee dx
t→0 t 0 t→0 t 0

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

U432. For every point P (x, y, z) on the unit sphere, consider the points Q(y, z, x) and R(z, x, y). For
every point A on the sphere, denote ∠(AOP ) = p, ∠(AOQ) = q and ∠(AOR) = r. Prove that
√ p
cos q + cos r ≤ 2 3 sin .
2

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Mathematical Reflections 6 (2017) 3

 Olympiad Problems

O427. Let ABC be a triangle and ma , mb , mc be the lengths of its medians. Prove that
√
3 (ama + bmb + cmc ) ≤ 2s2 .

Proposed by Dragoljub Miloševic̀, Gornji Milanovac, Serbia

O428. Determine all positive integers n for which the equation

x2 + y 2 = n(x − y)

is solvable in positive integers. Solve the equation

x2 + y 2 = 2017(x − y).

Proposed by Dorin Andrica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and

Vlad Crişan, Göttingen, Germany

O429. Prove that in any triangle ABC,

s s s
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 + +1+ 2
+ +1≥2 2
+ + 1.
rb rc rc rb ha ha

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

2n
O430. Find the number of positive integers n ≤ 106 such that 5 divides


n .

Proposed by Enrique Trevinio, Lake Forest College, USA

O431. Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 3. Prove that

64
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + abcd ≥ 3.
27

Proposed by An Zhenping, Xianyang Normal University, China

O432. Let ABCDEF be a cyclic hexagon which contains an inscribed circle. Denote by ωA , ωB , ωC , ωD , ωE
and ωF the inscribed circle in the triangle F AB, ABC, BCD, CDE, DEF and EF A, respec-
tively. Let `AB be the external common tangent of ωA and ωB , other than the line AB;
lines `BC , `CD , `DE , `EF and `F A are defined analogously. Let A1 be the intersection of the
lines `F A and `AB , B1 the intersection of the lines `AB and `BC ; points C1 , D1 , E1 and F1
are defined analogously. Suppose that A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 is a convex hexagon. Prove that its
diagonals A1 D1 , B1 E1 and C1 F1 are concurrent.

Proposed by Nairi Sedrakian, Yerevan, Armenia

Mathematical Reflections 6 (2017) 4