Foundation Mathematics 2016

Mensuration 測量法

Objectives

Students should be able to

 identify common共通的 plane figures and solids
 find the area of common plane figures
 understand the properties of similar figures
 find the volume of common solids
 solve miscellaneous混雜的problems involving daily applications of mensuration

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Mensuration
1. Common plane figures
1.a Triangle
1 1 h
Area = base x height = b h
2 2
b
1.b Square
Area = (length of a side)2 = a2
a
a
1.c Rectangle
Area =length x breadth = a b a
b
1.d Parallelogram
Area =base x height
= bh h

b
1.e Trapezium a
Area
1 h
= (sum of lengths of the parallel sides) x height
2
=h(a+b)/2
b
1.f Circle
Circumference= 2πr r
Area =πr2
where r = radius
1.g Sector
1 L
Area A  r 2
2 r
Arc length L = r
where  = sector angle
Example: a Chinese fan

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2. Solids
2.a Cube

Surface area = 6a2 a

Volume = a3 a

Example: a dice a

2.b Rectangular cuboid a

Volume = a b c
Surface area =2ab + 2bc + 2ac
b
Example: a mahjong tile c

2.c Prism

Volume = (Regular cross-sectional area)x Length

Surface area =area of 3 rectangular faces +
area of 2 triangular faces
Example: a chocolate bar

2.d Pyramid on rectangular base

Surface area =area of 4 slant faces +

area of rectangular base

1
Volume = base area x height
3
Example: pyramids in Egypt

2.e Sphere
Surface Area =4πr2
4
Volume = πr3 r
3
Example: a basketball

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2.f. Cylinder

Surface Area =2πr2+2πrh r

Volume =πr2h h
where r = radius and h = height
Example: a water can

2.g Cone

Surface Area =πr2+πrL

1 h L
Volume = base area x height
3
1
= πr2h
3 r
where r = radius and h = height
L= r  h
2 2

Example: an ice cream cone

Example 1

A plot of land is in the shape of a semi-circle

joined to a square as shown. The length of one
side of the square is 20 m.
(a) Find the total area of the land. 20m
(b) A circular swimming pool of radius 5m is to
be constructed 建造in this plot and grass
planted in all of the area surrounding 環繞the
pool . Find the cost of the planted grass given
the cost for planting 1 m2 of grass is $12.

Solution
1
(a) Total area = πr2+a2
2
1
= π(10)2+202 =557.1 m2
2
(b) Area of the land with grass = 557.1 –π(5)2 = 478.6 m2
Cost = $12478.6 = $5744 (rounding up to the nearest dollar)

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Example 2

A solid metal sphere is dropped (掉下) inside a

cylindrical glass bottle of internal radius 5 cm as
shown.
(a) Find the volume of the largest sphere that can fit
into the bottle.
(b) Find the volume of water required to fill the bottle
given the internal height of the bottle is 18 cm.

Solution
4 4
a) Volume of the largest sphere = πr3 = π(5)3 = 523.6 cm3
3 3
b) Volume of water required = internal volume of bottle – volume of sphere
=πr2h –523.6 =1413.7 – 523.6 = 890.1 cm3

3. Similar Figures

3.1 Area ratio

If two figures have linear ratio a : b, then the area ratio would be a2 : b2.

3.2 Volume ratio

If two solids have linear ratio a : b, then the volume ratio would be a3 : b3.

Example 3

Two similar models (模型) have a linear ratio 5 to 2. The height of the larger model is 20 cm.
a. Find the height of the smaller model.
b. Find the surface area of the smaller model given the surface area of the larger model
is 4000 cm2.
c. Find the volume of the larger model given the volume of the smaller model is
8000 cm3.
Solution
a. 20 : h = 5 : 2 ; height of the smaller model= 8 cm
4000 5 2
b.  2 ; surface area of the smaller model = 640 cm2
S 2
V 53
c.  3 ; volume of the larger model = 125,000 cm3
8000 2

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Example 4

A cube measures 4cm x 4cm x 4cm is

dropped掉下into a cylindrical jar (罐子) of
internal radius 5cm. The original原本的
water level is 5 cm. Find the new water
level.
(Answer correct to 2 decimal places)

Solution
Volume of water displaced置換= volume of cube = 43 = 64cm3

Rise in water level = volume of water displaced/cross-sectional area of jar

= 64/π(5)2 = 0.8148 cm

New water level = 5 + 0.8148 = 5.8148 = 5.81 cm (correct to 2 decimal places)

Example 5
A pyramid (金字塔) was built on a rectangular base A
measuring 20m x 30m. The vertical height of the
pyramid is 45m.
(a) Find the total area of the slant surfaces斜面.
[Hint: find the length of a diagonal 對角線of the D C
base.]
(b) Find the volume of the pyramid. X 20m
All answers correct to the nearest integer. E 30m B

Solution

a) Length of a diagonal of the base = 20 2  30 2 = 36.06m

XB =18.03m
AB = AC = AD = AE = 45 2  18.032 = 48.48 m
Total area of the slant surfaces = 2ΔABC + 2ΔABE
1 1
= 2[ .20( (48.48) 2  10 2 )] + 2[ .30( (48.48) 2  15 2 )]
2 2
= 948.75 + 1383.03 = 2331.78 = 2332 m2 (correct to the nearest integer)
1
b) Volume of the pyramid = (base area) x (height)
3
1
= (20x30) x 45 = 9000m3
3

Web Fun
Try the quick puzzle 2nd set at http://www.ex.ac.uk/cimt/

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Tutorial : Mensuration 測量法

1. Find the area of the following figures:

a. A triangle with base = 10 cm and height = 5 cm
b. A circle with diameter = 10 cm
c. A trapezium (梯形) with height = 8 cm, length of two parallel sides are 10 cm and
18 cm respectively
d. A sector (扇形) of radius 12 cm and sector angle = 45o.

2. The internal 內部的 measurements of a rectangular box 40cm x 120cm x 40cm. Three
spheres of radius 20cm just fit in the box.
a. Calculate the volume of one sphere.
b. Calculate the unoccupied (未被佔用的) volume in the box.

40cm

40cm
120cm
3.
A triangular prism 三角柱體has two parallel equilateral
triangular 等邊三角形faces. The length of one side of the
triangular faces is 4cm. The length of the prism is 15 cm.
Find
(a) the volume of the prism.
(b) the total surface area of the prism.

4. ABC is an isosceles triangle (等腰三角形) inscribed in a circle such that A, B and C are
points on the circumference (圓周) of the circle. AC is a diameter, AB =BC =10cm.
Find the area of the shaded portion (陰暗的部份). B

A C

Answer
1. a) 25 cm2 b) 78.5 cm2 c) 112 cm2 d) 18 cm2
2. a) 33510.3 cm3 b) 91470 cm3
3. a) 103.9 cm3 b) 193.8 cm2
4. 107.1 cm2

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