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Fluids Formulas

This document provides formulas for calculating flow coefficients and discharge rates for various hydraulic structures under different flow conditions. It defines the coefficients of discharge (Cd), velocity (Cv), and contraction (Cc) and their relationships. It then gives equations for calculating theoretical and actual discharge and velocity based on these coefficients for orifices, venturi meters, nozzles, and other common hydraulic devices. Finally, it provides specific discharge formulas for different types of weirs, including rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, Cipolletti, and Suttro weirs.

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679 views

Fluids Formulas

This document provides formulas for calculating flow coefficients and discharge rates for various hydraulic structures under different flow conditions. It defines the coefficients of discharge (Cd), velocity (Cv), and contraction (Cc) and their relationships. It then gives equations for calculating theoretical and actual discharge and velocity based on these coefficients for orifices, venturi meters, nozzles, and other common hydraulic devices. Finally, it provides specific discharge formulas for different types of weirs, including rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, Cipolletti, and Suttro weirs.

Uploaded by

teresapulga6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coefficient Discharge Orifice under Low Heads

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄 3 3
C or Cd = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 2
𝑄𝑇 Q= 𝐶 √2𝑔 𝐿 [ℎ2 2 − ℎ1 2 ]
3

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑣 Venturi Meter
Cv = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣 Q = C * Qt
𝑇

Coefficient of Contraction, Cc Noozle


𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎
Cc = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐴 Q = CAn √2𝑔𝐻

Pitot Tube
Relationship between the Three
Coefficients ʋ = √2𝑔𝐻
Actual discharge, Q
Q = C * Qr Gates
Q = actual area, a * actual velocity, Theoretical ʋ = √2𝑔 (𝑑1 − 𝑑2 ) + 𝑣1 2
v
Q = CcA * Cvvt Converging Tubes
Q = CcCvAvt ʋ = Cv√2𝑔𝐻
But, Avt = Qt Q = CA√2𝑔𝐻
Q = CcCvQt
Therefore,
Submerged Tubes
C = Cc * Cv
Q = CA√2𝑔𝐻
Head Lost
1 𝐴 2 𝑉2 Unsteady Flow
HL = (𝐶 2 − 1) [1 − (𝐴2 ) ] 2𝑔 Vol = Q t
𝑣 1
𝑉2 ℎ 𝐴 𝑑ℎ
1
HL = (𝐶 2 − 1) 2𝑔 t = ∫ℎ 2 𝑄 −𝑠 𝑄
1 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑣
ℎ2 𝐴 𝑑ℎ
t= ∫ℎ 𝑄𝑠
1 𝑜𝑢𝑡
Theoretical Velocity, vt 2 𝐴𝑠
t = 𝐶𝐴 (√𝐻1 − √𝐻2 )
Vt = √2𝑔𝐻 𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻
1
1 ℎ2 𝐴𝑆1 𝐴𝑆2
t = 𝐶𝐴 ∫ℎ 𝐻 −2 𝑑𝐻
𝑣 √2𝑔 1 𝐴𝑆1 + 𝐴𝑆2
Actual Velocity, v 𝐴𝑆1 𝐴𝑆2 2 𝐴𝑠
v = Cv √2𝑔𝐻 t=𝐴 + 𝐴𝑆2 𝐶𝐴𝑂 √2𝑔𝐻
(√𝐻1 − √𝐻2 )
𝑆1

Theoretical Discharge, Qt Rectangular Weir


3
Qt = A√2𝑔𝐻 2
Q = 3 𝐶 √2𝑔 𝐿 [(𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )3 − ℎ𝑣 2 ]
3

Actual Discharge, Q Q = CwL [(𝐻 + ℎ𝑣 )3 − ℎ𝑣 2 ]


3
Q = CA√2𝑔𝐻 Q = CwL𝐻 2
3
𝐻 2
Total Head Producing Flow Q = CwL𝐻 2 [1 + 𝑐1 (𝑑 ) ]
𝑣𝑎 2 𝑝 𝑝 3 𝐶2
H = ℎ + 2𝑔 + 𝛾𝐴 + 𝛾𝐵 C1 = 2 ∗ 2𝑔
H = Head Upstream – Head Downstream
Standard Weir, Cw Unsteady Flow Weir (Variable Head)
a. Francis Formula ℎ 𝐴 𝑑𝐻
t = ∫ℎ 2 𝑄𝑠
𝐻 2 1 𝑜𝑢𝑡
Cw = 1.84[1 + 0.26 (𝑑 ) ] 2𝐴𝑠 1 1
t=𝐶 [ − ]
𝑤𝐿 √𝐻2 √𝐻1
S.I. Unit, Cw = 1.84
English, Cw = 3.33

b. Rehbock and Chow Formula


𝐻
English, Cw = 3.27 + 0.40 𝑃
𝐻
S.I. Unit, Cw = 1.8 + 0.22 𝑃
c. Basin Formula
0.02161
Cw = 0.5518 (3.248 + 𝐻 )
𝐻 2
[1 + 0.55 ( ) ]
𝑑

Contracted Rectangular Weir


L = 𝐿ʼ − 0.1𝑁𝐻

Triangular Weir (V-Notch)


3
𝐴
Q = 15 𝐶 √2𝑔 𝐿𝐻 2
5
8 𝜃
Q = 15 𝐶 √2𝑔 tan 2 𝐻 2
5
𝜃
= Cw tan 2 𝐻 2
5
Q = 1.4 𝐻 2 (S.I. Unit)
5
Q = 2.5 𝐻 2 (English) Chapter 6 Formulas
Trapezoidal Sharp Crested Weir
3 5
Q = Cw1L𝐻 2 + 𝐶𝑤2 𝑍𝐻 2

Cipolletti Weir
3
Q = 1.859 𝐿𝐻 2 (S.I. Unit)
3
Q = 3.37 𝐿𝐻 2 (English)

Suttro Weor or Proportional Flow Heir


1
Q = 2 𝐶𝜋𝐾√2𝑔𝐻
K = 2x√𝑦

Submerged Sharp Weir


𝑄𝑠 𝐻 𝑛 0.385
𝑄
= [1 − (𝐻2 ) ]
1

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