Fundamentals of Polarization

and Diversity.
R.F. Academy.
Ganesh Nalakonda : [email protected]
20th May, 2001.

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Polarization.
Electro Magnetic Wave ( E.M.Wave).

• R.F. Energy travels from one point to another point

through E.M. Waves.

z It could be through guided ( Co-ax cable / Wave guides).

z It could be through Free-space.

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Electro Magnetic Wave ( E.M.Wave).

TX RX

Electrical
vector
Wave guide
Co-ax cable
Most dominant mode of EM Wave through guided medium.

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½ ~ Dipole Devolpment

Tx

Wave Front
Tx

Tx

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E and M Fields.

Electric Field (E) Magnetic Field (H)

NOTE : Both fields exists together and mutually perpendicular.

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Polarization.
E E

E Plane 90 deg all

Direction of Direction of Propagation

Propagation
H Plane
H H
This is Vertical Polarization.
REF to GROUND
WHY ?

Electric Vector is Perpendicular to Ground.

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Types of Polarizations

Linear Circular

Vertical Pol. Right Circula Pol.

Horizontal Pol. Left Circular Pol.

Any other defined Pol. Elliptical Pol.

+/- 45 deg.

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Effect of Polarization
For max Reception of signal
• Type of polarization should match
– Both TX and RX should have same type of
polarization ( Linear / circular )
• Orientation should match
– Both TX and RX antenna should be oriented in
same direction ( Vertical / Horizontal )
• Cross polarization discrimination
– If TX and RX are orthogonal min or no signal is
received
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TX Ant Demo of X-Polarization RX Ant

-45 to +45

0 180 0
-65 dBm
RX Level

3 dB

Example: X-pol
discrimination = 10 dB
-75 dBm
90 270 Relative angle of rotation

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Effect on Polarization due to

Reflection & Diffraction
• Reflection
– Reflection due to plane surface has no effect
OR Minimal effect on Polarization
• Diffraction
– Diffraction due to sharp edges of buildings,
Mountains and Trees will have considerable
effect on polarization

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Effect on Polarization due to

Reflection
Plane surface

i
r
I=r

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Effect on Polarization due to

Diffraction

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DIVERSITY

Why diversity needed?

• To Improve communication reliability
– Reliability can be achieved up to 99.99% by
implementing diversity in one way or in
various combinations

• How it is realized
– By over come fading effect

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Multi path Fading

2, Ref,wave

1
Direct θ1
Wave
θ2

constructive θ1= θ2
Rx Level

destructive
Time

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Types of Diversity

• Frequency Diversity
• Space Diversity
– Used in GSM
– Gain advantage 3 to 4 dB
– Space required for 2 antennae
• Polarization Diversity
– Used in GSM, Especially in Dense Urban
– Gain advantage up to 7 dB
– One Dual pol antenna, Less space / cost

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Frequency Diversity
• At any given time two frequencies will not
experience same amount of fading
– Two frequencies are transmitted
– Two receivers are used
– Each receiver is tuned to single frequency
– The Best signal is selected

F1 F2
Tx1 Tx2 Rx1 Rx2

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Space Diversity
• At any given time two Paths will not
experience same amount of fading
– Same Signal is received by two antennae
placed at different positions
– Two receivers are tuned to same frequency
– Best signal is selected

F1
F1
Rx1 Rx2
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Polarization Diversity
+/- 45 X-Pol Ant

Rx1 Rx2

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Polarization Diversity
• This is latest technology used in GSM
– Advantages can be achieved only in dense
urban area, where received end polarization is
almost random due to diffraction caused by
building edges
– One X-Pol antenna is used instead of two
antennae compared to space diversity
– Biggest advantage is minimum space required,
which is most critical especially for sites on
top of buildings

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