• FIRST AID

• Is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes
self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.

• Roles and responsibilities of the first aider:

• Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.

• Ensure safety of him/herself and that of bystanders.

• Gain access to the victim.

• Determine any threats to patient’s life.

• Summon advanced medical care as needed.

• Provide needed care for the patient.

• Assist advanced personnel.

• Record all finding and care given to the patient.

• Objectives of First Aid

• To alleviate suffering.

• To prevent added/further injury or danger

• To prolong life.

• Characteristics of a Good First Aider

• Gentle. Should not cause pain.

• Resourceful. Should make the best use of things at hand.

• Observant. Should notice all signs.

• Tactful. Should not alarm the victim

• Empathetic. Should be comforting.

• Respectable. Should maintain a professional & caring attitude.

• Hindrances in Giving First Aid

• Unfavorable surroundings

• The presence of crowds

 • Pressure from victim or relatives

• Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

• Precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of exposure from any other type of
bodily substance.

• Basic Precautions and Practices

• Personal hygiene

• Personal Protective equipment

• Equipment cleaning and disinfecting

• Emergency Action Principles

– Survey the Scene

– Activate Medical Assistance

– Primary survey of the patient

– Secondary survey of the patient

• Patient/Casualty Handling

Emergency rescue is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to a place of safety

• Indications for Emergency rescue:

– Danger of fire or explosion

– Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of oxygen

– Serious traffic hazards

– Risk of drowning

– Danger of electrocution.

– Danger of collapsing walls.

• Methods of Rescue

– For immediate rescue without any assistance, drag or pull the victim.

– Most of the one-man drags/carries and other transfer methods can used as methods of
rescue.
 Transfer Method is moving a patient from one place to another after giving first aid.

• Factors to be considered in the selection or choosing the transfer method:

– Nature and severity of the injury

– Size of the victim

– Physical capabilities of the first aider

– Number of personnel and equipment available

– Nature of evacuation route

– Distance to be covered

– Sex of the victims. (last consideration)

• Pointers to be observed during transfer:

– Victim’s airway must be maintained open.

– Hemorrhage is controlled.

– Victim is safety maintained in the correct position.

– Regular check of the victim’s condition is made.

– Supporting bandages and dressing remain effectively applied.

– The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and is speedy as circumstances permit.

– The patient’s body is moved as one unit.

– The taller first aider stay at the head side of the victim.

LIFTS AND CARRIES

ONE RESCUER

• ANKLE PULL

– 1. Grasp the victim by both ankles or pant cuffs.

– 2. Pull with your legs, not your back.

– 3. Keep your back as straight as possible.

– 4. Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as

– possible.
 – 5. Keep aware that the head is unsupported and

may bounce over bumps and surface imperfections.

• SHOULDER PULL

– 1. Grasp the victim by the clothing under the

– shoulders.

– 2. Keep your arms on both sides of the head.

– 3. Support the head.

– 4. Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible.

• BLANKET PULL

– 1. Place the victim on the blanket by using the "logroll" or the three-person lift.

– 2. The victim is placed with the head approx. 2 ft. from one corner of the blanket.

– 3. Wrap the blanket corners around the victim.

– 4. Keep your back as straight as possible.

– 5. Use your legs, not your back.

– 6. Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible.

• ONE-PERSON LIFT

– This only works with a child or a very light person.

– 1. Place your arms under the victim's knees and around their back.

• FIREFIGHTER CARRY

– 1. The victim is carried over one shoulder.

– 2. The rescuer's arm, on the side that the victim is being carried, is wrapped across the
victim's legs and grasps the victim's opposite arm.

• PACK-STRAP CARRY

– 1. Place both the victim's arms over your shoulders.

– 2. Cross the victim's arms, grasping the victim‘s opposite wrist.

– 3. Pull the arms close to your chest.

 – 4. Squat slightly and drive your hips into the victim while bending slightly at the waist.

– 5. Balance the load on your hips and support the victim with your legs.

LIFTS AND CARRIES

TWO RESCUERS

• HUMAN CRUTCH/ TWO-PERSON DRAG

– Start with the victim on the ground.

– Both rescuers stand on either side of the

– victim's chest.

– The rescuer's hand nearest the feet grabs the victim's wrist on their side of the victim.

– The rescuer's other hand grasps the clothing of the shoulder nearest them.

– Pulling and lifting the victim's arms, the rescuers bring the victim into a sitting position.

– The conscious victim will then stand with rescuer assistance.

– The rescuers place their hands around the victim's waist.

– For the unconscious victim, the rescuers will grasp the belt or waistband of the victim's
clothing.

– The rescuers will then squat down.

– Place the victim's arms over their shoulders so that they end up facing the same
direction as the victim.

– Then, using their legs, they stand with the victim.

– The rescuers then move out, dragging the victim's legs behind.

Four-handed seat

– 1. Position the hands as indicted in the graphic.

– 2. Lower the seat and allow the victim to sit.

– 3. Lower the seat using your legs, not your back.

– 4. When the victim is in place, stand using your

– legs, keeping your back straight.

TWO-HANDED SEAT

– 1. Pick up the victim by having both rescuers squat

– down on either side if the victim.

– 2. Reach under the victim's shoulders and under

– their knees.

– 3. Grasp the other rescuer's wrists.

– 4. From the squat, with good lifting technique,

– stand.

– 5. Walk in the direction that the victim is facing.

Chair carry

– Pick the victim up and place them or have them

– sit in a chair. 2. The rescuer at the head grasps the chair from the sides of the back, palms in.
– The rescuer at the head then tilts the chair back
– onto its rear legs. 4. For short distances or stairwells, The second rescuer should face in and
grasp the chair legs.
– 5. For longer distances, the second rescuer should
– separate the victim's legs, back into the chair
– and, on the command of the rescuer at the
– head, both rescuers stand using their legs.

Improvised stretcher

– While the first rescuer is grasping the litter poles, the second rescuer pulls the shirt off the
– head of rescuer one.
– All buttons should be buttoned with the possible exception of the collar and cuffs.
– The rescuers then reverse the procedure and switch sides.

Blanket stretcher

– 1. Place the blanket down on the ground.

– 2. Place one pole approx. 1 foot from the middle of

– the blanket.

– 3. Fold the short end of the blanket over the first

– pole.
 – 4. Place the second pole approx. 2 feet from the

– first (this distance may vary with victim or

– blanket size).

– 5. Fold both halves of the blanket over the second pole.

THREE OR MORE RESCUERS

HAMMOCK CARRY

1. Reach under the victim and grasp one wrist on

the opposite rescuer.

2. The rescuers on the ends will only be able to

grasp one wrist on the opposite rescuer.

3. The rescuers with only one wrist grasped will use

their free hands to support the victim's head and

feet/legs.

4. The rescuers will then squat and lift the victim

on the command of the person nearest the head,

remembering to use proper lifting techniques.

THREE-PERSON CARRY
OR STRETCHER LIFT

1. Each person kneels on the knee nearest the

victim's feet.

2. On the command of the person at the head, the

rescuers lift the victim up and rest the victim on

their knees.

If the patient is being placed on a low stretcher or litter basket:

On the command of the person at the head, the

patient is placed down on the litter/stretcher.

If the victim is to be placed on a high gurney/bed or to be carried:

At this point, the rescuers will rotate the victim

so that the victim is facing the rescuers, resting

against the rescuers' chests.

3. On the command of the person at the head, all

the rescuers will stand.

4. To walk, all rescuers will start out on the same

foot, walking in a line abreast..

• Factors to be considered in the selection or choosing the transfer method:

– Nature and severity of the injury

– Size of the victim

– Physical capabilities of the first aider

– Number of personnel and equipment available

– Nature of evacuation route

– Distance to be covered

– Sex of the victims. (last consideration)

• Pointers to be observed during transfer:

– Victim’s airway must be maintained open.

– Hemorrhage is controlled.

– Victim is safety maintained in the correct position.

– Regular check of the victim’s condition is made.

– Supporting bandages and dressing remain effectively applied.

– The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and is speedy as circumstances permit.

– The patient’s body is moved as one unit.

– The taller first aider stay at the head side of the victim.
 • CODE MANAGEMENT: organization and

direction of resuscitation

– Primary Survey: identify any patient problem that poses an immediate or potential
threat to life.

• Compression

• Airway

• Breathing

• Defibrillate

– Secondary Survey: identify any other life threatening problems that the patient may be
experiencing.

• History and vital signs measurement

• Focused physical assessment

• Pain assessment

SEVERE BLEEDING

• 1. Apply pressure to the wound

– remove or cut casualty's clothing to expose wound

– apply direct pressure over wound-instruct casualty to do this if possible

– if casualty is unable to apply pressure, apply pressure using a pad or your hands (use
gloves if available)

– squeeze the wound edges together if possible

• 2. Raise and support injured part

– lie casualty down

– raise injured part above level of heart

– handle gently if you suspect a fracture

• 3. Bandage wound

– apply a pad over the wound if not already in place

– secure with bandage-ensure pad remains over wound

 – if bleeding is still not controlled, leave initial pad in place and apply a second pad -
secure with bandage

– if bleeding continues, replace second pad and bandage

• 4. Check circulation below wound

• 5. If severe bleeding persists, give nothing by mouth-and call for medical assistance
6. Treat for shock.

Nose bleed

• Sit casualty up with head slightly forward,

• Pinch soft part of nostrils below the bridge of nose to at least 10 minutes.

• Loosen tight clothing around neck and place cold wet towels (or ice wrapped in wet cloth) on
the neck and forehead.

• If bleeding persists, seek medical aid.

FRACTURES & DISLOCATIONS

• 1. Follow DRABC.

• 2. Control any bleeding and cover any wounds.

• 3. Check for fractures: open, closed or complicated.

• 4. Ask casualty not to move injured part.

5. Immobilize fracture:

– Use broad bandages (where possible) to prevent movement at joints above and below
the fracture.

– Support the limb, carefully passing bandages under the natural hollows of the body.

– Place a padded splint along the injured limb (under leg for fractured kneecap).

– Place padding between the splint and the natural contours of the body
and secure tightly.

– Check that bandages are not too tight (or too loose) every 15 minutes.

– 6. For leg fracture, immobilize foot and ankle

– 7. Watch for signs of loss of circulation to foot or hand.

 – 8. Call for medical assistance.

SPRAINS AND STRAINS

1. Follow DRABC

2. Follow RICE management plan

R-rest

I-ice

C-compression

E-elevation

3. Seek medical aid

HEAD INJURY

• 1. Monitor breathing and pulse:

– Casualty unconscious, follow DRABCD.

– Keep casualty's airway open with fingers (if face badly injured).

• 2. Support head and neck:

– Support casualty's head and neck during movement in case the spine is injured.

3. Control bleeding:

– Place a sterile pad or dressing over wound

– Apply direct pressure to wound unless you suspect a skull fracture

– If blood or fluid comes from ear, secure a sterile dressing lightly in place and allow to
drain.

4. Lie casualty down:

– Place casualty in comfortable position with head and shoulders slightly raised

– Be prepared to turn casualty onto side if they vomit

– Clear the airway quickly after vomiting.

5. Call for medical assistance.

EYE INJURY
 • 1. Support casualty's head

– Support casualty's head to keep it as still as possible

– Ask casualty to try not to move eyes.

• 2. Flush eye with cool, flowing water

– If chemical or heat burn, or smoke in eyes, flush with water.

• 3. Place dressing over eye

– Place a sterile pad or dressing over injured eye

– Ask casualty to hold this in place

– Bandage dressing in place, covering injured eye

– If penetrating eye injury, lie casualty on back, place pad around object and bandage in
place.

• 4. Call for medical assistance.

INFANTILE CONVULSIONS

• 1. During convulsions

– Place child on floor for safety

– Turn child on side

– Do not restrain child

• 2. After convulsions

– Follow DRABC

– Remove excessive clothing or wrapping

– Seek medical aid

EPILEPTIC SEIZURES

• 1. Check for signs of life

– Follow DRABC

• 2. Protect the casualty

– Protect from injury

– Do not restrict movement

– Do not place anything in mouth