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AC Machine Lecture No5

This document provides an overview of single phase induction motors. It discusses the torque-slip characteristics and starting methods, including split-phase, capacitor, and shaded-pole motors. The document contains lectures from Mohammed D. Ali on topics such as the double revolving field theory, torque-slip curves, and the operating principles of different starting methods for single phase induction motors.

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Mohammed Dyhia Ali
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59 views

AC Machine Lecture No5

This document provides an overview of single phase induction motors. It discusses the torque-slip characteristics and starting methods, including split-phase, capacitor, and shaded-pole motors. The document contains lectures from Mohammed D. Ali on topics such as the double revolving field theory, torque-slip curves, and the operating principles of different starting methods for single phase induction motors.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Dyhia Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC Electrical Machines

Single Phase Induction Motors


Lecture No. 5
A.L. Mohammed Dyhia Ali
2017-2018

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Lecture Topics
• Torque-slip characteristics of single phase
induction motor.
• Starting of single phase induction motor.
• Split- phase, and capacitor motor.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Types of Induction Motor

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Single Phase Induction Motor
• The single-phase induction machine is the most
frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing
machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps,
and so forth.
• The single-phase motor stator has a laminated
iron core with two windings arranged
perpendicularly.
• One is the main and the other is the auxiliary
winding or starting winding.
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Single Phase Induction Motor
Stationary Part

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Single Phase Induction Motor
• This “single-phase” motors are truly two
phase machines.
• The motor uses a squirrel cage rotor, which
has a laminated iron core with slots.
•Aluminum bars are
molded on the slots
and short-circuited
at both ends with a
ring. Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Single Phase Induction Motor
Squirrel cage rotor

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Single Phase Induction Motor
Operating Principle
• The single-phase induction motor operation
can be described by two methods:
– Double revolving field theory.
– Cross-field theory.
• Double revolving theory is perhaps the
easier of the two explanations to understand.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Single Phase Induction Motor
Double Revolving Field Theory
• A single-phase ac current supplies the main
winding that produces a pulsating magnetic
field.
• An alternating uni-axial quantity can be
represented by two oppositely-rotating
vectors of half magnitude.
• each half flux rotating at synchronous
speed (Ns = 120f/P) in opposite direction
to each other.
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Single Phase Induction Motor
Double Revolving Field Theory

alternating flux have a maximum value of Φm. Its component


fluxes A and B will each be equal to Φm/2 revolving in
anticlockwise and clockwise directions
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College respectively.
Single Phase Induction Motor
speed Rotating Magnetic Field
RPM at 60 Hz
Stator Poles RPM
2 3600
4 1800
6 1200
8 900

• To calculate the speed of a rotating magnetic


field: Speed = (120 x frequency) / poles.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Torque Slip Characteristics
of single phase induction motor
• The interaction between the fields and the
current induced in the rotor bars
generates opposing torque.
• Under these conditions, with only the main field
energized the motor will not start.

However, if an external
torque moves the motor in
any direction, the motor will
begin to rotate.
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Torque Slip Characteristics
of single phase induction motor
• The pulsating filed is divided a forward and
reverse rotating field
• Motor is started in the direction of forward
rotating field this generates small positive
slip about (5%).

• Reverse rotating field generates a larger


negative slip about (1.95%) .
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Torque Slip Characteristics
of single phase induction motor
• Each of the two component fluxes, while
revolving round the stator, cuts the rotor,
induces an e.m.f. and this produces its own
torque.
• the two torques (called forward and backward
torques) are oppositely-directed, so that the
net or resultant torques is equal to their
difference.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Torque Slip Characteristics
of single phase induction motor

•At standstill, s = 1, and


(2 − s) = 1.
•Tf and Tb are numerically
equal but, being oppositely
directed, produce no
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
resultant torque
Starting of Single Phase Induction Motor

• The single-phase motor starting torque is


zero because of the pulsating single-phase
magnetic flux.
• There are many methods to start single phase
induction motors such as:
Split-phase method.
Capacitor method.
Shaded-pole method.
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of Single Phase Induction Motor
Split-Phase Motors
• Two perpendicular coils that have currents 90°
out of-phase can generate the necessary
rotating magnetic fields which start the motor.
• Therefore, single-phase motors are built with
two perpendicular windings.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Split-Phase Motors
• The phase shift is achieved by connecting:
– a resistance
– an inductance
– a capacitance
in series with the starting winding.
• Most frequently used is a capacitor to
generate the starting torque.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Capacitor Split-Phase Motors
• When the motor reaches the operating speed, a
centrifugal switch turns off the starting winding.
• The centrifugal switch is necessary because most
motors use a cheap electrolytic capacitor that
can only carry ac current for a short period.
• A properly selected
capacitor produces around
90° phase shift and large
starting torque.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Capacitor Split-Phase Motors

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Resistor Split-Phase Motors

• The phase angle between the two currents is


(90°−φa ), which should be at least 30°.
• This results in a small amount of starting torque.
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Capacitor Motors
• In this motor two capacitors ( Cs for starting,
and Cr for running), are used.
• Cs is rated for intermittent duty, being used
only for starting. A centrifugal switch is also
needed here.
• Cr is to be
rated for
continuous duty,
as it is used for
running. Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Capacitor Motors
• The phase difference between the two
currents is ( φa+φm> 90°) in the starting case,
and in running case.
• By using two capacitors, the
performance of the motor
improves both at starting and
running.
 the motor is a balanced two
phase [the two windings having
same number of turns].
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Capacitor Motors
 only the forward rotating field is present, and
there is no backward rotating field exists.
 The efficiency of the motor is higher.
 High PF at both starting and running cases.

 High starting
torque.
 Increase max.
torque.
 Quite operation.
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Permanent Capacitor Motors
• The operation is quiet and smooth.
• This motor is used in applications, such as
ceiling fans, air circulator, blower.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Starting of single Phase Induction Motor
Shaded Pole Motors

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Single Phase Induction Motor

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College

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