Research I Reviewer

Made by: Vincent Dudas

I. 18 KINDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH

 According to Purpose

1. Prognostic Research

- aims to predict the future outcome

NCAE GWA

89 Predictor – Variable that aims to predict

95

96

97

98
?
2. Directive Research
Criterion – Variable to be predicted

- aims to provide solutions to the unsatisfactory condition based from the findings

3. Illuminative Research

- only one variable is involved

- aims to study the interactions of the components

educators curriculum

students

 According to Goal
1. Basic Research
- aims to develop theories, principles, and laws.
- aims to obtain knowledge
 2. Applied Research

- Application of the results of basic research

Charles Law Hot Air Balloon

 According to Levels of Investigation

1. Exploratory Research

- aims to answer a simple question

- contains only one variable

2. Descriptive Research

- aims to show the strong relationship of the variables

3. Experimental Research

- studies the cause and effect of the variables

- the only kind of research where the researchers can manipulate the variables.

 According to Type of Analysis

1. Analytical Research

- starts from broad to specific (deductive approach)

Attitude

Hobbies Lovelife

Factors
affecting
Acad
Financial Performance
IQ
Status

Health Family
 2. Holistic Research
- starts from specific to broad (inductive approach)

 According to Scope
1. Action Research
- aims to focus on the existing problem
- Action Research = Directive Research Conducted in a longer period
of time
Conducted in a very short
period of time

 According to Choices of Answers to Problems

1. Evaluation Research
- aims to give judgment to determine the most effective method.
- possible courses are specified and identified.

2. Developmental Research
- aims to create something
- Developmental Research = Applied Research
- focuses on finding or developing a more suitable instrument or process that has been
available.

 According to Statistical Content

1. Quantitative Research
- expressed in numbers
- contains measurements and measurable variables
- focuses on units and magnitude

30°C
Magnitude Units
2. Qualitative Research
- usually expressed in words and contains descriptions
i. Narrative Research
- personal stories of an individual
- surveys, interviews, artifacts (portfolio, diaries)
- weakness: the privacy of an Individual can be invaded
- you must earn first the person’s trust to conduct this study
ii. Ethnographic Research
- features the culture of a certain place
  According to Time Element
1. Historical Research
- Past
- answers the question “What was?”

2. Descriptive Research
- Present
- answers the question “What is?”

3. Experimental Research
- Future
- answers the question “What will be?”

According to Purpose According to Goal According to Level of Investigation According to Scope

Prognostic Basic Exploratory Action
Directive Applied Descriptive
Illuminative Experimental

According to Type of Analysis According to Time Element According to Statistical Content

Analytical Historical Quantitative
Holistic Descriptive Qualitative
Experimental

According to Choices of Answers to Problems

Evaluation
Developmental

II. TYPES OF RESEARCH

 According to Source of Information

Differences:

Attributes Primary Secondary

Data collected from
Source Primary Source someone who had got it
from some source
Cost Expensive Not Expensive
Time taken to conduct Long period of time Shorter period of time
Good Quality;
Results Gathered Better Quality; Detailed
Summarized
Done with lots of hard
Varied data;
Presentation work and dedication;
Heterogenous data
Homogenous data

Similarities: They share a common goal; to provide answers to questions.

III. RESEARCH PROCESSES (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

- It is the step-by-step procedures that must be followed

 Identifying a research problem

 Gathering basic info and preliminary data
 Formulating Hypothesis
 Preparing a research design
 Gathering data
 Organizing and interpreting data
 Drawing Conclusion
 Giving Recommendation

1. Identifying a Research Problem

Typhoid Fever (Diarrhea, Fever, Headache) is caused by S. typhi

2. Gathering Basic Info and Preliminary Data

- utilizes RRL

Nicotine can kill bacteria and humans ((lol))

Alkaloid is a nitrogenous compound. An example of an alkaloid is nicotine.

Eagle Fern is rich in alkaloids (nicotine)

3. Formulating Hypothesis

Eagle Fern has the potential to kill S. typhi

4. Preparing a Research Design

A plan of the experiment

Teacher : Lesson Plan Engineer : Blueprint Researcher : Research Design

Treatments Experimental Group – with IV

A 25% Eagle Fern Control Group – without IV

75% Distilled Water
50% Eagle Fern a. Positive Control Group
B
50% Distilled Water
b. Negative Control Group
C 75% Eagle Fern
25% Distilled Water
D 100% Eagle Fern

E CAD

F Distilled Water
5. Gathering Data

- Interview from professionals

Authoritative Data
- Literary Sources

- Formulate Conclusions – Logical Data

- Based from observation and/or experimentation – Empirical Data

6. Organizing and Interpreting Data

Organized – presenting data in tabular or graphical form

Table 1
Zone of Inhibiion of S. typhi
using Eagle Fern (mm)

Trials
Setups X
1 2 3
A 14 15 16 15
B 19 20 21 20
C 24 25 26 25
D 29 30 31 30
E 30 31 31 31
F 0 0 0 0

Table 1 shows the zone of inhibition of S. typhi using Eagle Fern. The table shows that
setups A, B, C, D, E, and F have the average values of 15mm, 20mm, 25mm, 30mm, 31mm,
and 0mm respectively. As the percentage of the Eagle Fern extract increases, the average zone
of inhibition also increases. It means that eagle fern is an effective anti-bacterial agent.

Paragraph 1

1. Title of the table

2. Analysis – comparison of 2 or more variables

3. Interpretation – Relationship of 2 or more variables.

The findings mentioned above is similar to the results of McConell (2017) who stated
that alkaloid can kill bacteria leading to such diseases.

Paragraph 2 – RRL – enhances the reliability and validity of the results

7. Drawing Conclusion

Without interpretation, Conclusions cannot be drawn

8. Recommendation

Suggestions

 Test the effectiveness of Eagle Fern to other bacteria that causes such diseases
 Use other species of plants that are rich in alkaloids
 Use other parts of the fern such as stem and roots
 Use other chemical substances that can potentially kill S. typhi
 Add more measurable variables

IV. THE PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Steps:

 State the hypothesis being tested

 Name the independent variable/s and dependent variable/s
 Identify:
a. Treatments done in the study
b. Constants
c. Experimental Unit
 List the Experimental Group and Control Group in each treatment

Example

An experiment was conducted to determine the conditions under which a plant grows
best. It was expected that plants which were given plant food in the water, and received sunlight
for longer period of time grow taller.

Four big wooden boxes measuring 1m x 4m each were prepared with equal and the same
kind of loam soil. Each box was planted with 10 pea seedlings. Two boxes were prepared for 12
hours per day-light exposure, one of which receives water plus plant food while the other
receives water only. The other two boxes were set to receive 6 hours per day of sunlight, whose
one box have to receive plant food in the water while the other receives water only.

1. Hypothesis

It was expected that plants which were given plant food in the water, and received sunlight for
longer period of time grow taller.

 If the plant were given plant food in water and received sunlight for longer period of
time, then the plant will grow taller.

If + Independent Variable + Then + Dependent Variable

Variables that are manipulated Variables that are being affected by IV

Manipulation: Presence/Absence of
something, Variation of amount of
something
2. Independent variable: Plant food and Sunlight

Dependent variable: Plant height

3. a. Treatments

Guidelines – Identify the No. of Setups then Specify the Independent variable/s

Setups Amount of Sunlight Plant Food

A 12 hours 
B 12 hours X
C 6 hours 
D 6 hours X

b. Constants

- Materials that do not change

- Materials that are kept the same

i. Loam (Kind of Soil) iv. Type of Box

ii. Box size v. Kind of Seedlings

iii. No. of pea seedlings vi. Amount of Soil

c. Experimental Unit

- subject of the experiment (respondents, participants, subject)

 Pea Seedlings

4. Experimental Group: Setups A, C, and D

Control Group: Setup B

- Usual thing
- Common thing
- Exposed to ordinary conditions
- Basis of Comparison
- Does not contain IV

Explanations

Setups Amount of Sunlight Plant Food

A 12 hours 
B 12 hours X
C 6 hours 
D 6 hours X
The experiment is conducted in Summer, so tanggal na agad yung setups C at D kasi dapat 12
hours.

The control group must not include the IV, so tanggal na si A kasi meron siyang plant food.

So that leaves us to Setup B. LOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOL