IEBE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. IS. NO.

I , FEBRUARY 2UUO 433

Optimal Planning of Large Passive-Harmonic-Filters

Set at High Voltage Level
Chih-Ju Chou, Chih-Wen Lio, Membe,: ZEEE, June-Yawn Lee, and Kune-Da Lee

Abstract-This paper proposes the optimal planning of however, the filter set at low voltage level needs tremendous in-
large passive-harmonic-filters set at high voltage level based on vestment cost and space occupation, so that the filter set at high
multi-type and multi-set of filters, froin which, the types, set voltage lcvcl is the preferable choice in large consumers. On
numbers, capacities and the important paramcters of filters are
well determined to satisfy the requirements of harmonic filtcriiig the other hand, the source impedance of high voltage system is
and power factor. Four types of filters, namely single-tuned usually very low and varies complicalely. The planning of fil-
filter, second-order, third-order and C-type damped filters are ters is critical to the performances of filters, and usually single
selected for the planning. Firstly, the characteristics of filters are type o i filter is difficult to meet the requirement of harmonic
analyzed. The cost function and the constraints of filters and filtering at high voltage system with complex harmonic situa-
system are constructed for fnrmuhiting the optimization problem
of the planning of filters. Secondly, the simulated-annealing (SA) tions. This paper proposes the optimal planning of large-pas-
algorithm for searching optimal solution of plaiining of filters is sive-harmonic-filters based on multi-type and multi-set of fil-
developed. Finally, three cases of filter planning arc prcseiited to ters and considers the source impedance variation, harmonic
show that the superiority and availability of the SA algorithm and filtering requirements and the improvement of power factor, si-
proposed planning results of filters. multaneously.
Index Terms-High Voltage, Largc Capacity, Optimal Planning, Many studies related to the planning ofpassivc harmonic fil-
Passive-Harmonic-Filter. ters have been found in the literatures (e.g. [41-[12]). The re-
sults of these studies have contributed to improvement of power
I. INTllODUCTlON factor and harmonic reduction. The compensators and filters
used in thcsc studies are LC tuned type. This paper extends

T HE HARMONIC components of current and voltage

waves in the power system are increasing continuously
due to the growing use of nonlinear loads by consumers.
the planning to other types of filters, i.e. four types of filters
namely single-tuned filter, second-order, third-order, aud C-type
damped filters. In this paper, the planning of filters is formulated
Many studies have shown that harmonics may produce adverse a s an optimization problem with an object (cost) and some con-
effects on power systems, communication systems, and various straint functions. The object and conslraint Stinctions are con-
apparatus [l]-[3]. Now, it is an important issue that consumers stnicted from the viewpoint of practical aspects and filter char-
should reduce their harmonic currents Lo satisfy some criteria of acteristics which will be detailed described in Sections II andIII.
utility and prevent the system and apparatus from the damage To approach the optimal solulioii of lhc planning of filters, the
by harmonics. Various methods can be applied to reducing the solution searching algorithm based on the siinulated annealing
harmonic currents in consumers, in which the shunt passive (SA) method is developed. The numerical results of case studies
harmonic filters are most often used as low cost devices and give comparisons between the results obtained from SA method
can provide the reactivc power compensation to systems and conventional try-and-error method. From which, the supe-
simultaneously. riority and availability of SA method and proposed planning re-
Before applying the passive harmonic filters, the planning of sults of filters are certified.
filters should be drawn out first, which determines the types,
set numbers, capacities and the important paramcters of filters 11. CllARACTERlSTlCS ANALYSIS OF HARMONIC FKTTRRS
to satisfy the requirements of harmonic filtering and reactive
power compensation (improvement of power factor). The filter A. Descriptions of Filter Structwes and Performances
can be set at high voltage level or low voltage level. In gen- The passive harmonics filters are composed of passive
eral, because most of nonlinear loads are set at low voltage elements: resistor ( E ) , inductor ( L ) and capacitor (C). The
level, and the low voltage system has a high and stable sourcc common types of passive harmonic filter include single-tuned
impedance, thus the performance of harmonic filter set at low and double-tuned filters, second-order, third-order and C-type
voltage level is better than that of high voltage level. When the damped filters. The double-tuned filter is equivalent to two
harmonic filter with large capacity (up to I MVA) is requircd, single-toned filters connected in parallel with each other, so that
only single-tuned filter and other three types of damped filters
Manuscript received November 9, 199X. are presented here. The ideal circuits of the presented four
C.-J. Choo, JLY. Lee, and K.-D. Lee arc with thc Dcparlment of Electrical types of filters are shown in Fig. 1 in which both third-order
Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320, 'Taiwan. and C-type damped filters have two capacitors with one in
C:W, Liu is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National 'Taiwan
University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. series with resistor and inductor, respectively. Two capacitors
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8950(00)01907~6. of third-order damped filler have typical same capacitance

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434 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWRR SYSTELIS. VOL. I S , NO. I. PEORUARY 2000

0 System Source

single-tuned sccand-order third-order C-type

filter damped filter damped filter damped filter
Other Nonlinear Harmnnic
loads load filter
Fig. I, bpical passive hiumonic tiltcrs. (a) System single diagram (b) Harmonic circuit model

(in pF) for simplifying design and unifying stock. The capacitor Fig. 2. Hannonic circuit model of a system with a nonlinear load and a
c! and incluctor L of c - damped ~ filter
~ are~ designed~ to limnonic tilter: (a) system single diagram and (b) liarmonic circuit model.

yield series resonance at fundamental frequency for reducing

the fiindamental power loss. Because single-tuned resonant and harmonic filter, and harmonic voltage at system bus can be
filter only comprises LC components, its investment cost and found as
power loss are lower lhan that of damped filters with same
capacity, and easily to design. However, its performance of
/,(/a) = z f ( h ) 1Q(/1) (1)
harmonic filtering is where general aimed to the harmonics +
Z,(h) Z , ( / l )
with frequency slightly higher than the resonant frequency of
filter. At high Crequency, the single-tuncd filter is inefficient in
harmonic filtering becausc of the impedance of filter increasing
with frequency monotonously. The low frequency harmonics
I,/ ( 1 1 ) =
/71( / I ) + %,? (h,)
I,l(h) (2)

will be magnified by single-timed filter due to the impedancc

of filter becoming capacitive. So the single-tuned filter is only v,( h ) = %f%,(/a)& + %,( h )
(/I) (/1)
IO(I1) (3)
suitable to the svstein with simde harmonic situations, (i.e. not
mauy large harmonics distributed on wide frequency range).
On the othcr hand, the damped filters impedance approaches
current source (in Arms) of hth order harmonic pro-
to thc value of resistance at high frequency, so that they have a
duced by the nonlinear load,
better performance of harmonic filtering at high frequency. The hth order harmonic current (in A,.,,) to system
phenomenon of enlargement of low frequency harmonics will
source,
be mitigated even eliminated by the damped filters with proper /Ith order harmonic current (in A,,,,,) to harmonic
parameters. Hence, thc damped filters are suitable for reducing filter,
complex harmonics, i.e. inany large harmonics distributed on
hth order harmonic voltage (in V,,,) at bus,
wide frequcncy range. Although the above descriptions show
equivalent lith order harmonic impedance (in 52) of
that the damped filters are better than single-tuned filter from
source system,
the viewpoint of harmonic filtering, the damped filters arc
Zf ( h ) cquivalcnl lith order harmonic impedance (in 52) of
usually used in cooperation with tuned filters for reducing harmonic filter,
investment and power loss, in which the tuned filters are used
harmonic order number (multiple of harmonic fre-
for filtering primary harmonics and the damped filters are used
quency, , f l L to fiuidainental frequcncy, f a )
for filtering secondary harmonics.

B. Modeling and Characteristic Parameters of Harmonic

Filters Equations ( I ) and (3) show that the hdrnmonic voltage and cur-
rent to system source can be reduced by the harmonic filter
The previous descriptions imply that the passivc harmonic lil- with proper impedance at harmonic frequency. Thus, to plan
ters can be characterized by thcir impedance variation with frc- a harmonic filter, we must characterize its frequency response
quency. Thc harmonic currents and voltages of a system with a of impedancc. To this work, two parameters namely character-
nonlinear load and a harmonic filter can be analyzed approxi- istic-harmonic-order, / I Q and damped-time-constant-ratio m are
mately by using the model shown in Fig. 2(a). Where the non- defined as follows for single-tuncd and damped filters, respcc-
linear load is modeled as a current source of harmonic, and the tively:
system source and harmonic filter are modeled as impcdance * For single-tuned filter,
elemcnts. The other loads will be ueglccted due to very large
impcdance compared with the impedance of source system and
harmonic filter, Thus, the harmonic currents to system source

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CHOW CI <,I.: OPTIMAL PLANNING OF LARGE PASSIVB-HARMONIC-FILTERS
SET AT HIGH VOLTAGE LEVEL 435

Xc: capacitive reactance (in 6 2 ) of capacitor C at funde- TABLE I

F.xPnEssloNs OF NORMAI.~/.EO-~MPEDANCE
OF HARMONIC
FILTERS
mental frequency,

X L : reactance (in Q ) o f inductor L at fundamental fre-

quency,

x,, z 2 T J b I ' . (7)

* For damped filters,

m i -m'i- ~/i;

Third-order damped filter

where R is resistance (in Q ) of damped filter.

Refer to Fig. 1 , the iiiipedance Z,j (/I.) of four harmonic filters
with respect to harmonic order / I can be derived.
For single-tuned resonant filter,

* For sccond-ordcr damped filter,

* For third-order damped iiller,

Fig.3. Normalized hevmonic impedance o l single-tuned resonan1 filter.

* For C-type diiinped filtcr,

Pig. 4. Nolmalizad liiiriiionic illipedirnce o l sccond-orderdmpcii filter

According to the expressions in Table 1, the frequency

w h c r e j = p. respousc curves of filter impedances with various parameter
To normalize Z i ( h ) with the hase Xc/liti thc noriiialized values are drawn in Figs. 3-6 for the four filters in Fig. I , re-
impedance * j ( h ) of filter is defined a s spectively, where the impedances and harmonic orders are all in
normalized values. The curves are independent of the parameter
h O % , f ( hj
2J(/l)I s ,= k , f ( / l+)j X ) ( / L ) (14) ho except that of C-typc damped filter, Just as the descriptions
above, these figures indicate that the impedance of single-toned
wherc l < j ( h )and,?, ( I , ) are, respectively, the normalized resis- filter increase with harmonic order monotonously, and the
tance and reactance of filter with respect to harmonic order I t . damped filters approach to a resistancc (10 at high harmonic
Substituting (IO)-( 14) and using parameters ( / I , [ , and m)to relate order ( / I > h).In general, the system source impedance is
the R, X r , , and Xc:, we can obtain the normalized-impedance inductivc at high trequency, the damped filters with small pa-
expressions of each filter in Fig. l , which are listed io Table l. rameter, ni possess better performances of harmonic filtering at

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416 1BP.BTIIANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTPIMS, VOL. IS, NO. 1. FEBRUARY 2000

are still preferred for high harmonics because of some factors

such as transient behavior, investment cost and protection
measures of filters.

111. PROBLEM FORMULATION

The problem of the planning of filters is to determine the
types, set number, elements ( R ,L, C) and parameters (m, ho)
of filters to satisfy the requirements of harmonic filtering, power
Normalized harmonicorder i; Normslizod harmanio order
factor improvement and other conditions. Additionally, the costs
of filters are taken into consideration in the planning for con-
Pig. 5. N o r K ” e d harmonic impedeirce of lhiril-order damped filter.
structing the filters with lowest total cost. These are formulated
in an optimization model with a cost function and some con-
straints which include harmonic filtering power factor improve-
ment and other conditions. The constructions of cost function
and constraints are described in the following subsections.

A. Cunstruction ofthe Cost Function

In practice, the cost of a filter comprises four parts: mate-
rials, installation, maintenance, and fundamental power loss.
The sum of former thrce parts costs is called investment cost in
engineering aspect which is usually evaluated from the element
values and the capacity of filter, by a linear combination with
Fig. 6 . Narrnaliccd harminic impedancc of C-type damped lilter.
a weighting coefficient for each element and capacily of filter.
The cost of fundamental power loss is also expressed as in pro-
portion to the loss (in kW) of filter with respect to fundamental
source voltage. The cost of a type of filter with multi-set is larger
than that of with single set due to increases of space occupation,
unit packing and installation. To this point, a set-number-nnilti-
plier larger than 1 is assigned to cach type of filter to multiply
the cost of filter with only one set. This set-number-multiplier is
not only dependent on the set number but also the type of filter,
and should be determined according to engineering judgments.
In summary, the cost function, E of a planning considering four
types of filters is constructed as
4 n,
E = yi [kiHij + h L i j + ksCij + k4Qij + kaP~,,,,ij]
Fig. 7. (a) Normalized fundamenral power losses and (b) reactive p w e r i=l j=1
compensations. (15)
where K,j , Lij , Cij , Q i j , and PI,,,, i j are the resistance (in 12).
inductance (in mH), capacitance (in pF), reactive power ca-
high frequency hecause of inductive impedance (see Figs. 4-6).
pacity (in kVar) and power loss (in kW) of j t h filter of type
Significant amount of fundamental power losses are found in
i, respectively, k1, k z , f i g , k , and k s are cost weighting coeffi-
second-order and third-order damped filter with low parameter,
cients with respective to R, L , C , Q , and Ig,,, rcspectively, yi
h o , [see Fig. 7(a)]. This means that small m and large h0 are
represents the set-number-multiplier of ith type of filter, and n i
preferred for a filter but this is in conflicts with (9) where m. and
is set number of ith type of filter.
/io increase with each other. Consequently, trade-off between
the performance of harmonic filtering and the reduction of B. Construction of Construintv
fundamental power losses are requircd by proper determining
parameters m and /io, of second-order and third-order damped Constraints for planning filters include the requirements of
filters. In addition, Fig. 7(b) indicatcs that both second-order harmonic filtering, power factor improvement and other condi-
and third-order damped filters have similar properties on tions which are derived as follows:
reactive power compensations. To prevent the phenomenon of 1 J Requirements of Harmonic Filtering: The harmonic volt-
derating ‘reactive power compensation from filters with very ages andcuiTents to system are, in general, restricted within the
low ho, we must assign the filters to high harmonics. For those tolerable values (e.g., 1131).For individual harmonic component
low harmonics to be reduced, C-type damped filters are suitable and the total harmonics, the constraints are proposed here with
to use due to no fundamental power loss (in ideal case) and var the following inequality formula,
derating. Although C-type filters are also suitable for filtering
high harmonics, second-order and third-order damped filters

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 SRT AT Ill<Nl V0l:rACli I.BVEI.
CHOU criil.: OFTIMAI. PI.ANNIN<i OF LARGE PASSIVE~HARMONIC-PII.T~RS 437

3) O t k r Conditions:
a ) Inductive Cnnstraint,v: We restrict each filter being
inductive to its corresponding harmonics to be filtered, and
the resultant impedance of all filters must he also inductive to
thosc critical harmonics which may induce harmonic resonant
on systcm. Thus, we havc the following constraint equations:
Xjij(/ik) >O, forallk (24)
V h S j (/$,&) > 0, for all In, (23
the maximuin magnitude of hth order harmonic where
voltage at system bus ( T L ) , [see (2011
X f i j ( / ~ k ) thc reactance o f j t h filter of type i with respect
the maximum magnitude of hth order harmonic to its Pth corresponding harmonic current with
current to system source [see (21)] order h k to be filtered,
the magnitude of fundamental voltage at system the resultant reactance [i.e., reactive part of
X j (/$,&)
bus (K.,,hs).Vi = V3(1), Zf(h*)], of all filters with respect to ni,th crit-
the magnitude of fundamental current in system ical harmonic current with order h:,, .
(&,I,,), 4 = Z(l), b) Element Constraints: Every element value of filter
the maximum distortion factor of hth order har- must be larger than its lower limit for keeping the deviation
monic voltage at system bus, from manufacturc within the tolerance. Thus, we havc the
the maximum distortion factor of hth order har- following constraint equations
monic current to system source,
the upper limits (tolerable values) of a r ~ , ~ ( ( h ) , -R_< R i j , L 5 Lij , C 5 Cil (26)
the upper limits (tolerable values) of orln(h). where &, L, and C are the lower limits with rcspect to the filter
the maximum total harmonic distortion factor of elements of resistor, inductor, and capacitor, respectively.
voltage at system bus,
the maximum total harmonic distortion factor oi IV. THEPROPOSEDPLANNING METHOD
current in system,
To approach the optimal solution of the planning of filters, the
the upper limits (tolerable values) of TlIDv,, ,
solution searching algorithm based 011 the simulated annealing
the upper limits (tolerable values) of '1'11 I ~ I ~ , ~ .
(SA) optimization technique and a perturbation mechanism for
Vat,b(/~)
and I S n b ( h j-are calculated from the following equa-
generatiug a new solution are developed in the following sub-
tions:
sections.

A. Simulated Annealing Optimization Technique and Solution

Algorithm
The SA optimization technique is developed from the con-
I
z,( / I ) = (22) cept of annealing process of crystallization in physical system
1 n,
[14], [ I 51. Procedure of SA is shown in following steps (pseudo
xxm
i=11=1
1
code).
I) Obtain an initial solution S
where Z j i j ( 1 1 ) is the lith order harmonic impedance of j t h filter 2) Attain an initial temperature 'I' > 0
of type i . The notation "Max or' means taking the maximum 3) While not yet frozen do the following
value of its behind formula where Z j ( h ) and 8,( h ) may vary 3.1) Perform the following until b,'1 1ance
due to the deviations of filter elements and system variation. 3.1,I ) Generate a random neighbor .S' from S
2) Power Factor Improvement: The power factor of system 3.1.2) If feasible
should be improvcd in accordance with utility regulations.
3.1.21) Calculate the incremcnt cost
Moreover, high power factor with lagging characteristic is
AC
preferred for preventing over compensation. Thus, the total
AC = cos t(b")-cos t ( S )
reactive powcr from all filters to system must be restricted
3.1.22) If A C 5 0, Let S = S'
within the range as the following equation,
(downhill move)
If A C >
0 then (uphill
move)
where Let S = S' with probability
rxp(-AC/T)
9 the lower limit of total reactive power specified by the
3. I .22) Let ' I ' = a . 3 ' (cooling down), a < 1
- tolerable lowest power factor (kVar),
Q the upper limit of total reactive power specified by thc 4) Return S.
highest lagging power factor for preventing over com- SA is a powerful general purpose optimization technique,
pensation (kVar). i.e., it can be used for any optimization problem to get global

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418 IEEB TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS. VOL. IS. NO. I, FEBRUARY 2000

yA
. { :mwmum
m"um
lac= 19695 A
Isc= 8268A

* ___1
Perform pemtrbatian maehniamto generate new Hannoniccurrent Harmonio voltages Utilily tolermoes
solution s' and oompule the cost Ec11 mrmonir (A) (V)to neutral Cunenia(A) IVolu~e~v)

r-

filtering with single-tuned filters under following regula-

tions:
For high order harmonic band, sccond-order and/or

.
third-order damped filters arc involved.
For low-order harmonic band, the C-type damped
filters are involved.
For thc harmonic band covering low and high or-
ders, C-type, second-order and third-order damped

/
h,
Ourput the optimal solullon S
filtcrs are all possible involvcd.
2 The type and sct number of above filters are selected ran-
domly and with capacity varying discretely.
3 All paramelers (hi,, m) of filters are varied discretely
with step size 0.001.
Fig. 8. Solution algorithm of the planning ol'iiltcrs based on SA.
V. CASE STUDIES
A. System Descriptions and Associated Datu
optimal solution rathcr than local optimal solution by other
greedy searching tcchniques 1141, [ I S ] . Thc solution algorithm A 11.4 kV, 60 Hz system with harmonic sourcc shown in
based on SA for the planning o l filters is shown in Fig. 8. The Fig. 9 is lo be studied will1 threc casts of the planning of har-
perturbation mechanism for generating a ncw feasible solution monic filters, whcrc the harmonic current and voltage dislri-
is illustrated in the following snh::;. ..~.... butions without filter&with respcct to three cases are listed in
Table 11. The utility harmonic tolerances of each case are also
listed in Table 11, in which the tolerances of each harmonic com-
R. Perturl~otioiiMechanism in SA ,for Generating CL New ponent and total harmonic distortions (THD's) are based on
so .UiiOIl ANSliIEEE Std. 519-1992 1131. The table shows that the cur-
rent THD's of cases l and 2 and voltage THD's of both cases 2
According to the results of characteristics analysis of har- and 3 excccd the tolerances. In addition, the second-order har-
monic filters "1 Section 11, the filters to be selected in the plan- monic current and fifth-ordcr harmonic voltage in case 2, and
niug should i-illow the Follor :rules: the fifth, 171h, and 19th order harmonic vollages i n cdsc 3 also
1 ) The single-tuiird fill .IS shoii' I be first selected, and if exceed the tolcrances. The load demands (limdamental power)
not feasible, Llii '.;mped filters arc involvctl in harmonic orcase I is 14590kW withlaggingpowerfactor0.892,andboth

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CClOU $,,,,I,: OPTIMAI. PLANNING OF I.ARG[: SKr AT HIGH VOLTAGE LEVEI.
PASSIVII-HARMONIC~TILr~l~S 439

7ABLE Ill TABLE V

C O S T WEl1;lIUNG COEFFlClCNTS A N 0 SET~NlIMnER-MULTIPllhRS HARMONIC CURRENT AND VOLTAOE DISTIUBUTIONS WII'H FILTRRS
AND
COMPARISONS W I I H UI'ILITY TOI.BRANCRS

TABLE IV
Pl.ANNlNO RFSU1:IS OF FILTERS BY SA M W H O D

1-1 Casel

C-2

case3
mi1 singk-luoed
tiller I
single-bed
filter 2
single-hmed

%p
filler

single-tuned
tiller
15.37

16.45
20.27
Parameter: h, 4 . 7 5
29.61
Parameter. h. =1 I(

Parameter: h, 4 . 7 5
302.4

Pmeters: h, -0.338 I 4.010

3.67 10542
Parameter: ha -4.30
857.0
14815
546

5429

4466 -
1
SA-melhd

15.38 20.27 1039

Parameter: h. 4 . 7 5

16.45 29.61 1558

190.6

264.4
Canvantional (Vy-md.amr mahod)

c(uR P(kV*n) (b~I(pu)Lo W f l Q(kVAR) CmI(pu)

8.86 35.2 1805 277.5

Parameter: ho 4 . 7 5

32.3 15.0 793 206.5

P m ~ t e r : ha -3.8 Parameter: h. -3.8

It is noted that the case 1 has simple harmonic spectrum with

cases 2 and 3 20000 kW with lagging power factor 0.65. The fifth-order harmonic current to be filtered. TWO single-tuned
utility system short circuit current may vary from 8268 to 19 695 filters are capable to filter harmonic and compensate reactive
A with assumptions of pure reactive and freqnency independent
inductance. The cost weighting-coefficients ( k ,
set-number-multipliers ( X I - h)and the
A,) in the cost function (15) are
- power. Although we aim to fifth-order harmonic current,
the enlargement of fourth-order harmonic current should be
suppressed by a fourth-order filter to satisfy utility criterion.
listed in Table 111, in which thc type nninbers I , 2, 3 and 4 are, In case 2, a low (second)-order harmonic current should be
respectively, thc type numbers of single-toned, second-order, filtered. In this case the single-tuned filter is used for filtering
third-ordcr, and C-type damped filters. All elements ( E , I,,C ) fifth-order harmonic current but enlarge the second-order
of filters are assumed having *3% deviation, and the minimum harmonic current. If another single-tuned filter is used for
element values are: 2 = 0.01 Q , = 0.01 mH, = 0.01 pF. filtering sccond-order harmonic current, the system will be
The planning of the filters of each case must satisfy the require- over compensated. Thus, the program approach to a C-type
ments of utility criterion of harmonic tolerances and the powct damped filter. Case 3 also has only a fifth-order harmonic
factor improvement between lagging 0.95 and 0.99. The funda- cnrrent to be filtered but its high order (17th and 19th orders)
mental freqnency variation is assumed from 59-61 Hz. harmonic voltages should be suppressed. A single-tuned
filter and a third-order damped-filter are selected for filtering
B. Numerical Results and Comparisons fifth-order harmonic current and high-order harmonic voltages
The planning results of filters ofthe three cases by SA method larger than order 11, respectively, but the low order harmonic
are shown in Table IV. Tablc V shows the harmonic distributions enlargements are inevitable, so that a C-type damped filter
with filters, in which all harmonic components and THD's of is necessary to suppress second., third-, and fourth-orders of
voltage and currenl are within the utility tolerances. The power harmonics currents within utility tolerances. The third-order
factors of thc three cases are all improved to 0.95 (lagging). dainpcd filter may be substituted by the second-order damped
The comparisons betwcen SAmethod and convcntioual try-and- filter if the cost-weighting coefficient IC6 is defined smaller
error method on the planning results of single-tuned filters of than 0.1 (pu/kw). The spectrums of the normalized resultant
case 1 are shown in Table VI. The total cost by SA method is impedance maguitnde seen from harmonic source based on
less than by conventional try-and-error method mainly due to system impedance magnitude for three cases are shown in
different capacities allocations to two filter sets. Fig. 10, froin which no resonant point (frequency with infinite

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440 IH3ETRANSACTIONS ON POWEll SYSTEMS, VOL. 15, NO I, PIlnRUARY 2000

parallel manner to fit high voltage and high current re-

-- -
1
quircments. Whcrc the performances of protection de-
7(13.69)
t
-- oasel
vices of each unit should be considered, e.g., the protec-
i - _ - case2
tion performances of the internal fuses of capacitor units
-.--... case3 are very concerned to determine the serics and parallel
number, and voltage and current rating of capacitor units.
ii) To determine the protection scheme and coordination set-
ting list for the protection of wholc iiltcrs, thc systcm load
variation, operation schedule and proccdure of filters, in-
terlock relationships and relay characteristics should be
taken into consideration.

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ordcr about greater than 4 and to improve the power factor. But
it is also necessary to use C-type dampcd filters to suppress low
order (about small than 4) harmonic distributions over tolerance,
and to use second-order or third-order damped filters for fil-
tering complex high order harmonic distributions.
Chih-Ju Chou was horn in Taiwan in 1958. He
rceceived the M.S. degree in electrical engineering
VI[. FLJRTIIER STUDIES liom National Taiwan liistiliile or Tcchnology in
1986 and the PhD. degree in electric4 engiwering
The works of the planning of filters are the foundation for the h a m National Taiwan University in 1994. Since
1992, he has been with Chung Yuan Chrislian
following further studies: University in Taiwan, whcrc hc is an Associate
i) To determine the commercial specifications of the units of Prafcssor of electrical engineering. His research
interests include grounding system analysis. powcr
filter elements ( E , I , , C). A filter element may be com- system fault analysis and protection, harmunic
posed of many units with small rating in series andlor miitid and filter design.

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ClIOU et 01.: OPTIMAL P1,ANNINL' OP LARGE ~ASSIVE-IIARMONIC-)lLTERS SRI AT HlGll VOLTAGE 1,EVBL 44 I

Chili-Wen Llu (M) uws born in Taiwan, i n 1964. Junc.Ynwn I.cc was born i n 'Isiwan i n 1973. He reccivcd the B.S. degree i n
He received the B.S. degree i n eleclricnl enginccring eleCtriCa1 enginecriog from Niilioiial Yunlin University of Scicncc find Tech-
Irom National Taiwan University i n 1987 and the nology i n 1996 and the M.S. dcgree i n clectricill engineering ImnChung Yuan
Ph.D. degrcc i n electrical enginewing from Cocncll Christian Univcrsity in 1Y9X.
University i n 1994. Since 1994, he liss bceii witti
National Taiwan Univcrsity, where lie i s an Associate
Pmfessor of electrical engineering. l l i s research
intwcsts incluiic applicalion or numerical methods to
power system. m ~ t o control,
r and GPS liinc trensfcr.

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