Vocabulary Lesson 2

approach
(ap·proach)
pronunciation: [uh-prōch]
(suffixes: -ed, -ing, -es)
verb (used with object)
1. to come near or nearer to: The cars slowed down as they
approached the intersection.
2. to begin work on; set about: to approach a problem.
verb (used without object)
3. to come nearer; draw near: A storm is approaching.
noun
4. the act of drawing near: the approach of a train.
5. the method used or steps taken in setting about a task, problem,
etc.: His approach to…

appropriate
(ap·pro·pri·ate)
pronunciation:[adj. uh-prō-prē-it]
(adjective, verb, -at·ed, -at·ing)
adjective
1. suitable or fitting for a particular purpose, person, occasion, etc.:
an appropriate example
2. belonging to a person; proper: Each played his appropriate part.
verb (used with object)
3. to set apart, authorize, or legislate for some specific purpose or
use: The legislature appropriated funds for the university.
4. to take to or for oneself; take possession of.
aspect
(as·pect)
pronunciation: (as-pekt)
(plural: -s)
noun
1. appearance to the eye or mind; look: the physical aspect of the
country.
2. nature; quality; character: the superficial aspect of the situation.
3. a way in which a thing may be viewed or regarded; interpretation;
view: both aspects of a decision.

available
(a·vail·a·ble)
pronunciation: [uh-vā-luh-bul]
adjective
1. obtainable or accessible; capable of being made use of; at hand.
2. able to serve in public office; usually as a result of
having an inoffensive character: Smith was a particularly
available candidate

benefit
(ben·e·fit)
 pronunciation: [ben-uh-fit]
(noun, verb, ben·e·fit·ed or ben·e·fit·ted, ben·e·fit·ing or
ben·e·fit·ting)
noun
1. something that is advantageous or good; an advantage: He
explained the benefits of public ownership of the postal system.
2. a payment or gift, as one made to help someone or given by a
benefit society, insurance company, or public agency: The
company offers its employees a pension plan, free health insurance,
and other benefits.
3. a theatrical performance or other public entertainment to raise
money for a charitable organization or cause.
verb (used with object)
4. to do good to; be of service to: a health program to benefit
everyone.

category
(cat·e·go·ry)
pronunciation: [kat-ĭ-gawr-ee, -gohr-ee]
(plural –ries)
noun,
1. any general or comprehensive division; a class.
2. a classificatory division in any field of knowledge, as a phylum or
any of its subdivisions in biology.

circumstance
(cir·cum·stance)
pronunciation: [sur-kuhm-stans]
(suffix: plural –s)
noun
1. ( usually plural ) a condition of time, place, etc., that accompanies
or influences an event or condition
2. under no condition, in no case; never
3. under the events this influences the case
commission
(com·mis·sion)
pronunciation: [kuh-mish-uhn]
noun
1. an authoritative order, charge, or direction.
2. authority granted for a particular action or function.
3. to authorize; send on a mission.
Idioms:
4. on commission, paid entirely or partially with commissions from
sales one has made or for work one has done: The salespeople who
are on commission earn 6 percent of the total amount they sell.
5. out of commission,
a. not in service.
b. not in operating order: The stove is out of commission.

component
(com·po·nent)
pronunciation: [kom-pō-nuhnt,]
noun
1. an important part; element; ingredient.
2. a part of a mechanical or electrical system: hi-fi components.
adjective
3. being or serving as an element (in something larger); composing;
constituent: the component parts of a computer system.

consent
(con·sent)
pronunciation: [kuhn-sent]
(endings: pl.: -s; -ed; -ing)
verb (used without object)
 1. to permit, approve, or agree; comply or yield (often followed by to
or an infinitive): He consented to the proposal. We asked her
permission, and she consented.
noun
2. permission, approval, or agreement; compliance; acquiescence:
He gave his consent to the marriage.
3. agreement in sentiment, opinion, a course of action, etc.: By
common consent he was appointed official delegate.

consider
(con · sid · er)
pronunciation: [kuhn-sid-er]
(suffix: pl. –s, -ed)
verb (used with object)
1. to think carefully about, especially in order to make a decision;
contemplate; reflect on: He considered the cost before buying the
new car.
2. to regard as or deem to be: I consider the story improbable.
3. to think, believe, or suppose: We consider his reply unsatisfactory.
4. to bear in mind; make allowance for: The arrest was justified if you
consider his disorderly behavior.
(used without object)
to think deliberately or carefully; reflect
constant
(con·stant)
pronunciation: [kon-stuhnt]
adjective
1. not changing or varying; uniform; regular; invariable: All
conditions during the three experiments were constant.
2. continuing without pause or letup; unceasing: constant noise.
3. faithful; unswerving in love, devotion, etc.: a constant lover.
noun
4. something that does not or cannot change or vary.
adjective
5. not changing or varying; uniform; regular; invariable: All
conditions during the three experiments were constant.
6. continuing without pause or letup; unceasing: constant noise.
7. faithful; unswerving in love, devotion, etc.: a constant lover.

construction
(con·struc·tion)
pronunciation: [kuhn-struhk-shuhn]
noun
1. the way in which a thing is constructed: a building of solid
construction.
2. something that is constructed; a structure.
3. the occupation or industry of building: He works in construction.

context
(con·text)
pronunciation: [kon-těkst]
noun
1. the parts of a written or spoken statement that precede or follow
a specific word or passage, usually influencing its meaning or
effect: You have misinterpreted my remark because you took it out
of context.
2. the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event,
situation, etc.
contrast
(con·trast)
pronunciation: [v. kuhn-trast, kon-trast; n. kon-trast]
noun
1. distinction or emphasis of difference by comparison of opposite
or dissimilar things, qualities, etc. (especially in the phrases by
contrast, in contrast to or with contrast)

contribution; contributor
(con·tri·bu·tion); (con·trib·u·tor)
pronunciation: [kuhn-trĭ-byoo-shuhn]; [kuhn-trib-yuh-ter]
(plural: -s)
noun
1. a person who gives money, assistance, etc.
2. a person who writes an article, story, etc., to or for a newspaper,
magazine, or the like.
3. money, volunteer work, etc. given to a person, group, etc.

coordination
(co·or·di·na·tion)
pronunciation: [koh-or-dn-ā-shuhn]
noun
1. state of being in the same order or rank.
2. harmonious combination or interaction, as of functions or parts,
especially so as to act together in a smooth concerted way.

core
(core)
pronunciation: [kohr]
(noun, verb, -cored, -cor·ing)
noun
1. the central part of a fleshy fruit, containing the seeds.
2. the central, innermost, or most essential part of anything.
3. the inside wood of a tree.
verb (used with object)
4. to remove the core of (fruit).
5. to cut from the central part.
 6. to remove (a cylindrical sample) from the interior, as of the earth
or a tree trunk: to core the ocean bottom.

create
(cre·ate)
pronunciation: [krē-āt]
(suffixes: -ted, -ting, -table)
verb
1. to be the cause of: these circumstances created the revolution
2. to cause to come into being, as something unique that would not
naturally evolve or that is not made by ordinary processes.

design
(de·sign)
pronunciation: [dih-zīn]
(plural: -s)
verb
1. to prepare the preliminary sketch or the plans for (a work to be
executed), especially to plan the form and structure of: to design a
new bridge.
2. to plan and fashion artistically or skillfully.
noun
3. an outline, sketch, or plan, as of the form and structure of
a work of art, or a machine to be executed or constructed.
4. the combination of details or features of a picture,
building, etc.; the pattern or motif of artistic work: the
design on a bracelet.

device
(de·vice)
pronunciation: [dih-vīs]
(plural: -s)
noun
1. a machine or tool used for a specific task; contrivance
2. a plan or plot, especially a clever or evil one; scheme; trick
 3. computer hardware that is designed for a specific function to
leave someone to his own devices, to leave someone to do as he
wishes

document
(doc·u·ment)
pronunciation: [n. dok-yuh-muhnt; v. dok-yuh-ment]
(suffix: -s, -ed)
noun
1. a written or printed paper furnishing information or evidence, as
a passport, deed, bill of sale; a legal or official paper.
2. any written item, as a book, article, or letter, especially of a factual
or informative nature.
3. a computer data file.
verb (used with object)
4. to furnish with references, citations, etc., in support of statements
5. made: a carefully documented biography.
6. to support by documentary evidence: to document a case.

dominant
(dom·i·nant)
pronunciation: [dom-uh-nuhnt]
adjective
1. ruling, governing, or controlling; having or exerting authority or
influence: dominant in the chain of command.
2. predominant; main; major; chief: Corn is the dominant crop of
Iowa.
3. Music . the fifth tone of a diatonic scale.

element
(el·e·ment)
pronunciation: [el-uh-muhnt]
(plural: -s)
noun
1. a component or constituent of a whole or one of the parts into
which a whole may be resolved by analysis: Bricks and mortar are
elements of every masonry wall.
 2. Chemistry . one of a class of substances that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by chemical means. See also chart under
periodic table.
3. any group of people singled out within a larger group by
4. identifiable behavior patterns, common interests, ethnic
similarities, etc.: He worried that the protest rally would attract the
radical element.

ensure
(en·sure)
pronunciation: [en-shur]
verb (used with object), -sured, -sur·ing.
1. to secure or guarantee: This letter will ensure you a hearing.
2. to make sure or certain: measures to ensure the success of an
undertaking.
3. to make secure or safe, as from harm.

environment
(en·vi·ron·ment)
pronunciation: [en-vī-ruhn-muhnt]
noun
1. the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences;
surroundings; milieu.
2. Ecology . the air, water, minerals, organisms, and all other external
factors surrounding
and affecting a given organism at any time.
3. the social and cultural forces that shape the life of a person or a
population.

featured
(fea·tured)
pronunciation: [fē-cherd]
adjective
1. highlighted; given prominence: a featured article
2. having physical traits or a certain kind: well-featured face.

final
 (fi·nal)
pronunciation: [fīn-l]
adjective
1. occurring at the end; concluding at the end; last in place, order, or
time: the final meeting of the year.
2. ultimate: The final goal is world peace.
noun
3. that which is last; that which forms an end or termination.
4. Often used as finals.
a. the last and decisive game, match, contest, or round in a series,
as in sports.
b. the last, usually comprehensive, examination in a course of
study.

identify
(i·den·ti·fy)
pronunciation: [ī-den-tuh-fī, or ih-den-tuh-fī]
(suffixes: -fied, -fy·ing)
verb (used with object)
1. to recognize or establish as being a particular person or thing;
verify: to identify handwriting; to identify the bearer of a check.
2. to associate in name, feeling, interest, action, etc. (usually followed
by with ): He preferred not to identify himself with that group.
verb (used without object)
3. to experience psychological identification: The audience identified
with the play's characters.

illustration
(il·lus·tra·tion)
pronunciation: [il-uh-strā-shuhn]
noun
1. something that is shown in the form of a picture, a graph, or data
table, in a book or magazine.
2. the act or process of shining or increasing light.
3. the act of clarifying or explaining; to make clear; throw
light upon; explain.
imply
(im·ply)
pronunciation: [im-plī]
(suffix: -plied, -ply·ing.
verb (used with object)
1. to indicate or suggest without being explicitly stated: His words
implied a lack of faith.
2. to involve as a necessary circumstance: Speech implies a speaker.

individual
(in·di·vid·u·al)
(plural: -s)
pronunciation: [in-duh-vĭj-oo-uhl]
noun
1. a single human being, as distinguished from a group.
2. a distinct, indivisible entity; a single thing, being, instance, or item.
adjective
3. single; particular; separate: to number individual copies of a
limited edition.
4. intended for the use of one person only: to serve individual
portions of a pizza.

initial
(in·i·tial)
pronunciation: [ih-nish-uhl]
(adjective, noun, verb, -tialed, -tial·ing )
(plural: -s)
adjective
1. of, pertaining to, or occurring at the beginning; first: the initial
step in a process.
2. beginning letter of a word.
noun
3. the first letter of a proper name.
verb (used with object)
4. to mark or sign with an initial or the initials of one's name,
especially as a token of preliminary or informal approval.
interaction
(in·ter·ac·tion)
pronunciation: [in-ter-ăk-shuhn]
noun
1. reciprocal action, effect, or influence.
2. Physics . the direct effect that one kind of particle has on another,
in particular, in inducing the emission or absorption of one
particle by another.

interactive
(in·ter·ac·tive)
pronunciation: [in-ter-ăk-tiv]
(suffix: -ly, adv; –tion, noun)
adjective
1. acting one upon or with the other.
2. of or pertaining to a two-way system of electronic
communications, as by means of television or computer:
interactive communications between families using two-way cable
television.
3. (of a computer program or system) interacting with a human
user, often in a conversational way, to obtain data or commands
and to give immediate results or updated information: For many
years airline reservations have been handled by interactive
computer systems.
noun
4. reciprocal action, effect, or influence.

involve; in·volved
(in·volve); (in·volved)
pronunciation: [in-volv]; [in-volvd]
 (plural: -s; suffix: -ed)
adjective
1. very intricate or complex: an involved reply.
2. implicated: involved in crime.
3. concerned in some affair, especially in a way likely to cause
danger or unpleasantness: I didn't call the police because I didn't
want to get involved.

item
(i·tem)
pronunciation: [n., v. ī-tuhm]
noun
1. a separate article or particular: 50 items on the list.
2. a separate piece of information or news, as a short piece in a
newspaper or broadcast.
adverb
3. also; likewise (used especially to introduce each article or
statement in a list or series

layer

(lay·er); (lay·er·ing)
pronunciation: [ley-er]; [ley-er-ing]
noun
1. the wearing of lightweight or unconstructed garments one upon
the other, as to create a fashionable ensemble or to provide
warmth without undue bulkiness or heaviness.
verb (used with object)
2. to arrange or wear (clothing) in layers: You can layer this vest over
a blouse or sweater.
verb (used without object)
3. to separate into or form layers.
4. (of a garment) to permit of wearing in layers; be used in layering:
Frilly blouses don' t layer well.
method
(meth·od)
pronunciation: [meth-uhd]
noun
1. a procedure, technique, or way of doing something, especially in
accordance with a definite plan: There are three possible methods
of repairing this motor.
2. a manner or mode of procedure, especially an orderly, logical, or
systematic way of instruction, inquiry, investigation, experiment,
presentation, etc.: the empirical method of inquiry.
adjective
3. (usually initial capital letter) of, pertaining to, or employing the
Method: a Method actor; Method acting

normal
(nor·mal)
pronunciation: [nor-muhl]
adjective
1. conforming to the standard or the common type; usual; not
abnormal; regular; natural.
2. serving to establish a standard.
3. Psychology . approximately average in any psychological trait, as
intelligence, personality, or emotional adjustment.
noun
4. the average or mean: Production may fall below normal.

occur
(oc·cur)
pronunciation: [uh-kur]
(endings: -curred; -cur·ring)
verb (used without object)
1. to happen; take place; come to pass: When did the accident occur?
2. to be met with or found; present itself; appear.
3. to suggest itself in thought; come to mind: An idea occurred to me.

option
 (op·tion)
pronunciation: [ŏp-shuhn]
(plural: -s)
noun
1. the power or right of choosing.
2. something that may be or is chosen; choice.

participant
(par·tic·i·pant)
pronunciation: [par-tis-uh-puhnt]
(plural: -s)
noun
1. a person or group that shares ideas, objects, etc..

policy
(pol·i·cy)
pronunciation: [pol-uh-see]
(plural: -cies)
noun
1. a definite course of action adopted for the sake of expediency,
facility, etc.: We have a new company policy.
2. action or procedure conforming to or considered with reference
to prudence or expediency: It was good policy to consent.

primary
(pri·ma·ry)
pronunciation: [prī-mer-ee, -muh-ree]
(adjective, noun, plural –ries)
adjective
1. first in time; earliest; primitive.
2. constituting or belonging to the first stage in any process.
noun
3. something that is first in order, rank, or importance.
4. a meeting of the voters of a political party in an election district
for nominating candidates for office, choosing delegates for a
convention, etc.; caucus.
principle
(prin·ci·ple)
pronunciation: [prin-suh-puhl]
(plural: -s)
noun
1. an accepted or professed rule of action or conduct: a person of
good moral principles
2. a fundamental, primary, or general law or truth from which others
are derived: the principles of modern physics..
3. principles, a personal or specific basis of conduct or
management: to adhere to one's principles; a kindergarten run on
modern principles.
Idioms:
4. in principle, in essence or substance; fundamentally: to accept
aplan in principle.
5. on principle,
a. according to personal rules for right conduct; as a matter of
moral principle: He refused on principle to agree to the terms of
the treaty.
b. according to a fixed rule, method, or practice: He drank hot milk
every night on principle.
procedure
(pro·ce·dure)
pronunciation: [pruh-see-jer]
(plural: -s)
noun
1. a manner of proceeding in any action or process; conduct.
2. a particular course or mode of action.

process
(pro ·cess)
(plural: proc·ess·es)
pronunciation: [pros-es]; plural [pros-es-iz]
noun
1. a systematic series of actions directed to some end: to devise a
process for homogenizing milk.
 2. a continuous action, operation, or series of changes taking place in
a definite manner: the process of decay.
verb (used with object)
3. to treat or prepare by some particular process, as in
manufacturing.
4. to handle (papers, records, etc.) by systematically organizing
them, recording or making notations on them, following up with
appropriate action, or the like: to process mail.

publish
(pub·lish)
pronunciation: [puhb-lish]
(plural: -es; suffix: -ed; -er)
verb (used with object)
1. to issue (printed or otherwise reproduced textual or graphic
material, computer software, etc.) for sale or distribution to the
public.
2. to issue publicly the work of: Random House publishes Faulkner.
3. to make publicly or generally known.
verb (used without object)
4. to issue newspapers, books, computer software, that is typed: The
new house will start to publish next month.

relevant
(rel ·e ·vant)
pronunciation: [rel-uh-vuhnt ]
adjective
1. bearing upon or connected with the matter in hand; pertinent: a
relevant remark.
require
(re·quire)
pronunciation: [ri-kwī-er]
(plural: -s; suffix: v. -quired, -quir·ing)
verb (used with object)
1. to have need of; need: He requires medical care.
2. to ask for authoritatively or imperatively; demand.
3. to impose need or occasion for; make necessary or indispensable:
The work required infinite patience.
verb (used without object)
4. to demand; impose obligation: to do as the law requires

research
(re·search)
pronunciation: [rĭ-surch, ree-surch]
(plural: -es)
noun
1. diligent and systematic inquiry or investigation into a subject in
order to discover or revise facts, theories, applications, etc.: recent
research in medicine.
2. a particular instance or piece of research.
verb (used without object)
3. to make an extensive investigation into: to research a matter
thoroughly.

response
(re·sponse)
pronunciation: [rĭ-spons]
(plural: -s)
noun
1. an answer or reply, as in words or in some action.
2. Biology . any behavior of a living organism that results from an
external or internal stimulus.
restrict
(re·strict)
pronunciation: [rĭ-strikt]
(plural: -s)
verb (used with object)
1. to confine or keep within limits, as of space, action, choice,
intensity, or quantity.

security
(se·cu·ri·ty)
pronunciation: [sĭ-kyoor-ĭ-tee]
( plural: –ties)
noun
1. freedom from danger, risk, etc.; safety.
2. freedom from care, anxiety, or doubt; well-founded confidence.
3. freedom from financial cares or from want: The insurance policy
gave the family security.
adjective
4. of, pertaining to, or serving as security: The company has
instituted stricter security measures.

select
(se ·lect)
pronunciation: [sĭ-lekt ]
(plural: -s)
verb (used with object)
1. to choose in preference to another or others; pick out.
verb (used without object)
2. to make a choice; pick.

sex
(sex) pronunciation: [seks]
(plural: -es)
 noun
1. either the male or female division of a species, especially as
differentiated with reference to the reproductive functions.
2. the instinct or attraction drawing one sex toward another, or its
manifestation in life and conduct.
verb (used with object)
3. to ascertain the sex of, especially of newly-hatched chicks.
Verb phrase
4. sex up, Informal .
a. to arouse sexually: The only intent of that show was to sex up
the audience.
b. to increase the appeal of; to make more interesting, attractive,
or exciting: We've decided to sex up the movie with some battle
scenes.

significant
(sig·nif·i·cant)
pronunciation: [sig-nif-ĭ-kuhnt]
(suffix: -ly, abv.)
adjective
1. important; of consequence.
2. having or expressing a meaning; indicative; suggestive: a
significant wink.
noun
3. something important; a sign.
adverb
4. meaningful
5. suggestive

site
(site) pronunciation: [sīt]
(plural: -s) noun, verb, sit·ed, sit·ing)
noun
1. the position or location of a town, building, etc., especially as to its
environment: the site of our summer cabin.
2. the area or exact plot of ground on which anything is, has been, or
is to be located: the site of ancient Troy.
3. Computers . Web site.
 verb (used with object)
4. to place in or provide with a site; locate.

source
(source)
pronunciation: [sohrs]
(plural: -s) noun, verb, sourced, sourcing)
noun
1. any thing or place from which something comes, arises, or is
obtained; origin: Which foods are sources of calcium?
2. the beginning or place of origin of a stream or river.
3. a book, statement, person, etc., supplying information.
4. a manufacturer or supplier
verb (used with object)
5. to give or trace the source for: The research paper was not
accurately sourced. The statement was sourced to the Secretary of State.
verb (used without object)
6. to contract a manufacturer or supplier: Many large companies
are now sourcing overseas.

specific
(spe·cif·ic)
pronunciation: [spĭ-sif-ik]
adjective
1. having a special application, bearing, or reference; specifying,
explicit, or definite: to state one's specific purpose.
2. peculiar or proper to somebody or something, as qualities,
characteristics, effects, etc.: His specific problems got him into
trouble.
noun
3. something exact, as a statement, quality, detail, etc.
 (spec·i·fy)
pronunciation: [spes-uh-fī]
(suffix: -fied, -fy·ing)
verb (used with object)
1. to mention or name definitely; state in detail: He did not specify
the amount
2. to set for as a requirement to be met.
3. to name or state as a condition: He specified that he be given my
power of attorney.
verb (used without object)
4. to make a particular mention or statement.

structure
(struc ·ture)
pronunciation: [struhk-cher]
(plural: -s), suffix: -tured, -tur·ing)
noun
1. mode of building, construction, or organization; arrangement of
parts, elements, or constituents: a pyramidal structure.
2. something built or constructed, as a building, bridge, or dam.
3. the relationship or organization of the component parts of a work
of art or literature: the structure of a poem.
verb (used with object)
4. to give a structure, organization, or arrangement to; construct a
systematic framework for.

technology
(tech·nol·o·gy)
pronunciation: [tek-nol-uh-jee]
(plural: –gies)
noun
1. The total knowledge and skills available to any human society, art,
science, etc.: anything a society can use to make their life easier,
such as cups, plumbing, computers, etc.

text
 (text)
pronunciation: [tekst]
noun
1. the words of something printed or written
2. ( often plural ) a book prescribed as part of a course of study
3. short for textbook
4. short for text message
verb
5. to send a text message from a mobile phone

traditional
(tra·di·tion·al)
pronunciation: [truh-dish-uh-nl]
adjective
1. a belief or practice of long standing
2. handed-down from generation to the next: as basket
weaving, beading, knitting, etc.

valid
(val·id)
pronunciation: [val-id]
adjective
1. sound; just; well-founded: a valid reason.
2. producing the desired result; effective: a valid antidote for gloom.
having force, weight, or cogency; authoritativevariable
(var·i·a·ble )
pronunciation: [vair-ee-uh-buhl]
(plural: -s)
adjective
1. likely to change frequently; changeable: variable weather; variable
moods.
2. capable of being changed; alterable: a variable time limit for
completion of a book.
3. inconstant; fickle: a variable lover.