CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. PROJECT AIM

TO ANALYZE AND DESIGN AN OVERHEAD TANK FOR THE USAGE OF

COLLEGE AND HOSTEL USING STAAD PRO.

1.2. SCOPE

The main scope of this project is to apply class room knowledge in the real world by designing
an overhead tank. These tanks require large and clear areas unobstructed by the columns.
Overhead water tanks are used for domestic water storage and commercial water purposes to
maintain flow of water to the general usage and other water requiring appliances.

1.3 GENERAL

STAAD Pro. V8i is the most popular structural engineering software product for model
generation, analysis and multi-material design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly GUI,
visualization tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and seamless integration to several
other modeling and design software products. The software is fully compatible with all
Windows operating systems but is optimized for Windows 7.

The ultimate power tool for Computerized Structural Engineering For static or dynamic
analysis of bridges, containment structures, embedded structures (tunnels and culverts), pipe
racks, steel, concrete, aluminum or timber buildings, transmission towers, stadiums or any
other simple or complex structure, STAAD Pro has been the choice of design professionals
around the world for their specific analysis needs.

Our project involves analysis and design of overhead tank using a very popular designing
software STAAD Pro (V8i).

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We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its following advantages:

 easy to use interface,

 conformation with the Indian Standard Codes, versatile nature of solving any type of
problem,
 accuracy of the solution.

Fig. 1.1 : Staad Pro Outlook

STAAD.Pro consists of the following:

The STAAD.Pro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the model, which can then
be analyzed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can
also be used to view the results graphically.

The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose calculation engine for
structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber and Aluminum design. To start with
we have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and checked the accuracy of the
results with manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction and were accurate. In the

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initial phase of our project we have done calculations regarding loadings on buildings and also
considered seismic and wind loads.

Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and
predicts the behavior of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a
method to drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of a design without a
dependence on directly testing it.

To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as

structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials properties. The results of such an
analysis typically include support reactions, stresses and displacements. This information is
then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis
may examine dynamic response, stability and non-linear behavior.

The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being designed
will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they
should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate
durability and adequate resistance to the effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural
elements shall normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account should be taken of
accepted theories, experiment and experience and the need to design for durability.

Design, including design for durability, construction and use in service should be considered
as a whole. The realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined
standards for materials, production, workmanship and also maintenance and use of structure in
service.

The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as prescribed in the
Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of
buildings are being covered by way of laying down minimum design loads which have to be
assumed for dead loads, imposed loads, and other external loads, the structure would be
required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standards recommended in this code, it is hoped,
will not only ensure the structural safety of the buildings which are being designed.

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 CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE PROJECT

2.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT

This is an estimated project whose design values can be used for the construction of overhead
tank for the college and hostel, GCET Jammu along with other necessary utilities.

This document pertains to the structural designs carried out for a part of above said residential
township project for various structures. The development is in the seismic Zone – IV. The basic
wind speed at location of the development is 100 m/s. SBC of soil according to soil
investigations is 200 KN/m2. The design parameters considered are as per Indian Standard
Code of practice.

Fig. 2.1 : Rendering View of the Overhead Tank

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2.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT

The water demand for various purposes to which the project satisfies are as follows:

NO. OF STUDENTS

Intake capacity = 320 * 4 = 1280 students

Hostel Living students = 35% of total students

= 35/100 * 1280
= 448 students (500 students approx.)

No. of staff members + other employees = 500 members

WATER DEMAND FOR VARIOUS USES:

Day scholars water demand = 50 lphd = 50 * 800 = 40000 litres per day
Hostel water demand = 150 lphd = 150 * 500 = 75000 litres per day
Garden watering demand = 100 litres per day

CLEANING WATER DEMAND:

Civil + Mechanical Block = 2 * 50 = 100 litres per day

Computer + Electrical + Electronics Block = 75 litres per day
Common Lecture Hall = 100 litres per day
Workshop = 30 litres per day
Administrative Block = 75 litres per day
Hostel Water Consumption = 5000 litres per day (@10 litres
per head per day)

TOTAL = 5380 (litres per day)

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Garden Water Demand = 100 litres per day

Labs (Civil+ Chemistry) Water Demand = 30 litres per day

Fire Demand = 5% of total capacity

Pantry for Hostel = 15 litres per head per day

= 7500 litres per day
Staff members Water Demand = 30 litres per head per day
= (30 * 500) litres per day
= 15000 litres per day

TOTAL CAPACITY = 1,52,010 litres per day

Applying 20% capacity extra for miscellaneous purposes.

DESIGN CAPACITY = 1,80,000 litres

MATERIAL PROPERTIES:

CONCRETE
All components unless specified in design: M30 grade all

STEEL
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe 500 confirming to IS: 1786 is used throughout.

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 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN PARAMETERS

3. DESIGN PARAMETERS

The program contains a number of parameters that are needed to perform design as per IS:
13920. It accepts all parameters that are needed to perform design as per IS: 456. Over and
above it has some other parameters that are required only when designed is performed as per
IS: 13920. Default parameter values have been selected such that they are frequently used
numbers for conventional design requirements. These values may be changed to suit the
particular design being performed by this manual contains a complete list of the available
parameters and their default values. It is necessary to declare length and force units as
Millimeter and Newton before performing the concrete design.

3.1. BEAM DESIGN

Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect of the axial force may
be taken into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are prescanned to
identify the critical load cases at different sections of the beams. For design to be performed as
per IS: 13920 the width of the member shall not be less than 200mm.

Also the member shall preferably have a width-to depth ratio of more than 0.3.

Design for Flexure:

Design procedure is same as that for IS: 456. However while designing following criteria are
satisfied as per IS: 13920
1. The minimum grade of concrete shall preferably be M25.
2. Steel reinforcements of grade Fe415 or less only shall be used.
3. The minimum tension steel ratio on any face, at any section, is given by:
ρmin = 0.24 √fck/fy

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 The maximum steel ratio on any face, at any section, is given by ρmax = 0.025.
4. The positive steel ratio at a joint face must be at least equal to half the negative
steel at that face.
5. The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face, at any section, shall at
least be equal to one-fourth of the maximum negative moment steel provided at
the face of either joint.

Design for Shear:

The Shear force to be resisted by vertical hoops is guided by the IS 13920:1993 revision. Elastic
sagging and hogging moments of resistance of the beam section at ends are considered while
calculating shear force. Plastic sagging and hogging moments of resistance can also be
considered for shear design if PLASTIC parameter is mentioned in the input file. Shear
reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments.

3.2 COLUMN DESIGN

Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments per IS 456:2000. Columns are also
designed for shear forces. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement as stipulated by IS: 456 have been taken care of in the column design of STAAD.
However following clauses have been satisfied to incorporate provisions of IS: 13920

1. The minimum grade of concrete shall preferably be M25.

2. Steel reinforcements of grade Fe415 or less only shall be used.
3. The minimum dimension of column member shall not be less than 200 mm.For
columns having unsupported length exceeding 4m, the shortest dimension of
column shall not be less than 300 mm.
4. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular
dimension shall preferably be not less than 0.
5. The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the
column, except where special confining reinforcement is provided.

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 6. Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from each
joint face, towards mid span, and on either side of any section, where flexural
yielding may occur.

The length lo shall not be less than

a) larger lateral dimension of the member at the section where yielding occurs,
b) 1/6 of clear span of the member, and
c) 450 mm.

7. The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed
of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor > 100 mm.

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 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OPERATIONS

4. DESIGN OPERATIONS

STAAD contains a broad set of facilities for designing structural members as individual
components of an analyzed structure. The member design facilities provide the user with the
ability to carry out a number of different design operations.

These facilities may design problem. The operations to perform a design are:

 Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design.
 Specify whether to perform code checking or member selection.
 Specify design parameter values, if different from the default values.
 Specify whether to perform member selection by optimization.

These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon the design
requirements. Earthquake motion often induces force large enough to cause inelastic
deformations in the structure. If the structure is brittle, sudden failure could occur. But if the
structure is made to behave ductile, it will be able to sustain the earthquake effects better with
some deflection larger than the yield deflection by absorption of energy. Therefore ductility is
also required as an essential element for safety from sudden collapse during severe shocks.
STAAD has the capabilities of performing concrete design as per IS: 13920. While designing
it satisfies all provisions of IS: 456 - 2000 and IS: 13920 for beams and columns.

4.1 GENERAL COMMENTS

This section presents some general statements regarding the implementation of Indian Standard
code of practice (IS: 800 - 1984) for structural steel design in STAAD. The design philosophy
and procedural logistics for member selection and code checking are based upon the principles
of allowable stress design. Two major failure modes are recognized:

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  failure by overstressing, and
 failure by stability considerations.

The flowing sections describe the salient features of the allowable stresses being calculated and
the stability criteria being used. Members are proportioned to resist the design loads without
exceeding the allowable stresses and the most economic section is selected on the basis of least
weight criteria. The code checking part of the program checks stability and strength
requirements and reports the critical loading condition and the governing code criteria. It is
generally assumed that the user will take care of the detailing requirements like provision of
stiffeners and check the local effects such as flange buckling and web crippling.

Allowable Stresses:

The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design
method as per IS: 800 (1984). It is a method for proportioning structural members using design
loads and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate material under
service conditions. It would not be possible to describe every aspect of IS: 800 in this manual.
This section, however, will discuss the salient features of the allowable stresses specified by
IS: 800 and implemented in STAAD. Appropriate sections of IS: 800 will be referenced during
the discussion of various types of allowable stresses.

Multiple Analyses:

Structural analysis/design may require multiple analyses in the same run. STAAD allows the
user to change input such as member properties, support conditions etc. in an input file to
facilitate multiple analyses in the same run. Results from different analyses may be combined
for design purposes. For structures with bracing, it may be necessary to make certain members
inactive for a particular load case and subsequently activate them for another. STAAD provides
an INACTIVE facility for this type of analysis.

4.2 POST PROCESSING FACILITIES:

All output from the STAAD run may be utilized for further processing by the STAAD.Pro
GUI.

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4.3 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS:

Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the appropriate
maximum values. IS: 800 summarize the maximum slenderness ratios for different types of
members. In STAAD implementation of IS: 800, appropriate maximum slenderness ratio can
be provided for each member. If no maximum slenderness ratio is provided, compression
members will be checked against a maximum value of 180 and tension members will be
checked against a maximum value of 400.

4.4 DEFLECTION CHECK:

This facility allows the user to consider deflection as criteria in the CODE CHECK and
MEMBER SELECTION processes. The deflection check may be controlled using three
parameters. Deflection is used in addition to other strength and stability related criteria. The
local deflection calculation is based on the latest analysis results.

4.5 EARTHQUAKE COLLAPSE CHECK:

This checks at each column / beam interface, the program checks that the capacity of the
column exceeds the total capacity of all beams that connect to it. The earthquake check only
uses the results from Design Groups that have Design Briefs from the selected Design Code.

4.6 CODE CHECKING:

The purpose of code checking is to verify whether the specified section is capable of satisfying
applicable design code requirements. The code checking is based on the IS: 800 (1984)
requirements. Forces and moments at specified sections of the members are utilized for the
code checking calculations. Sections may be specified using the BEAM parameter or the
SECTION command. If no sections are specified, the code checking is based on forces and
moments at the member ends.

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 CHAPTER 5
PROJECT ANALYSIS

5. ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD TANK USING STAAD PRO V8i

Fig. 5.1 : Isometric View of the Designed Overhead Tank

This overhead tank is designed for 1,80,000 litres for the supply of water to college and
hostel students of GCET Jammu having the following specifications:

Take D = Diameter of the water tank

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 Average Depth = 0.75 D

Volume of the water reservoir = 180000 litres

= 180 m3

𝜋
∗ 𝐷2 * 0.75 D = 180
4

D = 6.74 m

Taking D = 8.00 m

Height of the cylindrical portion of the beam = 0.75 * 6.74

= 5.00 m

Central rise of the top dome = D/6 = 8/6

= 1.5 m (approx.)

Radius of the top dome = (D/22 + r2) / 2r

= (16 + 2.25) / ( 2 * 1.5 )
= 6.0833 m

Diameter of the top dome = 2 * 6.0833 = 12.167 m

Central rise of the top dome = D/6 = 5/6

= 0.83 m (approx.)

Radius of the bottom dome = (D/22 + r2) / 2r

= (5/22 + 0.832) / (2 * 0.83)
= 4.18 m

Diameter of the bottom dome = 2 * 4.18 = 8.36 m

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Total height of the overhead tank = 20m

Total height of staging = 12m

Height of circular portion of water reservoir = 5m

Height of trapezoidal portion of water reservoir = 1.5m

Diameter of circular portion of water reservoir = 8m

Diameter of staging tube = 5m

5.1 GENERATION OF THE MEMBER PROPERTY:

Fig. 5.2 : Generation of the Property of the top dome plate

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 Fig. 5.3 : Generation of the Property of the Ring Beams

Generation of member property can be done in STAAD.Pro by using the window as shown
above. The member section is selected and the dimensions have been specified.

The properties of various elements used are as follows :

1. Top Dome Plate Concrete 150mm thick

2. Circular Region Plate Concrete 250mm thick

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 3. Trapezoidal Plate Concrete 250mm thick

4. Ring Beams Concrete 500 x 500 mm

5. Staging Tube Concrete 250mm thick

5.2 SUPPORTS:

Fig. 5.4 : Fixed Support at Bottom

The base supports of the structure were assigned as fixed. The supports were generated using
the STAAD.Pro support generator.

5.3 MATERIALS FOR THE STRUCTURE:

The materials for the structure were specified as concrete with their various constants as per
standard IS code of practice.

5.4 LOADING:

The loadings were calculated partially manually and rest was generated using STAAD.Pro load
generator. The loading cases were categorized as:

1. Seismic load
2. Wind load
3. Dead load
4. Live load
5. Load combinations

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5.4.1 SEISMIC LOAD:

The seismic load values were calculated as per IS 1893-2002. STAAD.Pro has a seismic load
generator in accordance with the IS code mentioned.

Fig. 5.5 : STAAD utilizes the following procedure to generate the lateral seismic loads

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5.4.2 WIND LOAD:

The wind load values were generated by the software itself in accordance with IS 875. Under
the define load command section, in the wind load category, the definition of wind load was
supplied. The wind intensities at various heights were calculated manually and feed to the
software. Based on those values it generates the wind load at different floors. We consider
ASCE-7 for wind loads with basic wind speed of 50 kmph.

Fig. 5.6 : Window showing Wind Force action on Overhead Tank

5.4.3 DEAD LOAD:

5.4.3.1 SELF-WEIGHT:

The self-weight of the structure can be generated by STAAD.Pro itself with the self-weight
command given in the load case column.

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5.4.3.2 DEAD LOAD FROM WALLS:

Dead load from walls can also be generated by STAAD.Pro by specifying the wall thickness.
Calculation of the load per metre was done considering the weight of wall.

Weight of the wall = density of the wall x volume of wall per unit run

REGION THICKNESS HEIGHT DENSITY LOAD

(m) (m) (kN/m3) (kN/m)
TOP DOME 0.15 0.1 25 0.375
CIRCULAR 0.25 5 25 31.25
TRAPEZOIDAL 0.25 0.2 25 1.25
STAGING TUBE 0.25 12 25 75
TOP RING 0.5 0.5 25 6.25
BOTTOM RING 0.5 0.5 25 6.25

Fig. 5.7 : Window showing the Self-weight of Overhead Tank

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5.5 LOAD COMBINATION:

The structure has been analyzed for auto load combination considering all the previous loads
in proper ratio and generates load combination code as per Indian code under load combination
category of general structures.

5.5.1 Combination Rules:

For each Code/Category, each load category can be set with one of three rules:

a) Combine all cases together

b) Separate combination for each case
c) All possible combinations.

It will take a load combination of earthquake load, wind load, self-weight, dead load &live
loads.

Fig. 5.8 : Auto Load Combination Window

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 Fig. 5.9 : GUI showing the analyzing window

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 CHAPTER 6
PROJECT DESIGN

6.1 DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TANK USING STAAD PRO:

The structure was designed for concrete in accordance with IS: 456 codes. The parameters such
as Fy, Fck, etc were specified. The window shown below is the input window for the design
purpose. Then it has to be specified which members are to be designed as beams and which
member are to be designed as columns.

6.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS

Fig. 6.1 : Input Windows for Design Purpose

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FC: Compressive Strength of concrete

FYMAIN: Yield Strength for main reinforcement steel (For slabs, it the reinforcement used
in both directions)

FYSEC: Yield Strength for main reinforcement steel (Only used in beam design)

6.3 DESIGN COMMANDS:

DESIGN BEAM : Design beams for flexure, shear and torsion

DESIGN COLUMN : Design columns for axial load plus biaxial bending

TAKE OFF : Print the total volume of concrete and weight of steel
Reinforcement for the beams, columns and elements designed.

Fig. 6.2 : Design Specifications in STAAD.Pro

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 Fig. 6.3 : STAAD Pro Command Input File

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 CHAPTER 7
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS

7. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS:

7.1 TOTAL APPLIED LOAD 1 (SEISMIC LOAD)

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7.2 TOTAL APPLIED LOAD 2 (WIND LOAD)

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7.3 TOTAL APPLIED LOAD 3 (DEAD LOAD)

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7.4 CONCRETE DESIGN

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 Fig. 7.1 : Shear Force Diagram of the Beam 1591

Fig. 7.2 : Bending Moment Diagram of the Beam 1591

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 Fig. 7.3 : Reinforcement Detailing of the Beam Section 1591

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 Fig. 7.4 : Shear Force Diagram of the Beam 1623

Fig. 7.5 : Bending Moment Diagram of the Beam 1623

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 Fig. 7.6 : Reinforcement Detailing of the Beam Section 1623

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7.5 REINFORCEMENT OF TOP DOME :

Hence, provide longitudinal reinforcement = 138.00 mm2 / metre and transverse reinforcement
= 138.00 mm2 / metre.

7.6 REINFORCEMENT OF THE OVERHEAD TANK (except top dome) :

Hence, provide longitudinal reinforcement = 258.00 mm2 / metre and transverse reinforcement
= 258.00 mm2 / metre.

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 CHAPTER 8
POST PROCESSING OF PROJECT

8. POST PROCESSING MODE

Fig. 8.1 : Window showing Post processing mode of design

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 Fig. 8.2 : Max Absolute Plate Stress Contours showing Structural Diagrams

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 Fig. 8.3 : Windows showing various graphs

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 CHAPTER 9
FOUNDATION DESIGN

9. FOUNDATION DESIGN:

Fig. 9.1 : GUI showing the foundation design of designed project

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The overhead tank is to be designed for mat foundation having the following properties:

1. Depth of the foundation below GL (Ground Level) = 5.00 m

2. Meshing Type = Triangular

3. Radius of circular footing = 4.00 m

4. Subgrade Modulus = 0.001 kip/in2/in

9.1 ANALYSIS OF THE FOUNDATION

Fig. 9.2 : Max Absolute Stresses on the Foundation

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 Fig. 9.3 : Window showing Reinforcement Zoning for Longitudinal Bottom

Area of steel Provided = 6000 mm2

Hence, provide 20 mm bars @ 50 mm c-c spacing

9.2 DESIGN OUTPUT :

Top of Mat Longitudinal Direction

Bottom of Mat Longitudinal Direction

Zone:- 1
Governing Moment(MGOV)= -8356.881(kN-m/m)

For FC <4.0

Effective Depth = = 4.936 (m)

Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) =
83915.495 (kNm)
=
MGOV<= Mumax hence OK
Steel Required

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 Calculated Area of Steel = 6000.000 (mm2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 6000.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 6000.000 (mm2)

Reinforcement Details
Bar No= 20
Maximum Spacing(Smax)(User Specified) = 500.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing(Smin)(User Specified) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 50(mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax

---------------------------------------

Bottom of Mat Transverse Direction

Zone:- 1
Governing Moment(MGOV)= -6508.275(kN-m/m)

For FC <4.0

Effective Depth = = 4.928 (m)

Limit Moment of Resistance (Mumax) =
83643.704 (kNm)
=
MGOV<= Mumax hence OK
Steel Required
Calculated Area of Steel = 6000.000 (mm2)
Minimum Area of Steel = 6000.000 (mm2)
Provided Area of Steel = 6000.000 (mm2)

Reinforcement Details
Bar No= 20
Maximum Spacing(Smax)(User Specified) = 500.000(mm)
Minimum Spacing(Smin)(User Specified) = 50.000(mm)
Actual Spacing (S) = 50(mm)
Smin<= S <= Smax

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 CHAPTER 10
OVERHEAD COLUMN TYPE TANK

10.1 OVERHEAD COLUMN TYPE TANK

Overhead column type tank are used in today world to increase the safety of the structure
against failing. Current design of circular shaft type staging of elevated water tanks are
extremely vulnerable under earthquake forces. Shaft type staging contains poor ductility of thin
shell section and in addition to that it has lack of load paths and toughness. Hence, the overhead
column type tank is more resistant to earthquake and seismic forces.

Fig. 10.1 : Render View of the Column Fig. 10.2 : Geometric View of the
Type Overhead Tank Column Type Overhead Tank

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10.2 GENERATION OF MEMBER PROPERTY

Fig. 10.3 : Plate Thickness of the Circular Tank

10.3 LOADINGS

The loadings of the column type overhead tank is same as described in shaft type overhead
tank.

Fig. 10.4 : Loading Diagram of Column Overhead Tank

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10.4 ANALYSIS

Fig. 10.5 : GUI showing the analyzing window

10.5 DESIGN PARAMETERS

All the design parameters of the column type of overhead tank is same as shaft type overhead
tank except the characteristic strength of the cement is M40.

Fig. 10.6 : Window showing the strength of cement

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10.6 PLATE STRESS CONTOURS

Fig. 10.7 : Max Absolute Plate Stress Contours of the Column Type Overhead Tank

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 CHAPTER 11
ANALYSIS RESULTS OF COLUMN OHT

11.1 TOTAL APPLIED LOAD 1 (SEISMIC LOAD)

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11.2 TOTAL APPLIED LOAD 3 (DEAD LOAD)

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11.3 CONCRETE DESIGN

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 Fig. 11.1 : Shear Force Diagram of the Column Section 1221

Fig. 11.2 : Bending Moment Diagram of the Column Section 1211

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 Fig. 11.3 : Reinforcement Detailing of the Column Section 1221

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 Fig. 11.4 : Shear Force Diagram of the Ring Beam Section 1282

Fig. 11.5 : Bending Moment Diagram of the Ring Beam Section 1282

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 Fig. 11.6 : Reinforcement Detailing of the Ring Beam Section 1282

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11.4 REINFORCEMENT OF THE TOP DOME

Hence, provide longitudinal reinforcement = 138 mm2 / metre and transverse reinforcement =
138 mm2 / metre.

11.5 REINFORCEMENT OF THE WATER TANK (except top dome)

Hence, provide longitudinal reinforcement = 438 mm2 / metre and transverse reinforcement =
438 mm2 / metre.

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 CHAPTER 12
FOUNDATION DESIGN OF COLUMN OHT

12. FOUNDATION DESIGN

Fig. 12.1 : Window showing the Foundation of Column OHT

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The overhead tank is to be designed for ISOLATED FOOTING having the following
properties:

1. Unit Weight of Concrete = 30 N/mm2

2. Yield Strength of Steel = 500 N/mm2

3. Soil Type = Drained Condition

4. Unit Weight of Soil = 22 kN/m3

5. Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 kN/m2

12.2 DIMENSIONS OF THE ANALYSED FOOTINGS

Hence, provide ISOLATED footings of φ12 mm at a spacing of 60 mm centre to centre.

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 12.3 DESIGN OUTPUT

FOR ISOLATED FOOTING

Fig. 12.2 : Reinforcement Detailing of Isolated Footing

Footing Size

Initial Length (Lo) = 1.000 m

Initial Width (Wo) = 1.000 m
Uplift force due to buoyancy = 0.000 kN
Effect due to adhesion = 0.000 kN
Area from initial length and width, Ao =Lo X Wo = 1.000 m2
Min. area required from bearing pressure, Amin =P / qmax = 24.458 m2

Note: Amin is an initial estimation.

P = Critical Factored Axial Load(without self weight/buoyancy/soil).
qmax = Respective Factored Bearing Capacity.

GCET JAMMU 58 MINOR PROJECT

 Final Footing Size

Length (L2) = 5.400 m Governing Load Case : # 11

Width (W2) = 5.400 m Governing Load Case : # 11

Depth (D2) = 0.508 m Governing Load Case : # 11

Area (A2) = 29.160 m2

------------------------------------------------------
Pressures at Four Corner

Area of
Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at
footing in
Load Case corner 1 (q1) corner 2 (q2) corner 3 (q3) corner 4 (q4)
uplift (Au)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(m2)

11 86.6277 98.7959 98.7959 86.6276 0.000

11 86.6277 98.7959 98.7959 86.6276 0.000

11 86.6277 98.7959 98.7959 86.6276 0.000

11 86.6277 98.7959 98.7959 86.6276 0.000

If Au is zero, there is no uplift and no pressure adjustment is necessary. Otherwise,

to account for uplift, areas of negative pressure will be set to zero and the pressure
will be redistributed to remaining corners.

GCET JAMMU 59 MINOR PROJECT

 Summary of adjusted Pressures at Four Corner
Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at
corner 1 (q1) corner 2 (q2) corner 3 (q3) corner 4 (q4)
Load Case
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

11 86.6277 98.7959 98.7959 86.6276

11 86.6277 98.7959 98.7959 86.6276

11 86.6277 98.7959 98.7959 86.6276

11 86.6277 98.7959 98.7959 86.6276

Details of Out-of-Contact Area
(If Any)
Governing load case = N/A
Plan area of footing = 29.160 sq.m
Area not in contact with soil = 0.000 sq.m
% of total area not in contact = 0.000%
------------------------------------------------------
Check For Stability Against Overturning And Sliding
- Factor of safety against sliding Factor of safety against overturning

Load Case Along X-

Along Z-Direction About X-Direction About Z-Direction
No. Direction

1 11.626 2821871.163 12381901.039 20.920

3 674.758 220465831.417 34646616.872 2631.951

4 629.391 231348176.512 32285313.683 2454.993

5 652.075 191748897.142 33460788.309 2543.472

6 652.075 191748897.142 33460788.309 2543.472

7 26.426 6368227.195 17492285.575 46.843

8 9.618 2353147.174 24414479.249 17.558

9 629.391 231348176.512 32285313.683 2454.993

10 629.391 231348176.512 32285313.683 2454.993

11 25.790 6229206.430 17047266.690 45.715

GCET JAMMU 60 MINOR PROJECT

 12 9.016 2208176.476 22851340.222 16.458
13 19.527 4725768.905 15278213.863 34.823

14 3.328 813631.898 5488340.189 6.040

Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Overturning and Sliding X Direction

Critical Load Case for Sliding along X-Direction : 14

Governing Disturbing Force : -54.765 kN
Governing Restoring Force : 182.254 kN
Minimum Sliding Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 3.328
Critical Load Case for Overturning about X-Direction : 0
Governing Overturning Moment : 0.000 kNm
Governing Resisting Moment : 0.000 kNm
Minimum Overturning Ratio for the Critical Load Case 1000000.000
:

Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Overturning and Sliding Z Direction

Critical Load Case for Sliding along Z-Direction : 14

Governing Disturbing Force : 0.000 kN
Governing Restoring Force : 182.254 kN
Minimum Sliding Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 813631.898
Critical Load Case for Overturning about Z-Direction : 14
Governing Overturning Moment : 162.926 kNm
Governing Resisting Moment : 984.151 kNm
Minimum Overturning Ratio for the Critical Load Case 6.040
:

Moment Calculation

Check Trial Depth against moment (w.r.t. X Axis)

Critical Load Case = #11

GCET JAMMU 61 MINOR PROJECT

 Effective Depth = = 0.452 m
Governing moment (Mu) = 1219.578 kNm

As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C

= 0.479107
Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =
Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =
= 3444.291146 kN/m2

Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) =

= 3799.815884 kNm

Mu <= Mumax hence, safe

Check Trial Depth against moment (w.r.t. Z Axis)

= #11
Critical Load Case

Effective Depth = = 0.452 m

Governing moment (Mu) = 1282.934 kNm
As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C

= 0.479107
Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =

Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) = = 3444.291146 kN/m2

Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) = = 3799.815884 kNm

Mu <= Mumax hence, safe

Shear Calculation

Check Trial Depth for one way shear (Along X Axis)

(Shear Plane Parallel to X Axis)

GCET JAMMU 62 MINOR PROJECT

 Critical Load Case = #11
DX = 0.452 m
Shear Force(S) = 845.161 kN
Shear Stress(Tv) = 346.263783 kN/m2
Percentage Of Steel(Pt) = 0.3414
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19
Shear Strength Of Concrete(Tc) = 417.029 kN/m2
Tv< Tc hence, safe

Check Trial Depth for one way shear (Along Z Axis)

Critical Load Case = #11

GCET JAMMU 63 MINOR PROJECT

 DZ = 0.452 m
Shear Force(S) = 885.353 kN
Shear Stress(Tv) = 362.730590 kN/m2
Percentage Of Steel(Pt) = 0.3236
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19
Shear Strength Of Concrete(Tc) = 407.600 kN/m2
Tv< Tc hence, safe

Check Trial Depth for two way shear

Critical Load Case = #11

Shear Force(S) = 2315.931 kN
Shear Stress(Tv) = 1065.670 kN/m2
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1

Ks = = 1.000

Shear Strength(Tc)= = 1250.0000 kN/m2

Ks x Tc = 1250.0000 kN/m2

Tv<= Ks x Tc hence, safe

GCET JAMMU 64 MINOR PROJECT

 Reinforcement Calculation

Calculation of Maximum Bar Size

Along X Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size (db) = 32 mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1

Development Length(ld) = = 1.289 m

Allowable Length(ldb) = = 2.275 m

ldb >=ld hence, safe
Along
Z Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size(db) = 32 mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1

Development Length(ld) = = 1.289 m

Allowable Length(ldb) = = 2.275 m

ldb >=ld hence, safe

Bottom Reinforcement Design

Along Z Axis

GCET JAMMU 65 MINOR PROJECT

 Selected bar Size (db) = Ø10
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 52.900 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...
The reinforcement is accepted.

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1

Critical Load Case = #11
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 3285.360 mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 7897.468 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 7897.468 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted

Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is

Ø10 @ 50.000 mm o.c.

GCET JAMMU 66 MINOR PROJECT

 CHAPTER 13
COMPARISON

S.NO. SHAFT TYPE OVERHEAD COLUMN TYPE OVERHEAD

TANK TANK

1. The characteristic strength of the The characteristic strength of the

cement is M30. cement is M40.

2. Plate Thickness of the Circular Tank Plate Thickness of the Circular Tank

is 250 mm. is 400 mm.

3. Max. Absolute Plate Stresses acting is Max. Absolute Plate Stresses acting

1.6 N/mm2. is 2.98 N/mm2.

4. Cross-Section of the Ring Beam Cross-Section of the Ring Beam

Section is (500*500) mm. Section is (750*750) mm.

5. The Foundation used for the design is The Foundation used for the design

Mat Foundation. is Isolated Footing.

6. The Longitudinal Reinforcement of The Longitudinal Reinforcement of

the Plate Section of tank is 258 mm2 the Plate Section of tank is 438 mm2

per metre. per metre.

7. The area of steel in ring beam cross- The area of steel in ring beam cross-

section is 1608.5 mm2. ( 8 no’s 16 φ section is 2305.927 mm2. ( 6 no’s 16

bars) . φ bars + 14 no’s 10 φ bars )

GCET JAMMU 67 MINOR PROJECT

Current designs of circular shaft type staging of elevated tanks are extremely vulnerable under

earthquake forces. In 2001 Bhuj earthquake, another illustration of this vulnerability had been

seen when many water tank with shaft staging suffered damage as distant as 100 km from the

epicenter. Shaft type staging contains poor ductility of thin shell sections and in addition to that

it has lack of redundancy of load paths and toughness.

Lateral strength analysis of number of damaged shaft staging clearly show that all of them are

either met or exceeded the requirements of IS: 1893(1984), however, they were all found to be

deficient when compared with the requirements of IBC in similar seismic exposure conditions.

IS: 1893(1984) design forces are inexcusably low for the systems which do not have enough

ductility or redundancy.

The current design parameters seismic codes for elevated tanks result in extremely vulnerable

shaft type supporting structures as evidenced in the 2001 Bhuj earthquake. Supporting shafts

developed flexural-tension cracks were observed in tanks as far as 100 km away from epicenter

regions despite the fact that most had lateral strength far greater that that specified by

IS:1893(1984).

Multipurpose elevated water storage facility of present invention includes a pillar supporting

the elevated water storage tanks which has the flute portion, by rendering overall facility more

efficiently and aesthetically pleasing. The fluted portion of the tank includes a plurality of the

fluted plates, and is coupled to a pillar by a box girder in preferred personification. Additional

stiffening rings are also included and additional floor can be included above water stored in the

tank.

GCET JAMMU 68 MINOR PROJECT

13.1 DIAGRAMATIC COMPARISON BETWEEN SHAFT AND COLUMN TYPE
OVERHEAD TANK

GCET JAMMU 69 MINOR PROJECT