AC Electrical Machines

Polyphase Synchronous Machine I

Lecture No. 6
A.L. Mohammed Dyhia Ali
2017-2018

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Lecture Topics
• Excitation system for synchronous machine.
• Flux and mmf phasors in cylindrical rotor
synchronous.
• Motor- phasor diagram of cylindrical rotor
voltage.
• Regulation of an alternator physical concept of
synchronous.
• Machine operation.
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Introduction of Polyphase
Synchronous Machine
• Synchronous machines are an AC machines that have a
field circuit supplied by an external DC source.
• Field windings are the windings producing the main
magnetic field (rotor windings for synchronous
machines).
• Armature windings are the windings where the main
voltage is induced (stator windings for synchronous
machines).
• Stator construction:
 Stator is identical to the induction motor stator.
 Laminated low silicon steel rings joined together
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 1 coil arm
per slot

2 coil arms in
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each slotEngineering Technical College
Electrical
Stator can be very large
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Introduction of Polyphase
Synchronous Machine
• Rotor construction:
1. Salient Pole.
 Difference between pole
face curvature and stator
creates non-linear
variation in flux across
pole face

 Non-linear variation in flux across pole

face produces sinusoidal change in the
induced EMF
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Introduction of Polyphase
Synchronous Machine
2. Cylindrical Pole.
 Difference in coil spacing
creates non - linear
variation in flux around
the rotor surface.

 Non-linear variation in flux around rotor

surface produces sinusoidal change in the
induced EMF.
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Introduction of Polyphase
Synchronous Machine
• The rotor, along with the magnetic field created by the
dc field current on the rotor, rotates at the same speed
as, or in synchronism with, the rotating magnetic field
produced by the armature currents, and a steady
torque results.
• A synchronous machine
is an ac machine whose
speed under steady – state
conditions is proportional
to the frequency of the
current in its armature.

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Excitation System for Synchronous Machine
• Two common approaches are used to supply a DC
current to the field circuits on the rotating rotor.
1. Supply the DC power from an
external DC source to the rotor by
means of slip rings and brushes.
2. Supply the DC power from a
special DC power source mounted
directly on the shaft of the machine.

• Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a

machine but insulated from it. One end of a DC rotor winding is
connected to each of the two slip rings. Graphite-like carbon
brushes connected to DC terminals ride on each slip ring supplying
DC voltage to field windings.
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Excitation System for Synchronous
Machine
• Slip rings and brushes are used in most small
synchronous machines, and this approach have certain
disadvantages:
 Increased friction and wear (therefore, needed
maintenance).
 Brush voltage drop can introduce significant power
losses.
• brushless exciters are used in large generators and
motors.
 A brushless exciter is a small AC generator whose
field circuits are mounted on the stator, and
armature circuits are mounted on the rotor shaft.
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
Excitation System for Synchronous
Machine
 The exciter generator’s 3-phase output is
rectified to DC by a 3-phase rectifier (mounted
on the shaft) and fed into the main DC field
circuit.
 It is possible to adjust the field current on the
main machine by controlling the small DC field
current of the exciter generator (located on
the stator).
 Since no mechanical contact occurs between
the rotor and the stator, exciters of this type
require much less maintenance.
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Excitation System for Synchronous
Machine
A brushless exciter:
• a low 3-phase current
is rectified and used to
supply the field circuit
of the exciter (located
on the stator).
• The output of the
exciter’s armature
circuit (on the rotor) is
rectified and used as
the field current of the
main machine.
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Excitation System for Synchronous
Machine
To make the excitation of a
generator completely
independent of any external
power source:
• a small pilot exciter is often
added to the circuit.
• The pilot exciter is an AC
generator with a permanent
magnet mounted on the
rotor shaft and a 3-phase
winding on the stator
• 3-ph winding producing the
power for the field circuit of
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 Excitation System for Synchronous
Machine
• A rotor of large
synchronous machine
with a brushless
exciter mounted on
the same shaft.

• Many synchronous
generators having
brushless exciters also
include slip rings and
brushes to provide
emergency source of
the field DC current.
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Excitation System for Synchronous
Machine
A large
synchronous
machine with the
exciter
and salient poles.

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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Operation as a Synchronous Generator
Two pole cylindrical rotor example

• Field produced on rotor by dc current through slip rings.

• Rotor field is turned at 3000 rpm by a prime mover.

• EMFs induced in stator coils with frequency of 50Hz.

• Magnetic Flux distributed around rotor produces

sinusoidal variation in induced EMF.

• Phasecoils separated by
120o causes delay between
phase EMFs.
 Operation as a Synchronous Motor
Two pole cylindrical rotor example

• Statorfield rotates at 3000rpm

from 50Hz supply
• Rotor field must be locked on to
stator field speed NR = NS

• Motor runs at synchronous speed

whatever the mechanical load provided
rotor field is speed enough to couch
the synchronism.
• This is impossible within an induction motor as there wound be
no induced currents to cause rotation.
• This motor runs at synchronous speed hence the name –
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
 The speed of rotation and internal
voltage of Syn. Generator
• Synchronous means
that the electrical
nm P 120 f
frequency produced is fe   nm 
locked with the 120 P
mechanical rate of
rotation of the
generator. EA  2Ncf  K

• The internal voltage in

SG is given by K : constant represents
construction of machine
following formula:
ω: radian /s
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 The equivalent Circuit of the
Synchronous Generator
• The voltage EA is the induced voltage produced
in one phase of a synchronous generator.
• EA is not usually the voltage that appears at the
terminals of the generator Vφ.
• There are many factors that cause the difference between EA
and Vφ including:
– The distortion of the air-gap magnetic field by the current
flowing in the stator, called armature reaction.
– The resistance of the armature coils,
– The self inductance of the armature coils
– The effect of salient pole rotor shape

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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Per Phase Equivalent Circuit of the
Synchronous Generator
V  EA  Estator
Estator   jXIA
V  EA  jXIA
• X: represents the effect of
armature reaction reactance
only.
• In addition to the armature
reaction .The stator coils have
self inductance and resistance,
therefore we define:

Xs  X  XA
V  EA  jXsIA  RAIA
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Three Phase Equivalent Circuit of
the Synchronous Generator
 You observe the DC power source
supplying the rotor field circuit.
The figure also shows that each
phase has an induced voltage
with a series XS and a series RA.
The voltages and currents of the
three phases are identical but
120 apart in angle.

 The three phases can be either Y

or ∆ . If they are Y connected,
then the terminal voltage VT is
related to the phase voltage by
VT  3 V
The full equivalent circuit of a three-phase
If ∆ connected : synchronous generator

VT  V Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Phasor Diagram of the Synchronous
Generator
 Voltages in a synchronous
generator are expressed as phasors
because they are AC voltages. Since
we have magnitude and angle, the
relationship between voltage and
current must be expressed by a
two-dimensional plot.

 It is noticed that, for a given Phasor diagram of a

synchronous generator at unity
phase voltage and armature
power factor (purely resistive
current, a larger induced voltage EA Load).
is required for lagging loads than
leading loads.

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Electrical Engineering Technical College
Phasor Diagram of the Synchronous
Generator
Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at
lagging factor (Inductive
Load).

Phasor diagram of a
synchronous generator at
leading factor (Capacitive
Load).

Notice that larger internal voltage is needed for lagging loads, therefore,
larger field currents is needed with lagging loads to get same terminal
voltage
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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Rotating Field Flux and Counter-
emf in Synchronous Motor

• Rotating field flux f due to magnetic field in the

rotor. A “speed” voltage, “counter-emf”, or
“excitation” voltage Ef is generated and acts in
opposition to the applied voltage.
• Ef = nsfkf Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous
Motor Armature (One Phase)

V  I R  I jX  I X  E
T a a a l a ar f

X X X
s l ar

V  E  I (R  jX )
T f a a s

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Phasor Diagram for one phase of a
Synchronous Motor Armature

Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Power Relationships
• The input mechanical power is the shaft power in the
generator.
• Not all the mechanical power going into a synchronous
generator becomes electrical power out of the machine.
• The difference between input power and output power
represents the losses of the machine.
Pin (Motor) Pconverted
(Pm) Pout

Pin  s m Pconv  ind m 3VT I L cos 

Core losses Copper losses

Stray losses Rotational (Pcu)
(Pc)
(Pst) losses (Pr)
Pc  Pr  Pst 2
3I A R A
 Power Relationships
The power converted from mechanical to electrical is given by;

Pconv   ind m  3EA I A cos 

Where  is the angle between EA and IA:
If the armature resistance RA is ignored
(XS >> RA), Therefore:
E A sin 
I A cos 
XS
Substituting this equation into Pout, gives;.
3V E A sin  Where  is the angle
 P
XS between EA and VT.
The induced torque can be express as;. The reactive output power of the
3V E A sin  synchronous generator is
  ind 
m X S Qout  3V I A sin 
 Power Angle Characteristics
• The P (δ) curve shows that the
increase of power increases (δ), the
angle between the induced voltage
and the terminal voltage.
• The power is maximum when
δ=90 degree.
• The further increase of input
power forces the generator out of
synchronism. This generates large
current and mechanical forces.
• The maximum power is the static
stability limit of the system. 3V E A
 Pmax 
• Safe operation requires a 15-20% XS
power reverse.
Efficiency

Pout
  100 %
Pin
Pin  Pout  Plosses
 Example:
• A 480-V, 200-KVA, 0.8 PF lagging, 60-HZ, 2-poles, Y-
connected synchronous generator has a synchronous
reactance of 0.25 Ω and an armature resistance of 0.04 Ω. At
60 Hz, its friction and windage losses are 6 KW and its core
losses are 4 KW. Assume that the field current of the generator
has been adjusted to a value of 4.5 A so that the open-circuit
terminal voltage of the generator is 477 V.
Determine:
a) The terminal voltage of the generator, if it is connected to
Δ-connected load with an impedance of 530 Ω.
b)The efficiency.
c)Sketch the phasor diagram of this generator
d) If another identical Δ-connected load is connected in
parallel, determine the new terminal voltage.
e) Sketch the new phasor diagram after adding the new load.
 Terminal Characteristics of
Synchronous Generators
• All generators are driven by a prime mover, such as a steam, gas,
water, wind turbines, diesel engines, etc.
• Regardless the power source, most of prime movers tend to slow
down with increasing the load.
• This decrease in speed is usually nonlinear but governor
mechanisms of some type may be included to linearize this
dependence.
• The speed drop (SD) of a prime mover is defined as:
N nL  N fL
 SD  *100%
N fL
• Most prime movers have a speed drop from 2% to 4%. Most
governors have a mechanism to adjust the turbine’s no-load speed
(set-point adjustment).
 Terminal Characteristics of
Synchronous Generators
A typical speed vs.
power plot

A typical
frequency vs.
power plot

Since the shaft speed is linked to the electrical frequency as

NmP
 fS 
120
the power output from the generator is related to its frequency:
 P  SP ( fNL  fSYS )

Slope of curve, W/Hz Operating frequency of the system

 Terminal Characteristics of
Synchronous Generators
•A similar relationship the reactive power Q and terminal voltage VT.
•When adding a lagging load to a SG, its terminal voltage decreases.
•When adding a leading load to a SG, its terminal voltage increases.

•The plot of terminal voltage vs.

reactive power is not necessarily
linear.

Both the frequency-power and

terminal voltage vs. reactive power
characteristics are important for
parallel operations of generators.

When a generator is operating alone supplying the load:

1. The real and reactive powers are the amounts demanded by the load.
2. The governor of the prime mover controls the operating frequency of the system.
3. The field current controls the terminal voltage VT of the power system.
 Example 7.3: A generator with no-load frequency of 61.0 Hz and a
slope sp of 1 MW/Hz is connected to Load 1 consuming 1 MW of
real power at 0.8 PF lagging. Load 2 (that is to be connected to the
generator) consumes a real power of 0.8 MW at 0.707 PF lagging.
a. Find the operating frequency of the system before the switch is
closed.
b. Find the operating frequency of the system after the switch is
closed.
c. What action could an operator take to restore the system
frequency to 60 Hz after both loads are connected to the
generator?

The power produced by the generator is

 P  SP ( fNL  fSYS )
Therefore: P
 fSYS  fNL 
SP
a. The frequency of the system with one load is

P 1
 fSYS  fNL   61   60 Hz
SP 1
b. The frequency of the system with two loads is

P 1.8
 fSYS  fNL   61   59.2 Hz
SP 1

c. To restore the system to the proper operating frequency, the

operator should increase the governor no-load set point by 0.8 Hz,
to 61.8 Hz. This will restore the system frequency of 60 Hz.
Operation as a Synchronous Generator
Generated EMF relationship Open circuit
stator EMF (V)
The open circuit EMF saturation
generated depends upon
• Rotor speed
• Rotor current
linear
Relationship between open
circuit stator EMF and rotor Rotor current (A)
current is a straight line
until the steel begins to
saturate when it becomes
non-linear.
 Operation as a Synchronous Motor
The V-curve
The rotor current If can
be adjusted to vary the
power factor of the
stator.

This machine can be

used to correct power
factor of induction
motors when
connected in parallel
Synchronous Generator

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Electrical Engineering Technical College
Synchronous Motor

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Electrical Engineering Technical College
 Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College