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Measurement of Angular Velocity& Vibration

There are several types that perform the measurement of angular velocity and they are generally called “tachometers”

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79 views

Measurement of Angular Velocity& Vibration

There are several types that perform the measurement of angular velocity and they are generally called “tachometers”

Uploaded by

ammar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measurement of angular velocity

There are several types that perform the measurement of angular velocity and they are
generally called “tachometers”

1- Electric generator tachometers


A small dc generator is attached to the end of the rotating shaft. The output voltage of the
dc generator is a function of the shaft angular velocity. Alternatively, an alternating
generator can be used but in this case it is generally preferable to measure the frequency
of the output voltage.

2- Magnetic Pickup
A metal container contains a small permanent magnet which is wrapped with a coil of
insulated wire. The current induced in the coil is distorted when a piece of iron or any
other magnetic material is brought near one pole of the magnet causing a voltage pulse.
When the magnetic material is removed there is another voltage pulse of apposite sign. If
the pickup is placed near a rotating gear, continuous strings of pulses will be generated.
The frequency of these pulses is a proportional to angular velocity.

Pulses

1
3- Stroboscope tachometer

It produces flashing light at a user


controlled frequency. This light is shined
on a shaft or pulley which has a mark at
one circumferential position. The
flashing frequency of the light is
adjusted so that the mark on the shaft
appears stationary. It is very accurate
method but its problem is that the mark
will appear still even when the strobe
frequency is integer fractions of the shaft
frequency. The solution of this problem is as follow:

o The true frequency is f


o The mark appear still at f ,f/2, f/3, …f/m
o Use two successive marks still
o Start with 5000 flash/min rate, for example
o Reduce flash rate till mark appear still, record the frequency, f1=f/m
o Reduce flash rate till mark appear still again, record frequency f2=f/(m+1)
o Two unknowns (f and m) and two equations, m=2, Find f

4- Photo electric tachometer

A light beam shines through a perforated disk onto a


photo detector. The detector produces a pulsed as the
disk rotates.

2
Measurement of acceleration

1- Piezoelectric accelerometer
It consist housing, mass “seismic mass” and a piezoelectric sensing element.
An initial force between the mass and the sensor is obtained with a
preloading spring. As the housing of the accelerometer is altered, this
generates a charge on the crystal which can be sensed with a charge
amplifier.
o It ranges ±1000g (g=9.8 m/s2)
o Quartz crystal accelerometers can have very high values of natural
frequency, 125 kHz
o The modulus of elasticity of quartz is 85 GPa, where for concrete is
35 GPa and for steel 200 GPa
o The piezoelectric crystal cannot measure completely static force since
the generated charge will decay with time. This decay is often
accelerated by the signal conditioner.
o It behaves as the “spring-mass system” or second order system.

Piezoelectric accelerometer
3
2- Strain gage accelerometer

As the base is accelerated, the force


accelerating the mass is transmitted
through the cantilever beam. The
bending of this beam is sensed with
strain gage(s) which are normally of
the semiconductor type, to
maximize sensitivity. A damping
fluid may fill the housing to damp
oscillations.
o They are available in the ranges up to ±1000g
o They are less expensive than piezoelectric accelerometers

3- Spring and mass accelerometer

The equation of movement is given by

 d 2x 
ma  m     dx   kx
 dt 2   dt 
 

k: stiffness of spring
λ: damping coefficient
a: acceleration
x: displacement
t: time

4
m: mass

The damping coefficient of the moving element is due to the mechanical losses in the
spring and viscosity of the ambient medium. In a stable rate, the relation between the
output x and the input a is :
x m

a k
The resonance frequency of the system is given by:
1

1 m 2
fr   
2  k 

The condition to obtain optimum frequency resonance and avoid deterioration of the
accelerometer when resonance occurs is given by:
  2 km

Resonance frequency
Sensitivity (x/a)

λ<2(km)1/2

m/k λ=2(km)1/2

λ>2(km)1/2

Frequency

5
VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
Vibration is oscillation motion of a particle or body about a fixed reference
point

The units of vibration depend on the vibrational parameter as follows:


a) acceleration m/s2
b)velocity m/s
c)displacement m

Vibration may be characterized by :


a) the frequency in Hz
b) the amplitude of the measured parameter which may be displacement,
velocity or acceleration. This is normally referred as vibration level

Decibel Notation

Because of the wide range of vibration amplitudes found in engineering, it is


convenient to express the measured amplitude in decibels with reference to a
fixed value. Reference values which are internationally accepted are as
follows:
a) for velocity, the reference value is 10-3m/s
b) for acceleration , the reference value is 10-5 m/s2

Thus if the measured amplitude is A1 and the reference amplitude is Ao, the
vibration level expressed in decibels is:

A1
Vibration level  20log10
Ao

Vibration parameters
Displacement x=A sin ωt
Velocity v=dx/dt = Aω cos ωt
Acceleration a= dv/dt=-Aω2 sin ωt

Displacement amplitude = A
Velocity amplitude = Aω
Acceleration amplitude = Aω2

Stroboscope
Seismic mass measuring
device

Piezoelectric accelerometer

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