Measurement of Angular Velocity& Vibration
Measurement of Angular Velocity& Vibration
There are several types that perform the measurement of angular velocity and they are
generally called “tachometers”
2- Magnetic Pickup
A metal container contains a small permanent magnet which is wrapped with a coil of
insulated wire. The current induced in the coil is distorted when a piece of iron or any
other magnetic material is brought near one pole of the magnet causing a voltage pulse.
When the magnetic material is removed there is another voltage pulse of apposite sign. If
the pickup is placed near a rotating gear, continuous strings of pulses will be generated.
The frequency of these pulses is a proportional to angular velocity.
Pulses
1
3- Stroboscope tachometer
2
Measurement of acceleration
1- Piezoelectric accelerometer
It consist housing, mass “seismic mass” and a piezoelectric sensing element.
An initial force between the mass and the sensor is obtained with a
preloading spring. As the housing of the accelerometer is altered, this
generates a charge on the crystal which can be sensed with a charge
amplifier.
o It ranges ±1000g (g=9.8 m/s2)
o Quartz crystal accelerometers can have very high values of natural
frequency, 125 kHz
o The modulus of elasticity of quartz is 85 GPa, where for concrete is
35 GPa and for steel 200 GPa
o The piezoelectric crystal cannot measure completely static force since
the generated charge will decay with time. This decay is often
accelerated by the signal conditioner.
o It behaves as the “spring-mass system” or second order system.
Piezoelectric accelerometer
3
2- Strain gage accelerometer
d 2x
ma m dx kx
dt 2 dt
k: stiffness of spring
λ: damping coefficient
a: acceleration
x: displacement
t: time
4
m: mass
The damping coefficient of the moving element is due to the mechanical losses in the
spring and viscosity of the ambient medium. In a stable rate, the relation between the
output x and the input a is :
x m
a k
The resonance frequency of the system is given by:
1
1 m 2
fr
2 k
The condition to obtain optimum frequency resonance and avoid deterioration of the
accelerometer when resonance occurs is given by:
2 km
Resonance frequency
Sensitivity (x/a)
λ<2(km)1/2
m/k λ=2(km)1/2
λ>2(km)1/2
Frequency
5
VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
Vibration is oscillation motion of a particle or body about a fixed reference
point
Decibel Notation
Thus if the measured amplitude is A1 and the reference amplitude is Ao, the
vibration level expressed in decibels is:
A1
Vibration level 20log10
Ao
Vibration parameters
Displacement x=A sin ωt
Velocity v=dx/dt = Aω cos ωt
Acceleration a= dv/dt=-Aω2 sin ωt
Displacement amplitude = A
Velocity amplitude = Aω
Acceleration amplitude = Aω2
Stroboscope
Seismic mass measuring
device
Piezoelectric accelerometer