John B. Conway Functions of One Complex Variable Second Edition ig) Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin‘Depart of Maematic. tcmnson IN S740 ose torial Board ll \ i PR Halos F.W, ebriag ©. Moore i 6 sett Cite: 30-01 (Grou ww nortan 1 ceeee piglet, 1 Tale siglo im sss mane A med Me ett ky aad in a RedState eran fo ea © 108 Sne Vering. Now Yt ee 198 Spingerng, New Yr In NDMP ANREY Spee Vey New Yok SANSOME Spe Vey Hosen To amPREFACE, This book i intended us a testbouk fur fine suse ie doy of functions of one complex variable Tor students who are mathenatialy mature eneup fo undersund sod exscute et anpumente The stud re Scouse in basi alu an few facts ubout puta derivates The {opis from advanced calcul at ae ued (ey Leiba’ ule or dif ‘ong under he rea slg ae proves in deta, Comics Variables isa subjet which ae coring al mathematicae. In addition to having applition to other parts of analyse, ican gly slam wo tun ancestor of many ateasof matters (eg, homatoy hers, ‘manflis) Thic view af Compe Analy at "An lnitedustion fo Matbe ‘ais hasinluenced the wing and slestion of et mater fr this book. The otter eudiag print followed tha ll definitions, theorems te. ‘mind. Most are presented in detail ara when this isnot the case the reader ‘old precy wat missing and asked toi the gap a an exer, The thereon ae varied in ther depee of diel. Bowe se meant to Bs the ideas ofthe ston inthe rete’ ind and some extend the theory or ive !ppiations to oier part of mathemati. (Oecasionall terinolog iss mn enrie which snot dee, pony nee dann) ‘Chaps through Vand Sections VIL and VI? are bas. Its pssibe ‘o cover this mater in single semester only if'a number of poly ate fomited Eee fo the mera the beponing of Seton VL} cones Fanedons. the et ofthe Bok is independent of VI. VL ‘Chaper VI inte the suet in the consideration of futons a8 pins na meri pace. The resis o the is thes ations ofthis caer ie sed repeatedly inthe emainer af the ik Stine far and fe nest ho defense; moreover the Weierstrass Factrtion Theorem is nesesary For Chapter XU. Section sv 1 a application ofthe fetorizaton theorem although they ae a part of sca mathematics which no oe should Sompetey degra. oer asia. : ‘Runge’ Theorem isthe inition for much of he tory of Function invoting “pole pushing” Sv opis Runge's Theorem to en ore general for of Cauchy's theo The a ets sf tony nee ‘Chayer IX stale. aa wonton sa ae te rd to analy mutfkls a coverages. Sens ne hg hcContinuation witout necesiatng bis going though all of Chane IX chien su ite invinfson of Goes von hs ea he ale fppedmathenatc iis pf app mathe tht everyone shoud ie “Miough hey are indeenet the Is un chats cl ave been contin ino one ene “Eat Functions” However. ft tht fidlamanésTacesauon Thorens the Ua Theorem of Pea are ity stent that mare he ou ler Ao. ete eat ‘depends yon the other hh eo ars Ter sos be mento tae Ae the ret found in os other books wes the modula function. “Ferre ter top that sald have been coveted. Some eoheton ves pen to iin haps ome al ofthe along sonora Thamsine fonctions onthe dik lips funetons, aplication of Hibert ‘puce melo to comple uncon But th ine ha to be daw someere ‘Refit ere seven, shane wader te lke fo tre ite mera orto further invest the topics eavezed inthis bok, the tibiopapy contains mmr of appropiate ens ‘atthe ttatin st st Te wd is in plo the pss "an nly a he smbo se inate ed of ‘st When «function ther tun» pat) ne dese, LAG ers etd forthe damn and Uek ters ae fr dean: ‘hr bok ested fam dacs ght at ada Unies Lou ie to nt Deprimen of Matera for mang sours aval 1S ne dro pepsin I ul espe Ike to hae the sens 12a Sut ste selythaieeetion amy enurein Comex Vai, (hatinade me decide ote the plunge and wis book, Parte thanks Should po Masha Mert fr pong out evel rstaes ina cay ia Sephen Beta fr gti he mater Treva recs 9 “neti and te Lary Care for iting me wih he rl eoretos he ‘tipo mest ao tank Ce Sheehan for Spine Che a! at ofthe Tra Tmust thank my wife to mbor th book is dedicated. Her cocoa asthe ms abl asian eed John B, Conway PREFACE FOR THE SECOND EDITION [have been very’ pleased wit the success of my’ Book. When it was apparent that the Second printing was nearly sold ou, Springer Verlag ‘Meme 1 prepare of cee far 3rd pang Wien | {eacted with characteristic enthusiasm, There are four major dillerences betwen the present edition and is praducowor Fis, Jos Dixon's treatment of Cauchy’ Theorem hs heen Included. This has the advantage of providing duck proof of the theorem in ity fall generality, Nevers 1 have a song atfachment © the Nomotape erin that appeared in the fit eon nd have proved hi form of Cavehy's Theorem a8 i was done thse. This version is very omic and gute exsy to apply. Moreover, the noon of homatpy i ‘ceded forth lair trentment of the monodromy theorem Renee els Sion of this version yields Benefits far in excess of the time needed 10 dacus it ‘Seven, dhe prot of Runge’s Theorem i new: The prevent pool i due to Sandy Grabinee and doesnot use "poe pushing”. Ina sense the "poe Pushing” Buried nthe concept of uniform approximation and some ‘ess om Bitach sper. Nevers, sstoll be eaplasied that the yoo! i entirely elementary in that tris only onthe material resented nike text [Next an Appendix 8 nas been added. This append con Iiiograpbial material and » gue for further reading inal, several additional exercises have been ade. There are aio minor changes tat have Deen made. Several colleagues in the mathemati commumiy have help me presty by proving onstutve nticism and pointing out typosrphial ecrors. 1 wih 10 ‘hank publicly Ear! Bertson, Lows Brickman. James Deddens, Gerard Keoush, ©. K. Keilanten, Andrew Lena, John Marhuber, Doma © Meyers: Jeffrey Nunemacher, Robert On, Donald Perlis, John Piste Hans Sapa, Glenn Schober, David Stegeng, Richard Varga, James ills, {wish to thank the staff at Springer-Verlag New York not only for their retment of my book. Bu also for the publication of so many fine books om mathemati Inthe presot time of shrinking padate ‘envllments andthe conseauen euctance of so many. publishes to print ‘vanced feats and monograph Springer-Vetig i making a contrbuton Ue our dpi by inresing eet to Jseninte the recent devs ‘mente in mathemsie‘TABLE OF CONTENTS retace Toe eal mumbo {8 Paar reeset nd rots of compe aumbers {6 Less haynes ecm pine {6 The eended pun aos spherical epsention 11, etre pes an he Topology ofc G1 Deselinn and eas of mci Sac Cones {5 Seq tl enters 1H. Compacees 45: Commas IL, Elemestaty Propenies and Examples of Anat Funetions sie er aie £2. ratte faetions [5 Ane fontons a mappings, MBbis wansrmatons 1 Comps tarpon 1 Rlenaan Ste eps ‘8. Zeros ofan anabticfnction The indes ofa dosed eve Be Chacy thcecm and ntl orale 6 The homotgp en of Cavey Theorem ad see SSaig 8 Gowsats Theorem ¥. Singularities 2B The Ame nse Te 8 ta‘Te Maximum Modul Theorem tne banc Prone 1B Scheu’ Lanna [B. Comes funciona Hidamari Ces Theorem 5 fagen Lindl Thora {mpg ane Comers ne Bi The space of conta anetons CG.) EE Spa of sai tne {5 Soece of mromors functions 6. The Reman Mag Tear {5 Weetsuags Factezatien Theorem {6 Fastoranon of these uncon The sums fancn The Roman ae aon 1 Hing’s Theorer Sipe conectesnss [Blog Lators Thorn {1 Senare Reon Pale {2 Amb Communion Along A Path [5 Monurooy Theorem [ Toroogea! Spas snd Neehborbood Sytem {5 The shear of Gums of Anuj Func onan Ope St fe Atapus Mantse Fr Coveig spaces Harmonic Functions {ie le roperis of amon frctons $B Seon fonction ono i £8. Sithumons and spehameoie nos CMe Dnt tron 5. Gee's Fusions Seren Hor Madamand acon Toren ry we iss to tn i" Pa XIL_- The Range ofan Antic Function 4. The Lite Picard Theorem Shot Theorem BE Tica Peet Tae Appendic A: Cate arTateral 1 foe Complex Valved Foncion on Appendix B: Suggestion for Further Study and ‘Bitiographical Notes References, Inver List of Symbols Saee § mu a3 siChapter 1 ‘The Complex Number System The el mambers ‘We denote the st ofall el numbers hy IC assumed na each reve iene with heal numer ster anal te popes. partculer we assume wknowedge of the ordting of R, the defiiuons and Properties of the supremum and infimum sup und a and the complete few of (evry so 0 wich Bounded howe Bas supremo) Wis tleo assed that every reader friar with sequent convergence in sad wit fit sees Finally, no one shoud undertake 3 8d) ot Complex Variales nes be ha thorough grounding i uneton of one real arable Although it as bee ditional to ty functions of several real variables Before studying analy function theory. iiss aot an The deep result of this area are needed. $2. The fd of complex mbes We define C, the comple numbers, tbe the st of all ordered pairs (2) vista an bare real puters and where aiton and muliplction Hed) = (ore, be (6B) (6 4) = (ae—Bd, bea) Its ealy checked that with these definitions € sisi all he axioms for tel Phat, C sales the aisoelative, commune ang aistebutve laws for adiion and molinteaton: (00) and (1.0) ate sdentities for Uiiton snd multiplication rspecivels, and thre are addiuive and ult Pate unveres fr each nonzero element in ‘We wll write a forthe comple nmr (0) The mapping = (0) sefines a fel womorphism af into C 30 we may consider Rava subetof Ite put = (0, 1) chen (a 8) ~ a0) From ths point on we abandon Not tha? =~ Too hat the equation "+1 = O has afoot nC. In fast for cath =n € “it IN More geal i= and w are2 Tee Cones Nanterre By king and eral aunbers and & we can bain (ith oth aad veo aa bn aie ere) so that ue have frm for the reine af complex umber. When we writes = aida be) we call jane the vel and salons gis ot Sete th t9 = RE 8 = Ie Pere conclude this ton hy itrdcing two operations on © which art not id operations Ie = x+y eR) ten ve deine ~ 64) 0 bette able tale of and 2 = 0 be fixed. Describe the set of points 7 satisfying Ipealmetal = 2e for evry powite choi af a and. Now let a he any complex number tn ing rotation ofthe plane, escebe the Toes of pont satisng the hove eaten. {4 Pla representation and rot of complex numbers Consider the pont 2 = 9 dhe compen plane ©. This pit bs pole coins (Be = roe Oy = 7 sn @ Clay r= = and 8s {he angle tetneen the posive ful axis bad he Tine segment fom Of 5 ‘ove thi pis any mie of 2 can be suse fr 9 inte above Susions The angle ell he apne af sans dete by = as ‘Beane the smbigty af Mare fc We ite the a anh em tev or epreamition an ot fee aber ‘ Lets, = 7 cs 8,25 ~ rpc Then 224 = rps ct 8 cs By = ray Ife 0 eae By tn 2 sin) 1 kin yc 8 by 208 8) Dy the forms for he sine and cosine of the sum of two angles we et a ane recs(0, 400) Atersty, mete.2) ~ angie, (What funtion of x rat variale takes product ints sum) By induction we pet fares = nell =k =m “a Fite tee niet B to BD ry = Peat, for every epee m 2 0. Moreover Hf: #0, 2{F~t ey (—#)] = fs v0 tat (44) ao hol or ll iter positive. neste. and zero. if # 0. AS special ease of (44) we et de More's formule (os Bsn f= cos 84s. ‘We are now in positon to conser the following problem: For a when omplet number a 2 U and an iter #2 can OU BRG a numet > fatutying 2 0 How mary sich scan goo Bint? I ight af (4d) the Solutions easy. Let eee by (44, = = la (fils the Bi wor this isnot the only solution bacause =” ~ fo! es # (242s) sho sates (1 =. fact ach ofthe numbers 1 as lanes ee oni = ks Jinan mth root of a. By means of (44) we arte ut the following: fr each ston zero amber ain € thee ae lstiet mh rots ofa they are ga by formula 5 aml Cate nt ny Se = Sao nas mat 1 patio, the cube sous of uty are 1 1 1 eonaan ban‘ ‘De Comoe Number Sem 2, Calelte the following: (3) te square roots of + (6) the square roots of 3 +31 3, A prince nth rot of iy 6 a complex number @ sich dst East are ditint oh rote of ity) Shot that sand bare Drive mh and mah cots of unity especies hen ob is 2th rot of ‘iy for some ncger ke Whats the smatest val of A What can De ahd ifarand bar nonpriiive rot of wnt 4. Goethe Binomial equation cour $e () - am cov s-(1) sin? ¢4(4) cos* si went cor tan (S) raat 0 2 foram inner» = 7 Show tha Ls. = 6 Bhow that yl) = ise group homamorpiem af the aie oun Bono the mulipicatve poup T= t=" [e|= 1) Tiss and Rete") for every postive iteper m, show that = 8 (6 ns and half planes the complex lane {et L denote a sirtgh ne tm, From leaenaty analyte geomet. Lis eeeminnt hy» pot in Land a dietion veto, Thus i ais any oi in Land bits distion vector then ath: -<1<2) Since 4 0 this gives, for = in L ‘ian al asin compl pe 1 implies that == ash, =29 <1 < 2, Thats fee(G)-4 What ithe oes of eae ofthe sets 0(5 st L ‘we may sssme [b= 1. For the momen, lea conde the case where and put Hy = ie: Im (jb) > 0}, b= ce Bhs = oh 8 then ~ pale (8= Thi, =n Hy and ony iain 0) > Oc Chat when B << mf Hence My is the hal pla ying tothe lt ofthe ine Lif nafeme)4 the it is easy osc that Hy = a Hy = (a4: we fe): thai isthe te bal plane lying to the Wel of afl isthe hal plane on the ight of FON br jew ad ptm( 5 where b= is Find nesesary and sufficient conditions in terms of # tat 1 be tnget 10 Cato (Ph ete plane amd opera epesenation ‘on in complex analysis me wil be concerned wih feptiony that be coun ha athe vibe appesactos gies point To discus hissy om we inolucr the exendef plane whichis CU {0} = Ca. We ao vet ide a tance fnction 8 In order to Us continuity Pensa Ue funtins soning the aloe infin. To aecomish this Endo ake coneree picture fC we represol Cs the unit sphere ine, $= suanepemistesed =U Lat N= (0,0, thats Wtf aortn pole nS. Aso, enti with segs ecg eR) so that Cente S along the equator Now for ech AGBeSia cmd the stop line a @? trough and N. Thin intersect the sphere in excly one pont ZN. I [| > Len Z.is in the sorbera Meeks aaa te] U then Z isn the southern Rembptise, abo, For eases a nat happens to 2 ae [son Clearly Z aprcsees X: ace, we enya the poset im Cy. Thos Cf represented 38 these S TEMS clon hn veyesnation Pt ¢ = and et 7 = (3.89) te the eonesponding pont on 5. We wil ind equations exPesing ty Gham eon of ead jeThs ein through = and ¥ 9 gen ty (sions a srs ator by ou Wl-osthennns one re Hens, we can Kind the eondines FZ 0 Re can Ke Ye oF at “Thee pe ad is pet eeetation . WWcn ths ne iterscets St #8 ths value then Le demtnnn'tee aie rom wien we get = unt? see 14 + 2) we ave at a 8 the point Z is pven (Z # N) and we wish to Gnd = then by setting xy and using (61), weave at [ow let us define a distance function between points in the extended plane m tefolowingmanae: or, 1a C dene te distance fom 210 [Act the dictaos ten the encoding pats Z ad 2” M2 = (ey aye 85) 206 Zoe eX) then 6s 29 = sa HAHA ing he fact that 7 and 7! ate 08 8. (6.8) ies os le, 29F = 2 2s tested ‘By using equation (03) we ge. “ a Feo) “ ase) ose Tv syns es pont of and lee aan» The Compe Naber Sse verses 1. Give the det athe derivation of (67) and 62). For eich ot ite falling outs te, pve the orerponding pit of Sq tsctea 5 Wich subsets of corespoad tothe real and imaginary axes iC SUE nes cre jing in. Ti sve f= iqae plave Pin ach {hat POS 8 Recall rom aati eomety tat (aye) Bet anBr Be =D snhere (Bs PuP) seoe mthogonl to P and Is some real eunbe Ica fs sed that #2488 = 1. Use th lformation fo show that [EA consis the poit tea te prajction 0a a stag ive, serie, 3. Tet z and 2 be points on S coreesponding tz 2nd 2 respectively. Let Wr be the point on $coregonting fo +27 Find the coordinates of Wik Chapter IT [Metric Spaces and the Topology of © At, Defon and examples of mee spaces [metric space is apie (Xd) where X 5 ast and dis. fartion from socio Reale a deane jimion ov tri, which ates the Flowing onions fr 9, and 2 1X A> 0 es») = and only i 3) = A, 9 eyes) 2) «e.g, 9) Canale ini Bes = eX: as) or) Bes) = eX ae) en) ss 9) 498 Bes 0) a ‘ener and rads nt the open and cloud Bll, rexpetivy, with Eanes LA Let X= oF © and dain a, ») ~ [2—v. This makes both (®t) tnd (C, 4) metric spaces Tm fit, (, d) willbe the example of principal interest fo ws Ifthe reader has never encountered the conespt ofa mee Shue before th, he sould sort ep (4) 9 mind during he sty of tis caper, 12 Le (id be a mttie space and fet ¥ © Xs then (Yd) sab a tse 13 Let X= € and define dic, 2418) = [eel + yO. Then (Cd is etic space LA Let Xm © and dette arty ait) ~ one Qa, [)~ HD AUS Lat any stand defied) = OFF x= yan yy) ~ Lif 4» ‘To show that the fclion daisies the tangle Inequality one merely sonsiery al osiiiis of equality among J, aml = Nutr eve tha Fre s)eoni nly ofthe pot xe e Land Bere) ~ Xie > 1 This Ince spe does not peat inthe sty of arate Tanetion thon Melaka torte tye sth? in tine aon [Lonny]!2 Mec te Tes af © 17 Lat S be any se and dente by BS) the st oF al functions fi SE Ile = mp (ale r6 8) “That is (5) comsits falcomplax valued functions whose range scone sind inside some disk offi ras. For fan pin AS) dine 2) serene we wl Show that sates the triangle oeguay 19101 J. 1, sain 3) aod ay pat aS then {/) A) = [7H Fis) etol = (fe) Ae) +56) g0)] = [fH + el Tha, wh be fpremum is takeb Overall 5 J-le 5 1 PoBLa (Olas MHA te tangle Inequality for 1 Deon, For metic space (x, ) a set G = 48 ope or eh Mhacithoe bone > Oschtha Bi) 0 “Thus set in Cs open fas mo “edge” Fr example, G = (2°: ac Rey eb open; bat es Re 0} (0) 00 xn AO, 3 8201 ‘We dence the ey st, he et consiing of no elements, by 1.9 Prooshon. Let (4) he 2 moti apace the: (Gy The sete X ad are pens ‘ (Bi Gncn oeopor sets m X then st 6x (0 HG 2) va cali peat Fy tc ot then 620 {Gy jd) ao open re pat) iy To pr) M6 ~ fn 15 eG for Km tye Ta bythe dios, foreach Ether am o> eh ha vs) ©. Rute = min fees oe ced then for TKS (Blas) © Bs) © Gy Ths B(e «) © G and Gis ope. "ihe proof of ew lee sean eer forte ede. ‘Thr iesnotr cas of eubote 4 metriespace which ae distinguished “Thee eth sts which contain all thelr "das alteoately, the ss whose ‘omplements have no "ele" 1.40 Definon, A set = Xs lad if ts complement, XF. is ope ine folowing propostion fy the wonplenent of Proposition 1. The root how rection kit tthe render, accomplished by appt te Morgn's favs To the presing proposition. 111 Progaston Let (¥d) bea metric space. Ten {a) The ste and are cose : {Oy arrests Xt 20) (6) P85 coany vos vf sod st XJ a ind thon Ath Bota se, the mnt commen ee mae po sen setters te det ov ined sts an loa Debsiton andexanps of mei pcs 8 Closed, Ths of course, ae can be en ty Foking a {¢#: Ke# > v} fons te mther open nor et 1.12 Defalilon. Let A be a aunt uf, Th he ti of Ay ot, he Set J(G: Gs open and G © A). The closure of A, Ais the set) 1 F Js loved and F >). Note that ot may be empty and A may te. Tee = [ato a and pate rca numbers then smutacounty A” = © dint 4 (1. Ry Proponione 19 and LII we uve that 4 Is closed and int Ais open. The bundy of 4s denoted by £4 ad defined by f= A nana) 1LA3 Proposition. Let and B be sbets of a merc space (Xd). Tha: (a) Aten fed only fA ~ iat (0) A isco and ony fA = A (6) ined = K(k ay GAP = Xin A) 24 = Ami A: (aon aa ony (e) soe lnt 4 Vand onl there on « > O such hat Bo) 0, Bagi JA BE Proof The proots of (8-8) sre let to the reader To prove (f) assume ped” = Keint (CA): this, te ine =A). By part (for ever {Sot nis not contin in Xs That there a point = Begs) Shieh is noc in XA Hence, Bees 619, Now suppose 96 A~ Keine (Y=A) Then xp eit (UA) ad, by (2, there Is am ¢ > 0 such fae ise; = Hak Tet 8, Blag, o) A= T] 0 that xy doer ot Sati the condition. Tiny one last dein of dixinguishe type of se 1.44 Defaion, A subset A ofa mevie space Xis dase if A~ = X. "The st of rational ners Qis dense in and (xtly: x yeQ) i Exess 1, Show tat each ofthe examples of metic spaces given in (1.2)-(16) Indeed, a metric space. Example (L6) fhe ely one likely {0 give any UB. Also deter B( or) for each of thee xampe 2, Which ofthe following sees af € are open abd which ar closed) (ecHTeH): (the real any (6) [222"=1 for some integer 921}: (@) (Geers wreatang os 0 t]ct@) [zeG=2 beat aad O82 <1)? ad) eany metic space show that every open al fat, an pen tA, show that every ced tll 2 ese et $F ne the death ofthe pool of 90, (Prone that sgt GX 9 en and ony EY i ln 5 Shyw that si whee mp Dy 2 8} es meee ee Kt itchy dims spent POA Sopne 0 sen: sowthat G0 ¥is open in (¥, 4). Conversely, show that if Gy © ¥ i open in (io re nope et = A mh that Oy — 09 Ye 3a Ese # with “ose in ple of "open" To, Prove Proposition 1.13, 1, Show hat [0sk:4 20) dene iy T—(2¢:|z|=1). For which Anis nf ie f(t) 0) degen 72 82. Comecedness Lat ws sat this section by svag an example, Let X= (26: $1) UTES I} and ge te metne snes fom C. (Henoefrvar, Sihenever sonido sbucts of or © ne mere spaces we wll SURE Urls ated the contrary, hat bas the inherited mac dt) = |=) Then he set A = (2: 1} esimltancouly open ad closed owed recuse its complement in fy Bo Yd (2 =e 8) ie opens i fpen becuse ita a then Bla, 1) © A. (Notice that it may aot happen Gy O sich that (a, 44) © 4. Let wp fs [aa40) © A} Claim (a1) © A.Inficife = x < atten, puting = asr—x > 0, fhe dein of supromaa imlos there ean e with phe eer a faatde a. Buta's sm ee(r—) O such that Bb; ) ©'G- But Wz cB: Then [oye] = 40,0) = 6. thence the polygon @ ~ PU yin Gand goes {om ato: This shows that B=) = Ay and so Ais ope. To show that Ais closed suppose there a pint in GA and let e > 0 ‘eau tat Bee) = eI cere a et A BK 0) he bone, ‘we can Const polvaon om ato 2 Thus we mist have that (zi) lor es0) © Ga. Tats, GA is opens thats closed 2A Coralia. 1G & € sop nd comected ond @ an bare pots in tenon 7 rab nh ae 0 tems, a Some sn te Topo veniam 0s fe mod ack fie age 0 2 a obtained wht eae properties. However, dn post ae ee te ng campos we Exe 57). Aner oot SPE Scr by moda he prot of Theorem 22 Define he set 8 ese See iy ota he estonia te pogo semen ae Fe akan cy Ti eingar thepree wl ee ith a i ha hay at pra 1 9 88, Bai oe ee aks = cain. b= po then te pobgon P PUNY fo Sy and has eps al oa. Poel te nue tht any se Sina mt sac en Be expe, in acammal wa, a he nin of eonnested ps. 126 Pefeion. A subset ofa metic pace Xa component of Kit in aeeitscael aust of X. That D i comeded and tei 00 ‘Benue suet of that propery eons. wrk sade cxamings te example a the begining of this section wil ache tat both and Bate components and, Tuthermors hese se Te Components of X Poanoter cxampl ft X ~ (0, 1 4s das sh Theat sry component of Fis a pant ad ach poit 8 COmPone an cng 226 Len, Let 596 X onder (By: JJ} te a calleton of omnected eats Fi eat tat tee DJ ach) i. Thon D= {} (Dy: ¢2) i comeced Prof it Aa subset af the mete space (P which sth omen 20 rom Na Sapnone that A 41), Then A.D, is open in (Dy) foreach J Seo bat csed (Execs 18 and 1.9), ince Ds connetea we st it See phon aD, Dy Since Av C thee is a least one k ce A AA De Ts ence, A/\Dy ~ Dai particular x9 © A s0 that see AD, for every Thus A 9D; = Dy of D, SA fr eae Ix J ‘This ps that D = 4,5 ta D i onc 227 Theorem. Let (Xd) hea metre space Ther: a) boot xg n Xr cared tn 0 comport of (6) Disa campanents of X ae dint Reeth part (@) sys that Xi the union of components Pro) Let be the elleon of comet sts of X which contain Fm Sat xy Note hat rg] 50 ha > 1 Ao nts that the gen Po Spe etng fon ppl othe colton 9. ene Tepe pes) iseomensl and ron C. But C min bea component Gta Pf ceoeud and Ce D then tos 0 ha D7 bt ten To eae Tny Cis nial a a Ee. “os Sepang and Cy ae sop 7 Cad sone ht is we Ne. ham the ema ap it © 0 Cy coats Seuss and content ” Since both Cy and €y ae components, this aes C) = €) UC: = Ca contain 218 Propoiton (a) FA ~ Xs connected and A&B A”, then Rie conn (6) Cte asomponont of then Cis closed "The prof is ef as an exercise 129 Theorem, Lt be oper i C: ther the compen of G are apen and there re nyo comnts mero thm ‘htt Ch campo of Gant Sie oe tia oS Oi Bese) © 6. By Lema 26, legs) UC ts connected and 50 Invst be Tht is A(sye#) © aod CB terete, open, "To oc unt the suse of somponents countable Ket S— fa 1 and b are enional and a Bie Gl. Then S is counable and each com fonet of @ contains 8 pin ofS. a0 that the number of components oun. a vero 1. The porpoe ofthis exer ito show that coneted subset of Ris an Gh Show tata st 4c Jia interval for any tao pine an tn A wth = bth neal a8) = {ty Use pan a) to show tht W's set_A © Ri cooneted them a an 3 Show tha the es Sand Tin the proof of Theorem 23 are ope. 4 Whichof the following subsets KofC ae connected Vis ot connected, shat aes components: ( X= le: el 2 JU ble 2 < 1) houfidnssh os e-auny ane tana a reser~ gusts ap rove the lowing prvenion of Lemmn 26.1 (Dy: Jed} fe 2 tulection of conseted Subs of X and if foreach j and in J we have Dyn D, 9 Dithen D = (D,.je} 8 connec, Show thai Flot and connected the fr every pi af poe (tein rand each «> O there are pits =p yo--, 28 F vith 25 ~ 1 band yy 9) < efor =k = 9 Totbe hypothesis that Fe hosed holed? If Fits which sate thie property then Fi not nosy ‘Srested, een if Fis elon. Give am ekample to state this SG, Sequences and completeness (ne of the mos nfl cones in etre pe that of &comertent seine Thi conta tele dopa the stay of mee8 Matic pues te Tops of © lay) comerges to xin symbols = tin 5, oF» if for every + > O Iho an integer Mech tate) =v whantvee == ‘Aterately, x lim x, iF 0 = lin a, 8 ‘© then 2 =i zy means that foreach e > O tore is an such ad O we have Bley: OOF xe) < | which implies that sy >, Stee x F, ths sys the cone ion a. 33 Deiniton. 14 © X then a point «ia X isa lint poi of if there ‘sa sequence (x) of eine pont in A such that x = lin “The reason forthe word “distinct” inthis Seton can fe Masrated bythe following example Let = 'C and lt = [0 ]U i) each point iO 1] 6 limt point of 4 but is ot. We do not wish calla pois uch ea Lnit pola bt if tact” ese roy ote defo we oul taken, = foreach (and have = him $A Propostlon. (a) A seis owed if it coma al its iit pons (WACK thn A= AU (esx lil poi of 4). “The pro leah exer From real analysis we know thata hase propeny of that any sequence whowe terms get clowe together as ges large, must be corsrgea. Such Sequences are eld Cauehy sequences, One of ther atts 1 Rat You now the iit wil exit owen thong yu et per 218 Deion. A expen (rq) it clled 9 Cchy sega if for every © O there is an integer N auth that de 4) © for all mm > Cir) has the propery that each Chucy sequence has imi aX then (Ys comp 36 Propsion. Ci compete Prof tee ina Cay caguunee in C then fox) and fp ate Canshy Sequcnce in RSice Ris complet, ty = an fy = for pou 0 Be Tefollows that cp him (ve {aid 90 08 ont Commer, ih i mie dc and 1) Hat os bis Seoucce and cmp » ican be shown tht oy 2)->Oif and only it e,—2| 0. kn spite of is, TEA © X'we deine the dameter of by diam A = sup (a, 9): and yaren 4). 37 Camor's Theorem. A ere space (X, ds cmplee Uf for any sequence (E,) of momempty closed sets with F) > Fy > s+. and diam F,-»0, FF, conn of abate pot a Proof. Suppone (Xi compe and et (F) be x sexu of eon es having the popes: (9 F, > Fy >. and i im dam F, = 0. Foe each inlets beak arrary pole sim > N hen yy aren Fy 0 tht, Dy detain, ay 1a) © am Fy. By tbe hypo v ean be hosed sicily Inrgethat dam F< hie hows tha (x) fet Coy wequenoe Since complete, xy = lim x, ents Abo, 25 la Fy for all n= since F, © Fy: Rene, xin Fy fr every W and ths gives xf), = F So F consis at ast one pia; also, yn F then both x sya ia Fy foreach wand this gies di 3) 5 a Fy > 0. Therefore, 3) = Now let us show that is complete if i sass the stated eonon Let {oy} fe & Cauchy seguene In and put = (Sy Syne se} 3 thea Bio Fane Ie > Ocho N tush tht ae a2 for atch m ‘mths gives that diam [3 Sua. o2} = « fOr 1 W and so diam [© for 2 N (Eeerche 9), Thus iam Fy 0 ad by hypothe, there Ia poin gin ¥ with og} = Fy 0,00. In partial ny iin Pe And 0 dye) © iam Fy», Therefore, = in tM “Thee ia standard exer associated with steer It toad sequeme of es (Fy) ia wll anes tw of te sions (a) esoh Fs closed, WRzho a © dam Fos but which hs F =F, 0 Fa. citer empty of consting of more than ‘one point. Everyone should et examples satisjng the posse combina 38 Proposition Ler (Xd) be a complete marie space and et YX. Then (aye conplere meine pare 7H sed nN Pros iste sam exerie to show that (Ya) complete whenever Vis 2 loved eabae.Now same (od) te cmt et ty he it pit Yh thre sym sequen {1 of poe sue that yin Henge (121 Cabety seaence UH xetene 8) and Mt converse to pointy oY sine (Baym comet Tas tt fi ‘omit hn ps ewe scone by Pon» Me Spaces and te Tes of © varies 1, Prove Proposition 3.4 2 Furmsh the dtalleofthe proof of Proposition 38. 4 Tate: be points in Candie dbe the metic on Cy Show that |2y~2| 0 Sf aly Hey e)=> 0. Abo show tha i = eR (4) EY Inca: (Mant (or) omverge in Ca) Show tht every converseat sequence in (Xd is # Caushy sequen 6 Give thre examples of on complete meré spaces. ; Sch ametre eu Roch tnt gs) OF and only i iy *) 0, Tt hat Ge) Isa €aushy segue fm (when |)» (Hint: Take inspiration rom C..) wrReppone (an 2 Cauchy sxucine oad (sy) is 8 ubaguanes tha i Convergent Show that (e) mst be Converse 4. Compaciness “Th emerge of compan is an estnson ofthe benef of iiteness insnte sets Most properties of compact sets ar analogits of propet ne whch re gate vl Fes amp ry cen ae Str converentsbsequcce, Ths gue tl since there must be iene poi wich ep 8 sie ser of ue, However 444 Defi, A subst of mee space 2s comput fo vey salle a ke U G65), ther is ite numberof te Gy, Gy in 9 sch that K'= GU Gs UG coection of sets satsying (42) i calle cover of Ki ‘hak member of ran open set ic sealed an ope caver of Cen ih copy st tod al finite ate ae compact. An examale of on compact ets D> (2¢C: |e] < 1 6G 1 ten (iy Gy} 18 a8 Open Goer FD for which thar ix 9 443 Propo, Let Ke a compact subst of Ys thn (a) Kis closed: (0) 17 Fis elated and F & K then Fs compact. Pro prove pat (0) wil how that K'= K™ Let x9 ATs By Pros a sun hat suf K, Tn wach Gyn open aa A's (tesa coop: " Ai: !) =f, Si comps the i mh : af) mov greta: !) 0K Pacman Ths k= ‘To prove part (b) let # bean nen cover of F. Thea, since Fis cose GU USP) han open cover of Kr Let Gyros, Gy be sets im 9 sich tha KEG. UGUCM PL Claas, SGU. Udy and 30 Ps compa IEF a collection of subs of X we say that F has the fe ier section propery (CAP) WRENNE (Fe Fascvn Fal = FoF ao F211 As exile of sch 9 calction is (D~Gy. D=G.-} where the sts G, ate as In the example preceing Propstion 43. Be Gp BiG, Ge som RE 44 Proponiion. A ser KE X te compact if etry calction F of closed Sues of Kv the fp. has (V1 Pe FY | Proof Suppose Kis comps nd Fs colton of dosed subst of K Bite Me fey Aas tat fh roy weoaed ee ea FoF te iter Port ~ fie Peele by te “Ssompion in pte, an open cover OUT thr ae Fr Foe woh hat Ke [) OCR) = X= FF Bat ahi esta © —Keandsns ech Fea sabe of mat beat) = Thin Somadte tet fh "he et of conve eh am tee. 48 Coola ery: compact mere space i complet ‘Proof. This flows cul by appsing the above prow ae 46, Calary 7X 18 compact then ery infinite et has Hn poe BX ‘rug. Let She a infinite abu of and suppone S has no limi pons. Let Yaya} Be a sequence of distinct pons ia then F, = (te oo) a as no limit pos. Bul ase asm mat points it Cons pits so eat he ou "Then fy led a CF vrs T hae the ip. Howes soc the points a) agate dine, toning the above proposition “47 Definition. A more space (Xi sequently cmt fever sequence fn hiv convergent subseqetee 1 Leben Covering Lemma, IP (A IN ie ils am2 Mei Spaces nde Tp o 1 ts anopen cover of X then thre is ane > Ouch that If X, shee bs waen 9 win m0) =o roo The prot is by conrstin; suppose that am ope eave of roots O ean be found To party, freer igen thee i 6 in 9. Since X poo oe 8) wt js sequently compact the plat xf X eda subanenss fe4) SMa tim ng tet ge sich that mee Gy and choo «0 SER tht Begg) Sp Now lt 8 be sch th yn) <2 for all FR Lake anyteperge nab om 2260 26am Dlg Tha Then lye 9) ogee) dig 9) ei24Hih Oauch hav Bl) © sine os open. Tee aa, however ses ose» Osh hat foray AC) oe {anal m some mermer of 8. The other miseretaton i fo bbe hat (eee, Sobel in the ema, (es) boned each G18 son mated. 449, Theorem. Let (Xd) be a mete space; than the following ae equnaent (a) X 2 compects 1 Bey te win as iit ot () Xeesequently compacts (i eeeplrc and fore «> 0 thes ar a fie numberof points Syecer a ln Keach tha x= as (he property mentioned in (2) scaled sora! Boundedress.) Proof Ta (0 plies (the statement of Corns 46. °) motes (0): Let (ur) bes sequen in ¥and suppose, mito ss of geome pins ng ngs ve all Stic. By (thee ( sere fava ni int Tvs tere py © Aye Dri, bara topes ny > thy ¢ BH), Continuing we ge neg reese wih age Be: HA). Ty to = fim ny and sone (oils (8); To sc that X i complete Het ry) be & Cushy sea app) te dentin of eyecare and appa Now ee = and eX ky th eae de te wnt yes AI EX ye. Bs me i moet xy € B04) Bs) Es proses never stops we find a Bu simples a form Ass 5) 2 «> OTs (a8 Re Che gece to i mts Tp he tl oe vain of te ion sot pe Tis ices tt igo hn ere ot thn po Saree tnt es fee hee ten Cis Waves if yo tan nine none pnts ated i 20 tnt fife otc as So Patsy fr ey > an ine a ea Fo PS Rg) sowie way re et a ‘Sdittuto oft pe Tens pt and 2 abe Cepy ah stn a fe) say? athe wa pom oh Te Societe ch ay akinn Oe ngs be Caine teeceh ing the ut rin ad eee a Ne} Skt G2) RY A= Wee sten dam Ae and FF, 2 By Tren [A =) We cm tha = Gn ia sage ff) Tat F 0 hat 5 .and A trae of ns Le te angen cover X The sing om Ge 02 Da rou ts Phew a din Funai ee Nos (Se gery oe pn sje ah ta As mshi is aset Oy with Boys) = Oy tester of 9. 410 rete Bore Theorem, 4.610 Kof RO = 11 compact Ks los i bound, roo LK is compact ten K i tilly bounded by part (4) of the receding theorem, Tt follows that K-must be closed (Propotion 43) nk easy to Show mat Waly Pouaded set ako boule "Now suppose that K's closed and bounded. Hence there are real numbers dead a94 By sch that Ke Play by) gh ‘ean be shown that Fs compact men. because Ks Gos, foows mx 1 iecompact (Proposition 43(5)) Since Ri comple and F's closed i otis tht Fis complete Hence, again using pat (4) af te preceding Iconer we need ony show that # folly hounded, The fh easy {ih emt ray” te wet oy ts 0 we ne wl wee F &s the uno of wimenssnsleetgngles eich of ameter les than « ‘fer dig this we wail have # Resa) where ach 4 Delongs 10Py Met pce te Tes af © ‘one ofthe aforementioned rectangles. The excetion of the deta of ths Matyi att the eager (serie 3) Exercise, 1. Finih the prof of Proposition 44 2B Let pe (piven Pd) at d= (eso 4) be points in RY with rs < ay foe each Let RAP gine ea sow tt gam = 409) [§,o-n0 bhi nbs AVE Ra > 0 we Be 26 aia show hat thar are cans Bn... Ry sc hat F = CRs and ata (Be efor enh hI 2 BS flows that By © Bt! 0 {Show thatthe union ofa ite mmber of compact set is compact 5, Lav te the set ofall bounded sequences of complex number. Tha alex it sep thule wet) cco it n= te) and = Gr. define sy) = sup (ne=pan> Show that for eath vin X and e > 0, Bs) {2 ht cally bounded alhough i comple (Hint: you mught have an ser dns of if you ft shew tat you can ate (0, 0,--)) 6 Show thatthe closure of x totaly bounded sei tally bounded $5. Comtinty (One ofthe most elementary properties of function is contin. The presence of comtinulty guaranties a certain dgie of regslaity and smooth- es without wai diet btn any thy of functions oma metic ‘rove Sins the sain subet ofthis hook ithe theory of funetios of ‘ompiex variable which posses derivates (nds are continuous) he uy ot conti ase 1 Debio, Let (Xd) and (2, ¢) be mate spaces and le: '—+0 be ‘func. Ite cK sad ore hc im) = = for eery «> Othe ea 8 > O nach that p(/(s), =) ~ + whenever 0 < di, a) < 8. The function fi ‘onto the ota in fe) = Fa). Hf fs continuous at cach point of 1X then fi contious fain from X to 2. 2 Propian, Let fo d) = (0, 9) Bo fieton and =X, «= fo) The fllorng ore eqsvalent sateen (a) fe continous at Por ceeryc > OF MBs) canals a bal with ere (9) += limf(sp whonerer = lim “The prot wil ele av an exersve Tor the eae, ‘Tha wen the tet propio sonwctngsomtney of Faion at omtinsty s om eno on we cos iso i en contmik 3 Proptton Lot ff, 4) -0(0, 1) he fonction The fal ella statment: (@) fs contwous; (0) Ys cpon te th 4S) be opon uM (0 HF0 i closed in then fC) 8 oe X Proof (3) implies (0): Let be opea ia 0 and let xf (8). Iw = f(s) thon oi in 3 By definition there san «> O with Blo; «) © 3. Sine fi ‘ontnvous pat (6) ofthe presling propesition sinc 88 > Owith ts: 8) EF Blas 0) f-"(8). Heoee fA) is ope. (oy mpl (0) IE 2 2 isconed then et =P, By (FHA) = XP) ope 3 that f- AP) oe (eyimoties 2: Suppose heres a pot «in Xt whi isnt continous ‘Then thee is an e> 0 and a sequence () sich that (ff) = « for evry while ~ in ng Let Fon Bil); then se amd cach 8 inf UD) Since hy Ce F-HT) is eased we have x ef). But {his imps fi), fla) 2 «> Oya conan. Ml Uo eo eu prob We uBsstos byte eater 154 Propesion Le fad he sotinnoes fact from Xt © ad let Be Thon afte and gave bork continous As, fig 18 continous Proce gs) # 0 for every xX ‘5 Prope, Let: X-» Vand: ¥-»Z.be coins functions. Thon gf (ohere ge 7) ~ fC) to sntincns faction from ito 2 Proof. I Ui open in Z then g°1(U) is open in ¥s Rene, Ms™HLY) ~ (ef) 0) is open in XL 56 Define. A Function f. (4% d)-> (0, -) is wfrmly contours i for ‘rye > Otte is 29> 0 (depending only on sich that fC). /0) < + eros.) 8, Wey that ina ipa ht nt tee nso 1M Osuch that (70 00 Mate, 9) forall and yin Ie ieay to se tha enery Lipa fontion is snformly continaoxs, omtindous funtion is continous. What ate sone examples of such une- om? th Xrtd= B thn f(s) = 2" i continuous but ot foray omingoes. IF = 2 = ft] mea st) = © is uniform continuous bat fenot a Lipchiyfancin. The following ponies » wealthy ily of Tipit anton Leta CR ANE NY A tie the dance Jew <1 te se A A, A aay S87 Propostion. 61 AX: Gtk Ae taba1 Met Spend te Tops of as A= vag xed 5 1) fae) Age = Ae 9) fr ll «0 ¥ ‘Proof (a Ib SB en tack foo he dition that as B) 2s 4) Hence, da, 4°) © da, dh On the her ad, if «> 0 there i 8 point yin” sch hat ls, a) > de, 9) «2. Aso, there is point ain A with (ua gs af This aes di A) 2 oy ame > lie a), Sac cwasarbiraty de, A") = al, A) 0 that (2) proved igh ue then = ty a) ~ s, , Now foray in X thre mining sence (a) fo 4 sich hat abs #) = li dl, 2 So if the, a) = Olin ds, a) = 0; tat x = Kim aan 0.x A ‘Fortin A dos © as 994 a 0). eves, Ae, 4) In as 2) aed) ela iden )edgearine Al = ae 9) A) Tis gives de foc ay dis). Simaly aly, 4) ae, 4) =a, 9) 0 the ese Ine ult follows. ‘ote that pat (6) ofthe proposition sayy tht i ¥--B dfnl by ‘Mo) = de. A) a Lipchite funton, TF ne vary the set Ae get age ‘supply ofthese functions. Ti ne tas thatthe product of to weiformly contin (inet) {ution sain uniformly coninvoes (Lipschitz), For example fs) ~ FF Liphite but isnt enn uray continsoas. However Ibo and {Pare bounded then the ensuson i valid Ge Essie 3) “Two of the most important properis of continuous function are contained lathe following ret. S88 Theorem, Let (Xd) (Op) bea continous facto. cy 1X i compact ten fC) fa compact sbi of ©: {03078 & sums hae (0 ts 0 comectdese of Prof. To prove (2) and (bt may be supposed, without Loss of gene, Toca). Ce) Let fon) be 8 seqhonee in then thee Is foreach In {yt point x10 ¥ with eg ~ (0). Sine Xi compsct there is point ‘Cin Kanda sublegurnoe (sh fat = bmn ye But f= (9) then the continuity of gives that» ~ lim ays Bence 08 eompoet hy Theorem 45.0) Suppose Se 2 i both open and lowed in D and that ©. ‘The, ects fX1) = 2, 7 J"); ao, 2) is Both open and sed {rouse fi comtnuous By consetny, f-98) ~ Nand thie gives 0 =: Ths, is connected 159 Covell, If fs NOx continous and KE i ihe compactor ‘inns in tho K) compactor comvected, respecte, 8 5:10 Caratlany If fe = ic ier “Tis fll from he charatetation wf connected bs OF 8x sus and camer the $00 ia SAL Imemediate Valve Theorem, I: [6] -» i contaous and fla) < SAG) ten ere at pd ne 54 8 wats) & 342 Cont, 1, X= is comin and K Xe compast shen here are Points xo and Yon K wih fl) = sup (f(2): x K) and fly) ~ iat (7) mek} Proof.» ~ sup (f(s) =) then is in f(K) bss fk) los and ‘ound ine Simlany p= in (ays Te) IR ML a3 Conary, If © Xu compact and fA» 1 conto ten mere tsa = sp fa «6 1) and fs} = inh st) re Pros. Tic corollary fll from the preceding ne Means g(0) = ft) ‘eines eomtnuoys Fanci fom into S544 Coralia. If K a compact et of X ad xis bX then thre Pointy ir Kit ae, 9) = le Pr, Def 5-28 yf) — ae, Te fi atin by LK wih $0) = fa) for even z= “hisses as, 9) = "The ext two theorems are exsemely important tnd will Be tne e- ately hvoupout Hin Book with o apetbe reference to the theorem numbers. ‘515, Theorem. Suppose (2 X-+0 Us continous and X compact then fs omy contin. Proof Lit «> 05 we wish to Sind a 8 > O sich that ds, 9) <8 implies HU, JO) <«. Suppose there ts no sich 3; fa pare, cack 8a ‘el fl to work Then for every > thete ae pots x andy. X with Ks) Ht But of fe, FO) 2 «Sige Xs compact there i a sabe seqhene yg} and a pont Te. wth tinge em =H ue Ja) 5 ARN Be IO Buiter =f), lim fy) so that 5 HU) 06. fU) sand th rght han sd of hs inequality goes to 210. This is a contadition nd completes the pret ‘516, Dein. 1 A and 8 ate subsets of X hen deine the distance fom Ane deka Dh by aA Note tha Hi te seg a yas Aa me (a) hen ds Hah AE