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NOTE

1) Salts are formed by the reaction of acids and bases, resulting in ionic compounds other than acids, bases, or peroxides. 2) When salts dissolve in water, their ions can act as Brønsted acids or bases by hydrolyzing, or reacting with water molecules. This changes the pH from water's normal value of 7. 3) Whether a salt solution is acidic, basic, or neutral depends on if the cation or anion hydrolyzes as an acid or base and the relative strengths of the conjugate acid/base.

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264 views

NOTE

1) Salts are formed by the reaction of acids and bases, resulting in ionic compounds other than acids, bases, or peroxides. 2) When salts dissolve in water, their ions can act as Brønsted acids or bases by hydrolyzing, or reacting with water molecules. This changes the pH from water's normal value of 7. 3) Whether a salt solution is acidic, basic, or neutral depends on if the cation or anion hydrolyzes as an acid or base and the relative strengths of the conjugate acid/base.

Uploaded by

Verannita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SALT HYDROLYSIS

A salt is any ionic substance other than acids, bases or peroxides


o Anything not containing H+1, OH-1, O2-2

A salt is formed by the reaction of an acid and a base


o HCl+ KOH  H2O + KCl
o 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)2  6H2O + Ca3(PO4)2

the ions of many salts hydrolyze (react) with water once dissolved
this means that when the salt is dissolved in water, the IONS can as act
Brønsted acids and/or bases
when this happens, the water’s 1:1 ratio of [H+1]:[OH-1] is upset, resulting in
a change of water’s normal pH reading of 7

an example of a salt’s cation reacting with water:

NH4+1(aq) + H2O ↔ H3O+1(aq) + NH3(aq) (positive ion acts as an acid)


Ka expression must be used here!

An example of a salt’s anion reacting with water:

CO3-2(aq) + H2O ↔ HCO3-1(aq) + OH-1(aq) (negative ion acts as a base)


Kb expression must be used here!

Predicting if the cation hydrolyzes in water:


a) metals from group IA and IIA do NOT hydrolyze
b) non-metal ions usually hydrolyze

Predicting if the anion hydrolyzes in water:


a) find out what the conjugate acid would be
b) if the conjugate acid is a strong acid, there will be no reaction (strong
acids dissociate 100% into their ions)
A/ The Salt of a Strong Acid and a Strong Base:

eg) potassium chloride KCl(aq) = K+1(aq) + Cl-1(aq)

K+1(aq) + H2O  no reaction because K is a group IA metal

Cl-1(aq) + H2O HCl(aq) + OH-1(aq)


HCl is a strong acid therefore no reaction

Therefore the solution is neutral; pH = 7

B/ The Salt of a Weak Acid and a Strong Base:

eg) potassium fluoride KF(aq) = K+1(aq) + F-1(aq)

K+1(aq) + H2O  no reaction because K is a group IA metal

F-1(aq) + H2O HF(aq) + OH-1(aq)


HF is a weak acid Ka = 6.7*10-4

Therefore the solution is basic (anion acts as a base, increasing the [OH-1]; pH > 7

C/ The Salt of a Strong Acid and a Weak Base:

eg) C6H5NH2Cl(aq) = C6H5NH2+1(aq) + Cl-1(aq)

C6H5NH2+1(aq) + H2O  H3O+1(aq) + C6H5NH(aq)

Cl-1(aq) + H2O HCl(aq) + OH-1(aq)


HCl is a strong acid therefore no reaction

Therefore the solution is acidic (cation acts as an acid, increasing the [H+1]; pH < 7

D/ The Salt of a Weak Acid and a Weak Base:

If Ka = Kb, pH = 7
If Ka > Kb, pH < 7 not far from pH of 7 in any case
If Ka < Kb, pH > 7
Eg) What is the pH of a 0.25 mol/L solution of sodium fluoride?

NaF  Na+1 + F-1


0.25 0.25 0.25

Na+1 + H2O  no reaction (Group IA metal)

F-1 + H2O  HF + OH-1 (HF is a weak acid therefore reaction proceeds)

F-1 + H2O  HF + OH-1


I 0.25 0 0
Rx -x +x +x
E ≈0.25 x x

Kb = Kw/Ka pOH = -log [OH-1]


= 1*10-14/6.7*10-4 = -log(1.9*10-6)
= 1.5*10-11 = 5.7

Kb = [HF] [OH-1]/[ F-1] pH = 14-5.7


1.5*10-11 = (x)(x)/0.25 pH = 8.3 (basic)
x = 1.9*10-6 mol/L = [OH-1]

eg) Calculate the pH of a 0.5 mol/L aqueous solution of pyridinium chloride, C5H6NCl.

C5H6NCl  C5H6N+1 + Cl-1


0.5 0.5 0.5

C5H6N +1 + H2O  H3O+1 + C5H5N

Cl-1 + H2O  HCl + OH-1 (HCl is a strong acid therefore no reaction)

C5H6N +1 + H2O  H3O+1 + C5H5N


I 0.5 0 0
Rx -x +x +x
E ≈0.5 x x

Ka = [H3O+1] [C5H5N]/[C5H6N +1] pH = -log[H+1]


6.8*10-6 = (x)(x)/0.5 = -log(0.00184)
x = 1.84*10-3 mol/L = [H+1] = 2.73

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