1.

The discount rate used to determine the present value of a stream of

expected future cash flows is referred to as the __________.

Your Answer: net operating income

Correct Answer: capitalization rate

This question refers to the capitalization rate.

2. The traditional approach towards the valuation of a company assumes

that __________.

Your Answer: the cost of capital is independent of the capital

structure of the firm
Correct Answer: that management can increase the total value of the
firm through the judicious use of financial leverage

The cost of capital is dependent on the capital structure of the firm.

3. The presence of which one of the following costs is not used as a major
argument against the M&M arbitrage process?

Your Answer: Bankruptcy costs.

Correct Answer: Insurance costs.

The presence of these costs is used as major argument against the M&M
arbitrage process.

4. What is the present value of the net tax-shield of debt if the current
market value of the firm is $10 million, its value if unlevered would be $8
million, and the present value of bankruptcy and agency costs is
$500,000?

Your Answer: $1,500,000

Correct Answer: $2,500,000

Value of the firm, prior to bankruptcy and agency costs, is $10 million +
$0.5 million = $10.5 million. Tax shield is calculated by subtracting the
unlevered firm value = $10.5 - $8 = $2.5 million.

5. What is the market value of common equity under the NOI approach? The
firm has an expected net operating income of $5,000 with $4,000 of debt
(market value). Assume that the overall capitalization rate is 20%.

Your Answer: $5,000

Correct Answer: $21,000
 Total value of the firm = O / kO = $5,000 / .2 = $25,000. Therefore, the
market value of common equity = $25,000 - $4,000 = $21,000.

6. Which of the following statements regarding the net operating income

approach is incorrect?

Your Answer: The overall capitalization rate, kO, is constant.

Correct Answer: The required return on equity, ke, is constant.

The capitalization rate is constant.

7. Which of the following statements regarding the total value principle

is incorrect?

Your Answer: The total value principle allows for corporate borrowing
and excludes personal borrowings via arbitrage.

8. Two identical firms exist except that Firm A uses no debt and Firm B uses
some debt. The total value of Firm A is less than the total value of Firm B,
but you own 2% of Firm B. Based on the arguments by Modigliani and
Miller regarding the total value principle, what should you do?

Your Answer: Buy 2% of Firm A with funds from "shorting" your

shares in Firm B. Submit a press release that the two
firms should be worth identical values. This will cause
Firm A to rise in value and leave you extra funds for
investment.
Correct Answer: Sell your shares, personally borrow 2% of the
quantity of firm debt, and purchase 2% of Firm A.
This will leave extra funds for an investment of your
choice.

This is not an example of arbitrage that will work.

9. Allowing for bankruptcy costs and an increasing probability of bankruptcy

with increasing financial leverage, we should expect __________ than
would be the case without bankruptcy costs.

Your Answer: the premium for business risk to be higher

Correct Answer: the premium for financial risk should rise by more

The premium for business risk should remain constant, but the premium
for financial risk should rise by more than would be the case without
bankruptcy costs.

10. The existence of __________ on the balance sheet generates tax

 advantages that directly influence the capital structure of the firm.

Your Answer: a large proportion of fixed assets

Correct Answer: long-term debt

Fixed assets may be financed with many different types of capital, but not
all are tax advantaged.

11. As the amount of __________ increases the present value of

__________.

Your Answer: debt; net tax-shield benefits of debt increases

12. When the manager of a firm uses capital structure changes to convey
information about the profitability and risk of the firm, then the manager
is engaging in __________.

Your Answer: financial signaling

13. In an M&M world -- but, with taxes -- and where r is the interest rate, B is
the value of perpetual debt, and tc is the corporate tax rate, the present
value of tax-shield benefits of debt would be equal to __________.

Your Answer: ( r ) × ( B ) × ( tc )
Correct Answer: ( B ) × ( tc )

( B ) × ( tc )

14. __________ costs are associated with monitoring management to ensure

that it behaves properly.

Your Answer: Agency

15. __________ costs are those associated with engaging in various business
transactions that may cause the firm to not have the exact optimal capital
structure.

Your Answer: Agency

Correct Answer: Transaction

The costs referred to here are transaction costs.

16. Assume that the market imperfection of taxes exists. If the corporate tax
 rate were increased under new legislation, the use of debt would
__________.

Your Answer: rise

17. Assume that the economy has unexpectedly and immediately gone into a
recession. Which of the following firms that are in the same industry and
face the same business risks would most likely see the largest increase in
the present value of bankruptcy costs?

Your Answer: A firm with the highest proportion of common equity

financing.
Correct Answer: A firm with the highest proportion of debt financing.

A firm that finances with more debt will face more risk and the market will
perceive that firm as having a greater chance of bankruptcy. Thus, the PV
of bankruptcy costs will rise the most.

18. In general, what would happen to the debt ratio of a firm if it always kept
an optimal capital structure and if: 1) the government changed tax laws
that allowed the deduction of dividend financing and 2) excluded the
deduction of interest expense?

Your Answer: The debt ratio would fall.

19. Which term would most likely be associated with the phrase "actions
speak louder than words?"

Your Answer: Incentive signaling.

Correct Answer: Financial signaling.

This phrase is most likely to be associated with financial signaling.

20. Which of the following is not something that you would consider when
evaluating the optimal capital structure?

Your Answer: Agency Costs.

Correct Answer: All of the above are considered when determining the
optimal capital structure.

All of the items listed are correct.