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Fertilisation Implantation Notes

For pregnancy to occur, fertilization must take place along with implantation. Fertilization involves gamete development through meiosis in both males and females. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes through mitosis and meiosis to produce haploid sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs through mitosis and meiosis arrest to produce a haploid ovum. Fertilization happens when a sperm fuses with an ovum, forming a zygote. Implantation of the zygote in the uterus follows within a few days.

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256 views

Fertilisation Implantation Notes

For pregnancy to occur, fertilization must take place along with implantation. Fertilization involves gamete development through meiosis in both males and females. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the testes through mitosis and meiosis to produce haploid sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs through mitosis and meiosis arrest to produce a haploid ovum. Fertilization happens when a sperm fuses with an ovum, forming a zygote. Implantation of the zygote in the uterus follows within a few days.

Uploaded by

Shaun Jin
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Fertilisation and Implantation:

Getting pregnant:
 For a woman to get pregnant there must be gamete development and (oogenesis
and spermatogenesis), fertilization and implantation

Chromosomes and Replication:


 1 chromosome (n)
o Single stranded (1 chromatid)
 After replication:
o 1 chromosome (2N)
o Double stranded (2 identical sister chromatids)
 After Mitotic Division
o Centromere divides during Mitotic division and Meiosis 2 division
o 1 chromosome (n)
o Single stranded (1 chromatid)

Mitosis:
 The process of nuclear division in somatic cells (during cell division &
multiplication) where each chromosomes divides into two
 1 cell with 46 chromosomes (diploid) to 2 daughter cells each with 46
chromosomes (diploid)

Meiosis:
 Cell division that forms gametes (sperm and eggs) each with a haploid number of
chromosomes
 1 cell with 46 chromosomes (diploid) to 4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes
(haploid)
 Meiosis I  halves number of chromosomes
 Meiosis II  halves DNA content of each chromosome

Gametogenesis (meiosis)
 Male gametes: in the testis (spermatogenesis process)
o Mitosis
o Meiosis I
 when they start they become a primary spermatocyte
 When the complete the phase they become a secondary
spermatocyte or oocyte
o Meiosis II
 End up with a gamete (sperm or ovum  haploid)
 In spermatogenesis 1 germ cell becomes 4 sperm cells
 In oogenesis 1 germ cell becomes 1 ovum (egg)
o This is because in meiosis 1 and meiosis II the egg divides into the large
main egg and a small polar body

Male Gamete Physiology:


 Spermatogenesis
o In the testis:
o Mitosis, meiosis I and II, Spermiogenesis, spermiation
 Spermiogenesis  process of becoming elongated (oval) mature
spermatids
 Spermiation  releasing the spermatids as spermatozoa
 Epidiymis (maturation  membrane surface changes so this increases the ability
to bind to the ZP of the egg)
 Female genital tract  capacitation: sperm becomes hypermotile.
o Gains ability to bind to the ZP and the ability to undergo the AR,
o acrosome reaction – ability to penetrate ZP and fuse with the egg
membrane)

Oogenesis (Egg Development)


 Primordial germ cell  Mitosis  oogonia  (meiosis I)  primary oocyte
(arrested diplotene stage of prophase I)
 The primary oocytes become incorporated into follicles during fetal life
 Meiosis II  Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II)
 Ovum  Fertilized ovum or Zygote

 Female gametes – go through stages of follicle development: primordial, primary,


primary/pre-antral, secondary/antral, pre=ovulatory/Graafian
Follicle Type 1st formation
Primordial 14-20/40 (fetal life)
Primary (preantral) 20/40 (fetal life)
Secondary (Antral) End of pregnancy (fetal life)
Pre-ovulatory (graafian) During reproductive life (adult life)
 Follicles continuously leave primordial pool (under all circumstances) and grow
constantly until ovulation or atresia

Germ cell numbers (female)


 6 weeks gestation: 10,000
 16-20 weeks: 6-7million (max oogonal content of ovary)
 Birth: 1-2 million (newborn inflant has lost over 80% of original germ cell
endowment)
 Onset of puberty: 300,000 (only 400-500 will fully develop and ovulate over next
35-40 years)
 Age 37-38years – 25,000
 Menopause: 100
 Post Menopause: none

Fertilisation:
 Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the zona pelludia of the egg. The
sperm then fuses with the egg plasma membrane (oolemma)
 Egg metabolic activation
o Cortical granule reaction  block to polyspermy (at ZP and egg oolemma)
o Resumption of meiosis II in egg nucleus
 The endometrium is receptive for implantation for only a few days
 Fertilized egg (ovum) or Zygote
o 2 polar bodies
o 2 pronuclei

Early embryo development:

Implantation:
 The window of endometrial receptivity is restricted to days 20-24 of a 28 day
normal cycle
o Endometrial receptivity
 Defined in terms of:
 Biochemical changes
 Morphological changes
 Synchrony is required between embryo (blastocyst) development and
endometrial development
 There are 3 stages of implantation (apposition, adhesion and invasion).
Implantation is complete by 14 days post fertilization (day 28 of cycle, around the
time of the missed period)

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