w Problens {}7

within the wall is T(x) : o1; - .\r) + ll where

a : i0'C/m: and b = 30'C. what is the therniai con-
ductivity of the wal1? What is the value of the convec- B, Ir = 169"5
tion heat transfer coefficient. /r?
k = 10 Wm'K
2.11 Consider steady-state conditions for one-dimensional ]
conduction in a plane wall having a thermal conductiv- Fz m* t
ity fr: 50W/m.K and a thickness L = 0.25m, rvith no
internal heat generation. _A.Ie=0.C

tl 2.15 Consider the geometry of Problem 2.14 for the case

r, ]ll lr, where the thermal conductivity varies with temperature
as f : k,,* ctT, where (,: 10Wm'K, a = -i0 r
1*, L Wm'K2, and I is in kelvins. The gradient at surface B is
dTldx - 30K/m. What is dTl}y zt surface A?
Determine the heat flux and the unknown quantity for
2.16 Steady-state. one-dimensional conduction occurs in a rod
each case and sketch the temperature di,stribution, indi-
of constant themrai conductivity k and variabie cross-
cating the direction of the heat flux.
sectional area A.(r) : Ane", where A., and a are con-
stants. The lateral surface of the rod is well insulated.
Case ?t('C) Tz{'C) dTldx (Wm)
- A,(-t) = A,,e"'
1 50 -20
2 -30 -10
3 70 160
4 40 -80
5 30 200

1.12 Consider a plane wall 100mm thick and of thermal

L, I

conductivity 100Wm'K. Steady-state conditions are

known to exist with fr = 400 K and T" : 600 K. Deter- (a) Write an expression for the conduction heat ra!e,
rnine the heat flux rTll and the temperature gradient q.(;r). Use this expression to determine the tempera-
dTldx for the coordinate systems shown. ture distribution I(x) and qualitatively sketch the
distribution for f(0) > T(L)
?'(_r) I(r) (b) Now consider conditions for which thermal energy
is generated in the rod at a volumetric rate
Q: Q,,exp(-ar), where 4n is a constant. Obtain an
expression for q,("r) when the left face (-r : 0) is
rvell insulated.

.*d",.nl'],,
{b) (r) '['ilel'*largi]r3.si +: :ti Proltel'l i es

2.17 Al appararus for measuring thermal conductivity

l.13 A cyiinder of radius r ,. length L, and thermal conductivity
employs an eiectrical heater sandwiched between two
I is immerse.d in a'fluid of convection coefficient ll and identical samples of diameter 30mm and length 60mm,
unkaown temperature I-. At a certain instant the tempel- which are pressed between plates maintained at a uniforu
ature distribution in the cylinder is 7(D : *
a &/. rvhere
temperature 7,, : '77"C by a circulating fluid. A conduct-
a and b ile constants. Obtain expressions for the heat ing grease is placed between all the surfaces to ensure
transfer rate at ,; and the fluid temperature. good thermal contact. Differential thermocouples are
1.14 ln the two-dimensional body illustrated, the gradient at imbedded in the samples with a spacing of 15mrn. The
surface A is found to be dTldy: 30K/m' What are lateral sides of the samples are insulated to ensure one-
0T/3t: and 6Tldx al surtace B? dimensional heat transfer through the samples.
I {}{} Chapter 2 t Introdttction to Conduction

temperature with position and time, I(r, r), in the thickness 50mm is observed to be I("C) = a+ bf,
pan bottom during Stage 1. Express your result in where a : 200"C, & : -2000"C/m2, and -r is in meters.
terms of the parameters q., D, L, ll, and 7-, as well (a) What is the heat generation rate Q ia the wail?
as appropriate properties ofthe pan material.
(b) Determine the heat fluxes at the two wa1l faces. In
(b) During Stage 2, the surface of the pan in contact
what manner are these heat fluxes reiated to the
with the water is at a fixed temperature, T(L, t) =
heat generation rate?
Tr) 7,,. Write the fom of the heat equation and
boundary conditions that determine the temperature 2,31 The temperature distribution across a wall 6.3m thick at
distribution I(x) in the pan bottom. Express your a certain instant of time is I(.r) : a * bx * c.r:, where
result in terms of the parameters q., D, L, and I., as f is in degrees Celsius and x is in meters, a :200"C,
well as appropriate properties of the pan material. b: -2OO"Clm, and c : 30'Clm2. The wall has a ther-
ma1 conductivity of 1Wm'K.
2.2E Uniform internai heat generation at q= 5 x 107wml
is occurring in a cyiindrical nuclear reactor fuel rod of (a) On a unit surface area basis, determine the rate of
50-mm diameter, and under steady-state conditions the heat transfer into and out of the wa1l and the rate
temperature distributioa is of the form I(r) : a + bi, ofchange ofenergy stored by the wail.
where I is in degrees Celsius and r is in meters, whiie (b) If the cold surface is exposed to a fluid at 100cC,
a : 800"C and & = *4.167 x 105'C/m2. The fuei rod what is the convection coefflcient?
properties $e k : 30 Wm'K, p : 1 100 kg/m3, and
c, : 800 J&g'K. 2.32 A plane wall of thickness 2L : 40mm and thermal con-
(a) What is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of
ductivity fr = 5 Wm'K experiences uniform volurnetric

the rod at r : 0 (the centerline) and at r : 25 mm

heat generation at a rate 4, while convection heat transfer

(the surface)?
occurs at both of its suriaces (x: -L, -f,L), each of
which is exposed to a fluid of temperature T- = 2Q'C.
(b) If the reactor power level is suddenly increased to Under steady-state conditions, the temperature distribu-
4: : 108 Wm3, what is the initial time rate of tem- tion in the wall is of the form I(r) : c * bx * c-t' where
perature change at r = 0 and r : 25 mm? a : 82.0"C. b = -210"C1m, c = -2x 101'C/m2, and
2.29 Consider a one-dimensional plane wall with constant -r is in meters. The origin of the x-coordinate is at the
properties and unitbrm internal generation Q.'fhe left midplane of the wa11.
face is insulated, and the right face is held at a uniform (a) Sketch the temperature distribution and identity
temperature. signifi cant physical features.
(b) What is the volumetric rate of heat generation q in
the wall?
1
(c) Determine the surface heat fluxes, q'it L) and
q'J+ L). How are these fluxes related to the heat
generation rate?
(d) What are the convection coefficients for the sur-
faces atx = *L and x : *Ll
(e) Obtain an expression tor the heat flux distribution
4'i(-t). Is the heat flux zero at any location? Explain
L*, any significant features of the distribution.

(a) Using the appropriate form of the heat equation,

(rl Ifthe source of the heat generation is suddenly
deactivated (4:0), what is the rate of change of
derive an expression for the .r-dependence of the
energy stored in the rval1 at this instant?
steady-state heat flux 4"(-r).
(b) Using a finite volume spanning the range 0 =
(o\ What temperature will the r,r'all eventually reach
wilh 4 : 0? How much energy must be removed
-t < {, derive an expression for q"G) and compare
the expression to your result for part (a).
by the fluid per unit area of the wall (J/m:) to
reach this state? The density and specific heat of
234 The steady-state temperature distribu:ion in a one- the wall material arc 26}0kglmr and 800J/kg'K,
dimensional wa11 of thermal conductivity 50 Wm ' K ald respectively.
 a Problems [{]1

2.33 Temperature distributions within a series of one- (a) Applyin_u an overall energy balance to the wall. cal-
dimensional plane walls at an initial time, at steady culate the volumetric ener_sy generation rate 4.
state. and at several intermediate times are as shown. (b) Determine the coeflicients n. b. and c by applying
the boundary conditions to the prescribed tempera-
ture distribution. Use the results to calculate and
plot the terrperature distribution.
(c) Consider conditions for which the convection coef-
ficient is halved, but the volumetric energy genera-
tion rate remains unchanged. Determine the netv
values ofa, b. and c, and use the results to plot the
temperature distribution. Hint: rccognize that f(0)
lrrl
L*t L L+r L
is no lon,eer 120'C.
(d) Under conditions for r.vhich the volumetric energy
(a) (h) generation rate is doubled, and the convection coef-
ficient remains unchanged (n : 500 Wlmr.K).
determine lhe netv values ofa, b, and c and plot the
coresponding temperature distribution. Referring
to the resuits ofparts (b), (c), and (d) as Cases 1.2,
and 3, respectively. compare the temperatllre distri
bulions for the three cases and discuss the effects of
h and Q on the distributions.
t:0 2.35 Derive the heat diflusion equation. Equation 2.26. for

L,: (.) (d)

cylindrical coordinates be,uinning with the differential
control vohlme shown in Figure 2.12.

2.36 Derive the heat diffusion equation, Equation 2.29, for

spherical coordinates beginning rvith the ditferential
For each case, write the appropriate fbrm of the heat dif- control volume shown in Figule 2.13.
fusion equation. Also write the equations for the initial
2.37 The steady-state temperature distribution in a semi-
condition and the boundary condidons that are applied at
transparent material of thermal conductivitl, /; and
x = 0 and x = L. If volumetric generation occurs, it is thickness L exposed to laser irradiation is of the form
uniform throughout the wall. The properlies are constani.

134 One-dimensionai, steady-state conduction with uniform /(.r)- - +,

ku'
" +Br-C
internal energy generation occurs in a plane rvall rvith a
thickness of 50 mm and a constant thermal conductivity of where A, c. B, and C are known constants. For this situ-
5 Wim.K. For these conditions. the temperature distribu- ation. radiation absorption in the material is manifested
tion has the tbrm T(x) : o + b.r + c.t'. The surface at by a distributed heat generation term, q(.r).
,r = 0 has a temperature of I(0) = 7,,: l2ffC and experi- Laser irradiation
ences convection with a fluid for rvhich f- :20"C and -))))))
\\qt\q
/r'//// ca
& : 500 Wm2' K. The surface at :i : L is well insulated. ))))-')
llllii VY
+

- Semitransparent medium, I(.r)

(a) Obtain expressions for the conduction heat fluxes at

4,r=5ul/m'K
the front and rear suriaces.
(b) Derive an expression ibr.1(,r).
(c) Derive an expression for the rate at which radiation
is absorbed in the entire materiai, per unit surface
 e Problems 103

:
that Ar ru ri is small compared to 4, and denote
- 2.48 Passage of an electric current through a long conduct-
the length in the z-direction, normal to the page, as L. ing rod of radius r, and thermal conductivity t results
in uniform volumetric heating at a rate of q. The con-
ducting rod is wrapped in an electricaily nonconducting
cladding material of outer radius r; and thermal con-
ductivity [., and convection cooling is provided by an
adjoining fluid.

(a) Beginning with a properly deflned control volume

and considering energy generation and storage
effects, derive the differential equation that prescribes
the variation in temperature with the angular coordi-
nate f. Compare your result with Equation 2.26. I

Cladding, k
(b) For steady-state conditions with no internai heat gen-
eration and constant properties, determine the tem-
perature distribution f(d) in terms of the constants For steady-state conditions, write appropriate forms of
Tr,T2, r,, and r.,. Is this distribution linear in @? the heat equations for the rod and cladding. Express
(c) For the conditions of part (b) write the expression appropriate boundary conditions for the solution of
for the heat ftte q6. these equations.

2.44 Beginning with a differential control volume in the 2.49 Two-dtmensional, steady-state conduction occurs in
form of a cylindrical shell, derive the heat diffusion a hollow cylindrical solid of thermal conductivity
equation for a one-dimensional, cylindrical, radial coor- k : 16 W/m'K, outer radius ro = lm and overall
dinate system with internal heat generation. Compare length fu,, = 5 m, where the origin of the coordinate
your result with Equation 2.26. system is located at the midpoint of the center line.
The inner surlace of the cylinder is insulated, and the
2.45 Beginning with a differential control volume in the temperature disribution within the cylindet has
form of a spherical shell, derive the heat diffusion equa- the form T{r, z) - a + bi * clnr * di, where a:
tion for a one-dimensional, spherical, radial coordinate
-20'C, b : 150"Ctm2, c : -12"C. d : -3AA"Clm2
system with internal heat generation. Compare your and r and z are in meters.
result with Equation 2.29.
(a) Determine the inner radius r, of the cylinder.
2.46 A steam pipe is wrapped with insulation of inner and (b) Obtain an expression for the volumetric rate of heat
outer radii r, and rn, respecaively. At a particular instant generation, 4(Wm3).
the temperature distribution in the insulation is known
to be of the form (c) Detennine the axial distribution of the heat flux at the
outer surface, q",(r,,,2). What is the heat rate at
the outer surface? Is it into or out of the cylinder?
r\r): Clln(l l- c.
(d) Determine the radial distribution of the heat flux at
Are conditions steady-state or transient? How do the the end faces of the cylinder, q'iQ, *2,) and
q'i(r, -2.). What are the corresponding heat rates?
heat flux and heat rate vary with radius?
Are they into or out of the cylinder?
2.47 For a iong circular tube of inner and outer radii r, and
(e) Verify that your results are consistent with an over-
12, respectively, uniform temperatures T, and T, arc ' a1l energy balance on the cylinder.
maintained at the inner and outer surfaces, while ther-
ma1 energy generation is occurring within the tube wall 2,50 An electric cable of radius r, and thermal conductivity
(rr 1 r { rr). Consider steady-state conditions for k is enclosed by an insulating sleeve whose outer sur-
which 11 < 12. Is it possible to maintain a linear radial face is of radius r, and experiences convection heat
temperature distribution in the wal1? If so, what special transfer and radiation exchange rvith the adjoining air
conditions must exist? and iarge surroundings, respectively. When electric
10d Chapter 2 s Introduction to Conductiott

gen- 2.51 A spherical shell of inner and outer radii ri and r')'
current passes through the cable, thermal energy is
respectively, contains heat-dissipating components' and
erated within the cable at a voiumetric rate q'
at a particular instant the temperature distribution in
the
shell is known to be of the form

Electrical cable
rgt:c|t' - C'
I nsulation
7". r Are conditions steady-state or transient? How do the
Ambient ait
heat flux and heat rate vary with radius?"'
T*, h
2.52 Achemically reactiog mixture is stored in a thin-walled
rt
ll
spherical contaiaer of radius ri = 200 mm, and the
nic reaction
exother-
generates heat at a uniform, but temperature-
dependent volumetric rate of 4 = Q,,exp(-AlT,)' where
:
4, 5000 Wm3, A 15 K, and is
: f
the mixture temper-

(a) Write the steady-state forms of the heat diffusion uir.t in kelvins. The vessel is enclosed by an insulating
equation for the insulation and the cable Verify material of outer radius ti, thermal conductivity k' and
that these equations are satisfied by the following emissivity s. The outer surface of the insulation experi
temperature di stributions : ences convection heat transfer and net radiation exchange

ln(rlrr) with the adjoining air and large surroundings, respectiveiy' * ,..

lnsulation: r(r) : f,: + (7,.r - f' r) n-f

r1.,f
f

Cable: f(r): r,, +ff(t _i)

rt/
Sketch the temperature distribution, I(r), in the Ambied ail
T*, h
cable and the sleeve, labeling key features'
(b) Applying Fourier's law' show that the rate of con- I nsu laiion,
k,€
Ouction heat transfer per unit length through the
sleeve may be exPressed as

^,-2!!!::-J)
4t ln(r;/r1 )
,r' ,..r)
Applying an energy balance to a control surface
placed around the cable, ohtain an alternatlve (a) Write the steady-state form of the heat diffusion
expression for qi, expressing your result in terms
of
equation for the insulation' Verify that this equa-
Q and rr. tion is satisfied by the temperature distribution
(c) Applying an energy balance to a controi surface
pta.eA around the outer surface of the sleeve' obtain
I t - tr,lrll
an expression from which T;.2 may be determined
as I(r) = I,r - (I.r - r...:)Lt
- 1,, i
a function of Q, rr, lt,T*, e, and Inu,'

(d) Consider conditions for which 250A are passing Sketch the temperature distribution, I(r)' labeling
unit key features.
through a cable having an electric resistance pe,r
: 11 : 15 mm'
length of Ri 0 005 Olm, a radius of (b) Applying Fourier's iaw. show that the rate of heat
ar,J u th.rmul conductivity of ft.
: 200W/m'K. tansfer by conduction through the insulation may
For l, = i-5 Wm'K, t : 15'-5 mm' h:25 be expressed as
Wm?'i{, a = 0.9. T*: 25"C. and I.u, = 35'C'
Ank(T,.t - 7,2)
evaluate the surface tempelatures' I,., and 7',"
of 'tt (l/rr) - (l/r:)
as rvel1 as the temperabue T,, at the centeriine
the cable.
remaining the same' com-
Applying an energy balance to a control surface
f ei , Witt ail other conditions ,t nui tt e container, obtain an altemative expression
-:t pute and plot I,. 1",.,. and T,.ras a function of r2 for
for q. expressing your result ifl terms of g and r, '
15.5 < r, < 20 mm.
 * Problems 1{}5

(c) Applying an energy balance to a control sudace (c) With the system operating as described in part (b).
piaced around the outer surface of the insulation, the surface.r : -L also experiences a sudden loss of
obtain an expression from which 7,.2 may be deter- coolant. This dangerous situation goes undetected for
mined as a function of Q, rr, h, T*, e , and I,u.. 15 min, at which time the power to the heater is

(d) The process engineer wishes to maintain a reactor deactivated. Assuming no heat losses from the sur-
temperature of T" = T(r) :95'C under conditions faces of the plates, what is the eventual (r--+co;,
for which k : 0.05 Wm.K, rr:2A8 mm, ft : 5 uniform, steady-state temperature distribution in the
Wm2.K, a = 0.9, T-:25"C, and 7,u, = 35'C. plates? Show this distribution as Case 3 on your
What is the actual reactor temperature and the outer sketch, and explain its key features. Ilinr: Apply the
surface temperature {, of the insulation? conservation of energy requirement on a time-interval
basis, Eq. 1.12b, for the initial and final conditions
J(el Compute and plot the variation of I.., with 12 for corresponding to Case 2 and Case 3, respectively.
201 < r2 < 210mm. The engineer is concerned
about potential bum injuries to personnel who may (d) On T * t coordinates, sketch the temperature his-
come into contact with the exposed surface of the tory at the plate locations -r:0, +l, during the
insulation. Is increasing the insulation thickness a transient period between the distributions for Cases
practical solution to maintaining (., < 45'C? What 2 and 3. Where and when will the temperature in
other parameter could be varied to reduce I,.2? the system achieve a maximum value?

2.54 The one-dimensional system of mass M with constant

properties and no internal heat generation shown in the
t"r'alliric *i flelr::esi:nt ations figure is initially at a uniform temperature I,. The eiec-
trical heater is suddenly energized, providing a uniform
2.53 A thin electrical heater dissipating 4000 Wm2 is sand-
heat flux qi at the surface ; : 0. The boundaries at x = L
wiched between two 25-mm-thick plates whose
and elsewhere are perfectiy insuiated.
exposed surfaces experience convection with a fluid for
which I- = 20"C and h :400 Wm2 ' K. The thermo- r- lnsulation
physical properties of the plate material are p : 25AO I+
.._,., ...............1...
kglm3, c = 700 J/kg . K, and t : 5 Wm' K. -..

x-,
I System, mass &l
heater, qi
TEleclric Ll,
Electrical
heater

(a) Write the differentiai equation, and identify the

P,c,k
boundary and initial conditions that could be used
to determine the temperature as a function of posi-
Ruid Fluid tion and time in the system.
T*, h
(b) On I -x coordinates, sketch the temperature distd-
butions for the initial condition (r < 0) and for several

111
ffi ttt
ttl
times after the heater is energized. Will a steady-state
temperature distribution ever be reached?
(c) On 4'l - r coordinates, sketch the heat ffux qi {x, t) at
the planes "t = 0,.t : LlZ, and x: L as a function
(a) On 7 - x coordinates, sketch the steady-state tem-
< of time.
perature distribution for -I
=.r +1. Calculate (d) After a period of time r" has
values of the temperatures at the surfaces, x = +L, elapsed, the heater
and the midpoint, r = 0. Label this distribution as power is switched off. Assuming that the insulation
Case l, and explai! its salient features. is perfect, the system will eventually reach a fina1
(b) Consider conditions for which there is a loss of uniform temperature !, Derive an expression that
can be uscd to determine Ty as a function of the
coolant and existence of a nearly adiabatic con-
parameters q'1,, t",7,, and the system characteristics
dition on the;r : *l surface. On the 7 - -r coordi-
M, c, and A, (the heater surt-ace area).
nates used for part (a), sketch the corresponding
steady-state temperature distribution and indicate ,(( Consider a one-dimensio[al plane wall of thickness 21.
the temperaturcs at ,y : 0, -tI. Label the distribu- The surface at x: -L is subjected to convective
tion as Case 2. and explain its key features. conditions characterized by T*.r, /r,, while the sur{ace