FIRST TERM : 6 RENDAH SAINS 2017

REMARKS
Topic Learning Outcome

  Physical Quantities 
 1 and Units
o Base  list base quantities and their SI units:
quantities
 mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current
and (A), temperature (K) and quantity of
o SI units matter (mol);
 deduce units for derived quantities;

1.2 Dimensions of (c) use dimensional analysis to determine the

physical quantities dimensions of derived quantities;
(d) check the homogeneity of equations using
dimensional analysis;
(e) construct empirical equations using
dimensional analysis;
1.3 Scalars and vectors (f) determine the sum, the scalar product and
vector product of coplanar vectors;
(g) resolve a vector to two perpendicular
components;

1.4 Uncertainties in
measurements (h) calculate the uncertainty in a derived
quantity
(a rigorous statistical treatment is not
required);
(i) write a derived quantity to an appropriate
number of significant figures.
 Kinematics
2 Candidates should be able to:
2.1 Linear motion
(a) derive and use equations of motion with
constant acceleration;
(b) sketch and use the graphs of
displacementtime, velocity-time and
acceleration-time for the motion of a body
with constant acceleration;

2.2 Projectiles (c) solve problems on projectile motion without

air resistance;
(d) explain the effects of air resistance on the
motion of bodies in air.
3 Dynamics Candidates should be able to:

3.1 Newton’s laws of (a) state Newton’s laws of motion;

motion dv dm
(b) use the formula F m v for
constant dt dt
m or constant v only;

3.2 Linear momentum and (c) state the principle of conservation of

its conservation momentum, and verify the principle using
Newton’s laws of motion;
(d) apply the principle of conservation of
momentum;
(e) define impulse as Fdt;
(f) solve problems involving impulse;
3.3 Elastic and inelastic (g) distinguish between elastic collisions and
collisions inelastic collisions (knowledge of coefficient
of restitution is not required);
(h) solve problems involving collisions between
particles in one dimension;

3.4 Centre of mass (i) define centre of mass for a system of

particles in a plane;
(j) predict the path of the centre of mass of a
twoparticle system;

(k) explain the variation of frictional force with

3.5 Frictional forces
sliding force;
(l) define and use coefficient of static function
and coefficient of kinetic friction.
4 Work, Energy and Power (a) define the work done by a force dW F ds
(b) calculate the work done using a force-
4.1 Work
displacement graph;
(c) calculate the work done in certain situations,
including the work done in a spring;

4.2 Potential energy and (d) derive and use the formula potential
kinetic energy energy change = mgh near the surface of
the Earth;
(e) derive and use the formula: kinetic energy
= ½ mv2 ;
 (f) state and use the work-energy theorem;

(g) apply the principle of conservation of energy

in situations involving kinetic energy and
potential energy;

(h) derive and use the formula P Fv ;

4.3 Power (i) use the concept of efficiency to solve
problems.
5 Circular Motion (a) express angular displacement in radians;

5.1 Angular displacement (b) define angular velocity and period;

and angular velocity (c) derive and use the formula v = rω

(d) explain that uniform circular motion has an

acceleration due to the change in direction of
5.2 Centripetal velocity;
acceleration
(e) derive and use the formulae for
𝒗𝟐
centripetal acceleration 𝒂 = , 𝒂 = 𝒓𝝎𝟐
𝒓
5.3 Centripetal force (f) explain that uniform circular motion is due to
the action of a resultant force that is always
directed to the centre of the circle;
(g) use the formulae for centripetal force
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭= 𝒓
, 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒓𝝎𝟐
(h) solve problems involving uniform horizontal
circular motion for a point mass;
(i) solve problems involving vertical circular
motions for a point mass (knowledge of
tangential acceleration is not required).

6 Gravitation (a) state Newton’s law of universal gravitation

𝑮𝒎 𝒎
and use the formula 𝑭 = − 𝒓𝟏𝟐 𝟐
6.1 Newton’s law of
universal gravitation
6.2 Gravitational field (b) explain the meaning of gravitational field;
(d) define gravitational field strength as force
of gravity per unit mass;

(e) use the equation for a gravitational field;

6.3 Gravitational potential (f) define the potential at a point in a

gravitational field;

(g) derive and use the formula gravitational

𝑮𝑴
potential 𝑽 = − 𝒓

(h) use the formula for potential energy

𝑮𝑴𝒎
𝑼=−
𝒓

(i) show that ∆U= mg∆ r is a special case

𝑮𝑴𝒎
for 𝑼 = − for situations near to
𝒓
the surface of the Earth

𝑑𝑉
(j) use the relationship 𝑔 = − 𝑑𝑟
(k) explain, with graphical illustrations, the
variations of gravitational field strength and
gravitational potential with distance from the
surface of the Earth;
6.5 Satellite motion in a
circular orbit (l) solve problems involving satellites moving in a
circular orbit in a gravitational field;
(m) explain the concept of weightlessness;

6.6 Escape velocity (n) derive and use the equation for escape velocity

2𝐺𝑀
𝑣= √ = √2𝑔𝑅
𝑅
7 Statics (a) define centre of gravity;
(b) state the condition in which the centre of mass is
7.1 Centre of gravity the centre of gravity;

7.2 Equilibrium of (c) state the condition for the equilibrium of a

particles particle;

(d) solve problems involving forces in equilibrium at a

point;
7.3 Equilibrium of
rigid bodies (e) define torque as r F;
(f) state the conditions for the equilibrium of a rigid
body;

(g) sketch and label the forces which act on a particle and
a rigid body;
(h) use the triangle of forces to represent forces in
equilibrium;
(i) solve problems involving forces in equilibrium.
8 Deformation of
Solids (a) define stress and strain for a stretched wire or
elastic string;
8.1 Stress and strain
(b) sketch force-extension graph and stress-strain
graph for a ductile material;
8.2 Force-extension (c) identify and explain proportional limit, elastic limit,
graph and yield point and tensile strength;
stress-strain graph
(d) define the Young’s modulus;
(e) solve problems involving Young’s modulus;
(f) distinguish between elastic deformation and plastic
deformation;
(g) distinguish the shapes of force-extension graphs for
ductile, brittle and polymeric materials;

8. 3 Strain energy (h) derive and use the formula for strain energy;
(i) calculate strain energy from force-extension graphs
or stress-strain graphs.
9 Kinetic Theory of
Gases
(a) use the ideal gas equation pV nRT;
9.1 Ideal gas equation
(b) state the assumptions of the kinetic theory of an
9.2 Pressure of a gas ideal gas
(c) derive and use the equation for the pressure
𝟏
exerted by an ideal gas 𝒑 = 𝝆〈𝒄𝟐 〉
𝟑

(d) state and use the relationship between the

Boltzmann constant and molar gas constant
R
k ;
NA

9.3 Molecular kinetic (e) derive and use the expression for the mean
energy translational kinetic energy of a molecule
𝟏 𝟑
𝒎〈𝒄𝟐 〉 = 𝒌𝑻
𝟐 𝟐

9.4 The r.m.s. speed (f) calculate the r.m.s. speed of gas molecules;
of molecules (g) sketch the molecular speed distribution graph and
explain the shape of the graph (description of the
9.5 Degrees of freedom experiment is not required);
and law of
equipartition of energy (h) predict the variation of molecular speed distribution
with temperature;

9.6 Internal energy of (i) define the degrees of freedom of a gas molecule;
an ideal gas
(j) identify the number of degrees of freedom of a
monatomic, diatomic or polyatomic molecule at room
temperature;
(k) explain the variation in the number of degrees of
freedom of a diatomic molecule ranging from very
low to very high temperatures;
(l) state and apply the law of equipartition of energy;

(m) distinguish between an ideal gas and a real gas;

(n) explain the concept of internal energy of an ideal gas;
(o) derive and use the relationship between the
internal energy and the number of degrees of
freedom.
10 Thermodynamics of (a) define heat capacity, specific heat capacity and
Gases molar heat capacity;
(b) use the equations: and
10.1 Heat capacities
Q CΔ , Q mcΔ , Q nCV,m Δ
p,m
Q nC Δ ;

10.2 Work done by a gas (c) derive and use the equation for work done by a
gas W pdV ;

(d) state and apply the first law of

10.3 First law of thermodynamics Q U W ;
thermodynamics
(e) deduce the relationship U nC V, m T from
the first law of thermodynamics;
(f) derive and use the equation Cp,m CV,m R;

(g) relate CV,m and Cp,m to the degrees of freedom;

C
p, m
(h) use the relationship to identify the
C V,m
types of molecules;

(i) describe the isothermal process of a gas;

 10.4 Isothermal and (j) use the equation pV constant for isothermal
adiabatic changes changes;
(k) describe the adiabatic process of a gas;
(l) use the equations pV γ constant and
TV γ
1
constant for adiabatic changes;
(m) illustrate thermodynamic processes with p-V graphs;
(n) derive and use the expression for work done in the
thermodynamic processes.

11 Heat Transfer (a) explain the mechanism of heat conduction through

solids, and hence, distinguish between conduction through
11.1 Conduction metals and non-metals;
(b) define thermal conductivity;
(c) use the equation for heat

conduction in one dimension;

(d) describe and calculate heat conduction through a
cross-sectional area of layers of different materials;
(e) compare heat conduction through insulated and non-
insulated rods;

11.2 Convection (f) describe heat transfer by convection;

(g) distinguish between natural and forced convection;
11.3 Radiation (h) describe heat transfer by radiation;
𝑑𝑄
(i) use Stefan-Boltzmann equation = 𝑃 = 𝑒𝜎𝐴𝑇 4
𝑑𝑡

(j) define a black body

11.4 Global warming

(k) explain the greenhouse effect and thermal pollution;
(l) suggest ways to reduce global warming.